O crescimento do tráfego de serviços de telecomunicações tem aumentado o consumo de energia e, em consequência, aumentado as emissões de CO2 que tem efeitos nocivos sobre o meio ambiente. É assim que a economia de energia torna-se um fator chave no planejamento de redes de telecomunicações. Para garantir a disponibilidade e confiabilidade, as redes possuem arquitetura redundante e são projetadas para suportar a demanda de pico de tráfego. Redes com mecanismos de proteção como proteção dedicada de caminhos (DPP), proveem caminhos alternativos para cada demanda de conexão. Os elementos da rede que suportam esses caminhos estão em estado ativo (consumindo energia), apesar de, na maior parte do tempo, não transportarem tráfego efetivo. Um método para diminuir o gasto de energia é utilizar roteamento adaptado à carga real de tráfego baseado em modo suspenso (estado de baixo consumo de energia que pode passar a estado ativo rapidamente). Assim, o tráfego é roteado com vistas à maximizar a quantidade de componentes que são parte de caminhos de proteção, que podem ser postos em modo suspenso. Neste trabalho, as redes usadas para os testes são a rede europeia Cost239, a rede estadunidense UsNet e a rede brasileira Ipê. Abordamos o problema de economia de energia em redes WDM com DPP através de quatro estratégias de roteamento. Cada uma tem objetivos diferentes, a Shortest Path-DPP (SP-DPP) faz o roteamento por caminho mais curto, a Energy Aware-DPP (EA-DPP) aloca as demandas por enlaces que estejam ativos, a Energy Aware-DPP with Mixing (EA-DPP-MixS) evita que caminhos principais sejam roteados por enlaces que já são parte de caminhos de proteção e a Energy Aware-DPP with Differentation (EA-DPP-Dif) evita a mistura de caminhos por um mesmo enlace. Em nossas simulações computacionais observamos que a EA-DPP-Dif economiza energia de maneira eficiente, mas a probabilidade de bloqueio aumenta. A EA-DPP-MixS diminui o bloqueio em detrimento da energia economizada. Já a SP-DPP e a EA-DPP são menos eficientes na diminuição da energia consumida. É assim que propomos um roteamento com busca de recursos mais ampla, usando cada uma das estratégias. A proposta será chamada de roteamento intensivo. A EA-DPP-Dif-Intensivo diminui a probabilidade de bloqueio e economiza energia mediante modo suspenso. Neste trabalho, analisamos o desempenho das estratégias para cada uma das redes e avaliamos o impacto da energia economizada sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio. A proposta de roteamento i>intensivo diminui a energia consumida em até 50%, diminuindo a probabilidade de bloqueio. Porém, os resultados estão diretamente relacionados com a carga de rede e as características particulares da topologia de cada rede. / The growth of data traffic in telecommunication networks has increased energy consumption and hence increased CO2 emissions, with harmful effects on the environment. Thus, energy saving becomes a key and a differential factor when planning telecommunication networks. In order to guarantee availability and reliability, core networks have redundant architecture and are designed to support peak-hour traffic demand. Networks with dedicated path protection (DPP) mechanisms provide alternative paths for each connection request. Network elements supporting these paths are in active state (consuming energy), although most of the time they dont carry traffic. One technique to decrease energy waste is by adaptive real traffic routing using sleep mode (a low energy consumption state which is able to rapidly change to an active state). Thus, traffic is routed in order to maximize the amount of network components used by protection paths, which can be set in sleep mode. In this work, European Cost239, American UsNet and Brazilian Ipê networks were used in computational simulations. We addressed the energy saving problem in WDM networks with DPP through four routing strategies, each with different goals. The Shorthest Path-Dedicated Path Protection (SP-DPP) technique uses shortest path for routing, Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection (EA-DPP) allocates demands in active links, Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection with Mixing (EA-DPP-MixS) prevents primary paths to be formed by links that are already part of the protection paths and Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection with Differentation (EA-DPP-Dif) prevents mixing primary and protection paths through the same link. We observe that EA-DPP-Dif efficiently saved energy, however blocking probability has increased. EA-DPP-MixS reduced blocking rather than saved energy. At least, SP-DPP and EA-DPP are less efficient in reducing energy consumption. Hence, we propose a wider resource search routing, the in-depth routing, using each of these strategies. Thus, EA-DPP-Dif-In-depth decreased blocking probability while maintaining energy saving through sleep mode. In this work, we analyze the strategies performance for each network and evaluate the impact of energy saved on the blocking probability. Our in-depth routing strategy reduced the energy consumption up to 50%, decreasing blocking probability. However, the results are directly related with the network load and the specific properties of each network topology.

A disponibilização de fontes ópticas multi-comprimento de onda de baixo custo certamente é um dos aspectos fundamentais para viabilizar a implantação de redes WDMPON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network). Na literatura, são encontradas propostas de algumas tecnologias para a construção de tais dispositivos como a utilização de fontes ópticas sintonizáveis, uso de um vetor de lasers DFB (Distributed Feedback Laser) ou, até mesmo, o fatiamento espectral de uma fonte de banda larga. Contudo, essas propostas apresentam custo elevado, ou limitações de operação, tornando-se inapropriadas para a aplicação de interesse. Uma alternativa que vem sendo amplamente utilizada é o travamento óptico de diodos laser de Fabry-Pérot (FP-LD - Fabry-Pérot laser diode), realizado por meio da injeção de sinal óptico externo provindo do fatiamento espectral de uma fonte de banda larga. O travamento óptico possibilita o controle espectral do FP-LD, e o seu baixo custo torna essa fonte óptica atrativa na implantação de redes WDM. O entendimento do mecanismo de travamento torna-se, então, crucial na descrição da dinâmica de tais fontes ópticas. Desta forma, nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvido o estudo dos modelos matemáticos que descrevem a dinâmica de lasers travados, assim como foi investigado o desempenho de redes WDM-PON empregando estas fontes ópticas. / The availability of low cost multi-wavelength optical sources is certainly one of the fundamental aspects to allow the deployment of WDM-PON networks. Several technologies for the implementation of