To assess the relationships of body mass index (BMI) on arterial stiffness at rest and post-maximal treadmill graded exercise testing (GXT). Forty-four apparently healthy, young adult males (22.1 ± 0.48 years) were recruited and divided into either a healthy weight (H, ≤24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OV, 24.9-29.9 kg/m2) or obese (OB, ≥29.9 kg/m2) group based on BMI. All subjects underwent arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV), blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) measurements at rest. Following the GXT, measures of arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and BP were acquired. Resting measures of cfPWV, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and PP were significantly (p <0.05) greater in OV and OB compared with H. Compared with OV, OB had a greater BMI. Relative peak oxygen consumption (VP2peak) was greater in H compared with OV and OB (p<0.05). systolic BP was positively associated, whereas VO2peak was inversely related to cfPWV (p<0.05). No significant inter-group interactions were observed with cfPWV after the GXT. However, interactions were observed for SBP, DBP and PP (p<0.05). In young men with varying BMI, SBP and VO2peak were associated with resting cfPWV. However, similar cardiovascular responses were observed between groups after a maximal GXT.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23861号 / 工博第4948号 / 新制||工||1773(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清野 純史, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 古川 愛子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Les réservoirs carbonatés sont exploités pour leur réserve d’eau potable, de ressource géothermique ou le stockage géologique du dioxyde de carbone. Ces réservoirs sont difficiles à caractériser à cause d’une histoire diagénétique souvent complexe. Cette thèse offre de nouvelles perspectives sur la caractérisation des propriétés pétrophysiques et élastiques des calcaires urgoniens de Provence. Une approche intégrée et multi-échelle est proposée pour caractériser les propriétés pétrophysiques et élastiques des carbonates. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de vitesse d’ondes P (Vp) et S (Vs) à l’échelle du laboratoire (centimètre–décimètre) et du terrain (mètre–décamètre). En laboratoire, les Vp et Vs ainsi que l’anisotropie sont mesurées sur des plugs et sur des carottes, en utilisant différentes fréquences centrales ultrasonores. Sur le terrain, l’approche consiste à mesurer les Vp et Vs entre deux puits distant de 2 m sur une profondeur de 14 m. Les mesures sont ensuite interprétées en fonction de la géologie observée aux échelles macro- et microscopiques. Les principaux résultats montrent que les Vp et Vs moyennes sont indépendantes de l’échelle de mesure, car elles sont dictées par la porosité. L’anisotropie causée par les fractures (15%) et les hétérogénéités (5%) se manifestent par une variabilité autour des vitesses moyennes. L’approche adoptée ici a permis de définir les interactions entre les propriétés de la matrice, les hétérogénéités, les fractures et les propriétés élastiques des roches carbonatées. Elle a montré que les propriétés élastiques tout comme les structures géologiques varient en fonction de l’échelle. / Carbonate reservoirs are also exploited for water production, geothermal energy, and carbon geological storage. Their Geophysical characterization remains challenging because of complex diagenetic history. This work offers new insights into the characterization of petrophysical, and elastic properties of the Urgonian limestones in the Provence region. An integrated multi-scale approach is proposed to characterize carbonate rocks petrophysical and elastic properties. This study relies on P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) measurements carried out at laboratory (centimeter–decimeter) and field (meter–decameter) scales. Laboratory scale Vp, Vs, and anisotropy are measured on plugs and cores, while on the field they are measured between two boreholes (crosshole) over a distance of 2 m and 14 m depth. The measurements are then compared to the geology from the macro- to the microscopic scale. The main results show that the average Vp and Vs are porosity related, and are independent from scale. Anisotropy caused by fractures (15%) and heterogeneities (5%) is responsible for variations around the mean velocities. The approach adopted during this work has enabled to scope out the interplay between matrix properties, heterogeneity, fracturing, and elastic properties in carbonate rocks. It has shown that the elastic properties evolve with scale as well as the geological structures.

Abstract The crustal and upper mantle structures of the Shield on the regional scale were investigated using the data of the POLENET/LAPNET passive seismic array and the previously published models of active and passive seismic experiments in the study area. This area is centred in northern Finland and it extends to surrounding areas in Sweden, Norway and northwestern Russia. The bedrock there is mostly of the Archaean origin and the lithosphere of the region was reworked by two orogenies during Palaeoproterozoic. One of the results of the thesis was a new map of the Moho depth of the study area, for which new estimates of the crustal thickness were obtained using receiver function method and complemented by published results of receiver function studies and controlled source seismic profiles. The map differs from the previously published maps in two locations, where we found significant deepening of the Moho. The 3D structure of the upper mantle was studied using teleseismic traveltime tomography method. The resulting model shows high seismic velocities below three cratonic units of the study area, which may correspond to non-reworked fragments of cratonic lithosphere and a low velocity anomaly separating these cratonic units from each other. The regional scale studies were complemented by two smaller scale studies in upper crust level using combined interpretation of seismic profiling and gravity data. These studies were centred on Archaean Kuhmo Greenstone Belt in eastern Finland and central Lapland in northern Finland located in the crust reworked during Palaeoproterozoic. Both areas are considered as prospective ones for mineral exploration. Both studies demonstrate the advantage of gravity data inversion in studying 3D density structure of geologically interesting formations, when the Bouguer anomaly data is combined with a priori information from petrophysical and seismic datasets.

Background/objectives There are few studies investigating the long-term association between childhood blood pressure (BP) and adult cardiovascular remodeling. We seek to examine the effect of elevated childhood BP on cardiovascular remodeling in early or middle adulthood.Methods We used the "Beijing BP Cohort Study", where 1259 subjects aged 6-18 years old were followed over 24 years from childhood (1987) to early or middle adulthood (2011). Anthropometric measures and BP were obtained at baseline and follow-up examinations. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were measured to assess cardiovascular remodeling in early or middle adulthood. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cardiovascular remodeling.Results 82 out of 384 children with elevated BP (21.4%) had adult hypertension. Compared to those with normal BP, children with elevated BP were at 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.4-3.1) likely to develop hypertension in early or middle adulthood. Compared to those with normal BP, children with elevated BP were at higher OR of developing high cfPWV (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3-2.4), high cIMT (1.4, 1.0-1.9), or high LVMI (1.4, 1.0-1.9) in early or middle adulthood. The ORs for remodeling (for any measures) were 1.4 (0.9-2.0) in early adulthood for children age 6-11 years, and 1.6 (1.1-2.4) in middle adulthood for those aged 12-18 years.Conclusions Children with elevated BP from 6 years old have accelerated remodeling on both cardiac and arterial system in early or middle adulthood.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第19970号 / 人健博第38号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / 33066 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 杉本 直三, 教授 精山 明敏, 教授 黒田 知宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / A numerical method for sound propagation of higher-order cross-sectional modes in a duct of arbitrary cross-section and boundary conditions with nonzero, complex acoustic admittance has been considered. This method assumes that the cross-section of the duct is uniform and that the duct is of a considerable length so that the longitudinal modes can be neglected. The problem is reduced to a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) solution, from which a set of cross-sectional eigen-values and eigen-functions are determined. This result is used to obtain the modal frequencies, velocities and the attenuation coefficients. The 2D FE solution is then extended to three-dimensional via the normal mode decomposition technique. The numerical solution is validated against experimental data for sound propagation in a pipe with inner walls partially covered by coarse sand or granulated rubber. The values of the eigen-frequencies calculated from the proposed numerical model are validated against those predicted by the standard analytical solution for both a circular and rectangular pipe with rigid walls. It is shown that the considered numerical method is useful for predicting the sound pressure distribution, attenuation, and eigen-frequencies in a duct with acoustically nonrigid boundary conditions. The purpose of this work is to pave the way for the development of an efficient inverse problem solution for the remote characterization of the acoustic boundary conditions in natural and artificial waveguides.

A period of cement hydration is one of critical in the life span of concrete structures. One of the reasons of collapse of concrete structural elements during and after construction is the error in determining the concrete characteristics at early age. Recently, non-destructive test emerged as a popular way to evaluate the properties of cement-based materials. This test offers continuous measurements of concrete properties as well as ability to monitor any changes in the current state of structural materials. In the existing research, some of these methods fail to capture well properties of the materials in the plastics stage. A new piezoelectric pulse testing device (Piezoelectric Ring Actuators Technique), (P-RAT ) was initially developed at the University of Sherbrook as a non-destructive test (NDT ) for soil. This technique is considered a completely new, versatile, advanced and accurate. The development of the new technique (P-RAT ) was done on two main bases: the first was the development of piezoelectric ring actuators set-up and the second is the development of the interpretation method. The setup is composed of two main units; emitter and receiver, and is capable of measuring shear and compression wave velocities in specimens. With this technique, many problems of pulse tests, which make interpretation of results difficult and ambiguous, were solved in soil. The P-RAT overcomes wave reflections at boundaries (end-caps and sides), sample disturbance, weak shear coupling between soil and device (interaction) as well as the fixation problems, low resonant frequency and limited input voltage of the existing device. The previous method is exploited forward to measure the hydration properties of cement-based material. To apply this test method, it is necessary to determine how the evolution of shear wave velocity can be related and sensitive to the hydration of cement-based materials. Validation of the P-RAT with four conventional test setups that can be used to monitor early setting and hydration of cement-based materials is carried out. These tests include penetration resistance to monitor initial and final setting respectively, calorimetric to monitor heat of hydration, electrical conductivity to monitor change in continuity of the pore structure and compressive strength at 24 hours. The phase one of this investigation included trial tests to investigate the possibility of employing the original setup used for soil (P-RAT ) to determine setting and hardening properties of cement-based material. Based on the results of the preliminary test, two modifications were conducted to the previous test device to fit with cement based material and to obtain adequate resonant frequency for cement-based materials. These modifications are the design of the container and changing the dimensions of the rings. The resultant version of P-RAT after the modification was referred to be as P-RAT2 . Calibration of the P-RAT2 with water specimen was undertaken using the compression wave velocity and resulted in 99.33% accuracy. One paste mixture was tested three times to determine the experimental error of the P-RAT2 . The repeatability carried out on the P-ART2 proved the ability of this setup to capture accurate results of the shear wave velocity. This relative error is limited to 9 %. A number of series of validation was performed on cement paste and mortar mixtures proportioned with various water cement ratios (w/cm ) as well as chemical admixtures. The w/cm ratio ranged between (0.35 and 0.50). The investigated chemical admixtures comprise of high-range water-reducing agent, viscosity-modifying agent, set-accelerating agent, and set-retarding agent. The presented validations examine the ability of a P-RAT2 to monitor the hydration of the cement-based materials. The hydration is characterized by setting time, heat of hydration, electrical conductivity, and compressive strength at 24 hours. The results obtained using the P-RAT2 was correlated to those obtained using the conventional tests and strength measurement. The results enable to validate the ability of P-RAT2 to accurately detect variations in the hydration of cement-based materials. In addition, the initial and final time of setting can be determined from the derivation of velocity vs. time curve. The results show that conductivity, resistivity, has a bilinear relationship to shear wave velocity. The compressive strength at 24 hours was correlated to both the shear wave velocity and shear modulus obtained using the P-RAT2 . Furthermore, analytical model was derived to estimate the w/cm in mortar mixture by measuring the shear wave velocity (V[subscript s] ) and the corresponding time (t )||Résumé : La période d'hydratation du ciment est l'une des périodes clé du cycle de vie des structures en béton. L'une des raisons de l'effondrement d'éléments structuraux en béton pendant et après la construction peut être attribuée à une détermination des caractéristiques au jeune âge erronée. Depuis quelques années, l’auscultation des structures est devenue une méthode très populaire pour évaluer les propriétés des matériaux cimentaires. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir les propriétés du béton en continue et possibilité un suivi de changements dans I'état des matériaux structuraux. Dans I'état actuel de la recherche dans ce domaine, certaines méthodes ne sont pas adéquates pour bien mesurer les propriétés des matériaux à I'état plastique. Un nouvel appareil d'essai à impulsions piezoélectriques (Piezoelectric Ring Actuators technique), (P-RAT) a initialement été développé à l’Université de Sherbrooke comme technique d'auscultation des sols. Cette technique est considérée complètement nouvelle, polyvalente, évoluée et précise. Le développement de cette nouvelle technique (P-RAT) a été effectué en deux volets : la première sole est le développement du dispositif de vérin de commande annulaire piezoélectrique et le deuxième est le développement d'une méthode d'interprétation. Le dispositif d'essai est composé de deux unités principales, un émetteur et un récepteur. Et permet de mesurer la vitesse de propagation des ondes de cisaillement et de compression. Grâce à cette technique, plusieurs des problèmes associés aux dispositifs d'essais par impulsion des ondes, qui rendent les résultats ambigus et difficiles à interpréter, ont été résolu pour les sols. Le dispositif P-RAT surmonte les problèmes de réflexion des ondes aux limites (embouts et côtés), la perturbation de l’échantillon, le couplage de cisaillement faible entre le sol et l'appareil (interaction) ainsi que les problèmes de fixation, la faible résonnance des fréquences et le voltage d'entrée limité du dispositif. La méthode décrite a été utilisée pour mesurer les propriétés d'hydratation des matériaux cimentaires. Pour pouvoir appliquer cette méthode, il faut déterminer comment l’évolution de la propagation des ondes de cisaillement peut être reliée à l'hydratation des matériaux cimentaires et être sensible à ces dernières. La validation de la méthode P-RAT est réalisée, à l'aide de quatre configurations conventionnelles que l’on peut utiliser pour faire le suivi de la prise et de l'hydratation des matériaux cimentaires. Ces essais consistent à la résistance à la pénétration afin de pouvoir déterminer la prise initiale et finale, la calorimétrie pour suivre l’evolution de la chaleur d'hydratation, la conductivité électrique pour effectuer le suivi de la structure des pores et la résistance à la compression à 24 heures. La phase 1 de l'étude comprend des essais pour évaluer la possibilité d'utiliser la configuration originale utilisée pour les sols (P-RAT) pour déterminer les propriétés de prise et de durcissement des matériaux cimentaires. Selon les résultats des essais préliminaires, deux modifications ont été effectuées à l'appareil original pour permettre son utilisation avec des matériaux cimentaires et pour obtenir une fréquence de résonnance raisonnable sur les matériaux cimentaires. Les modifications effectuées sont la conception du contenant et un changement de la dimension des anneaux. La version modifiée du P-RAT est designée P-RAT2. La calibration du P-RAT2 à l'aide d'échantillon liquide sous propagation d'ondes de compression a été menée, avec des résultats d'une précision de 99,33 %. Un mélange a été testé trois fois pour déterminer l'erreur expérimentale du P-RAT2. La répétitivité des essais sur le PART2 a démontré la capacité de cet appareil à produire des résultats de cisaillement de propagation des ondes de cisaillement très précis. L'erreur relative se limite à 9 %. Une série d'essais de validation a été menée sur des mélanges de pâte de ciment et de mortier de rapport eau/ciment variés (e/c) ainsi qu'avec des adjuvants. Le rapport e/c variait entre 0,35 et 0,50. Les adjuvants utilisés étaient des supers plastiflants (réducteur d'eau), des agents de viscosité, des agents accélérateurs de prise et des agents retardateurs de prise. Les validations présentées ont pour but de valider la capacité du P-RAT2 à suivre l'hydratation des matériaux cimentaires. L'hydratation est caractérisée par le temps de prise, la chaleur d'hydratation, la conductivité électrique et la résistance à la compression à 24 heures. Les résultats obtenus à l'aide du P-RAT2 ont été comparés à ceux obtenus à l'aide d'essais de mesure des caractéristiques physiques et de résistance traditionnels. Ces résultats permettent de valider la capacité du P-RAT2 à détecter avec précision les variations dans l'hydratation des matériaux cimentaires. De plus, le dispositif P-RAT2 peut avoir une correction avec mesure obteniez avec les appareils traditionnels. II est aussi possible de déterminer le temps de prise initial et final à l'aide d'une courbe de propagation vs le temps. Les résultats montrent que la conductivité et la résistivité ont une relation bilinéaire à la propagation des ondes de cisaillement. La résistance à la compression à 24 heures a été comparee à la fois à la propagation des ondes de cisaillement et au module de cisaillement obtenus avec le P-RAT2. De plus, un modèle analytique a été établi pour estimer le rapport e/c dans le mélange de mortier en mesurant la propagation des ondes de cisaillement (V) correspondant au temps (t).

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) are independent predictors of cardiovascular health. However, the comparability of multiple oscillometric modalities currently available for their assessment was not studied in detail. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between indices of arterial stiffness assessed by diastolic and suprasystolic oscillometry. In total, 56 volunteers from the general population (23 males; median age 70 years [interquartile range: 65–72 years]) were recruited into observational feasibility study to evaluate the carotid-femoral/aortic PWV (cf/aoPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), and AI assessed by 2 devices: Vicorder (VI) applying diastolic, right-sided oscillometry for the determination of all 3 indices, and Vascular explorer (VE) implementing single-point, suprasystolic brachial oscillometry (SSBO) pulse wave analysis for the assessment of cfPWV and AI. Within- and between-device correlations of measured parameters were analyzed. Furthermore, agreement of repeated measurements, intra- and inter-observer concordances were determined and compared for both devices. In VI, both baPWVand cfPWVinter-correlatedwell and showed good level of agreement with bilateral baPWVmeasured byVE (baPWV[VI]– baPWV[VE]R: overall concordance correlation coefficient [OCCC]¼0.484, mean difference¼1.94 m/s; cfPWV[VI]–baPWV[- VE]R: OCCC¼0.493, mean difference¼1.0m/s). In contrast, SSBO derived aortic PWA (cf/aoPWA[VE]) displayed only weak correlation with cfPWV(VI) (r¼0.196; P¼0.04) and ipsilateral baPWV (cf/ aoPWV[VE]R–baPWV[VE]R: r¼0.166; P¼0.08). cf/aoPWA(VE) correlated strongly with AI(VE) (right-sided: r¼0.725, P<0.001). AI exhibited marginal between-device agreement (right-sided: OCCC¼ 0.298, mean difference: 6.12%). All considered parameters showed good-to-excellent repeatability giving OCCC > 0.9 for 2-point-PWV modes and right-sided AI(VE). Intra- and inter-observer concordances were similarly high except for AI yielding a trend toward better reproducibility in VE (interobserver–OCCC[VI] vs [VE]¼0.774 vs 0.844; intraobserver OCCC[VI] vs [VE]¼0.613 vs 0.769). Both diastolic oscillometry-derived PWV modes, and AI measured either with VI or VE, are comparable and reliable alternatives for the assessment of arterial stiffness. Aortic PWV assessed by SSBO in VE is not related to the corresponding indices determined by traditional diastolic oscillometry.

Gypsum rich soils are found in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Most gypsum occurs in the form of evaporites, which are minerals that precipitate out of water due to a high rate of evaporation and a high mineral concentration. Gypsum rich soils make good foundation material under dry conditions but pose major engineering hazards when exposed to water. Gypsum acts as a weak cementing material and has a moderate solubility of about 2.5 g/liter. The dissolution of gypsum causes the soils to undergo unpredictable collapse settlement leading to severe structural damages. The damages incur heavy financial losses every year. The objective of this research was to use geophysical methods such as free-free resonant column testing and electrical resistivity testing to characterize gypsum rich soils based on the shear wave velocity and electrical resistivity values. The geophysical testing methods could provide quick, non-intrusive and cost-effective methodologies to screen sites known to contain gypsum deposits. Reconstituted specimens of ground gypsum and quartz sand were prepared in the laboratory with varying amounts of gypsum and tested. Additionally geotechnical tests such as direct shear strength tests and consolidation tests were conducted to estimate the shear strength parameters (drained friction angle and cohesion) and the collapse potential of the soils. The effect of gypsum content on the geophysical and geotechnical parameters of soil was of particular interest. It was found that gypsum content had an influence on the shear wave velocity but had minimal effect on electrical resistivity. The collapsibility and friction angle of the soil increased with increase in gypsum. The information derived from the geophysical and geotechnical tests was used to develop statistical design equations and correlations to estimate gypsum content and soil collapse potential.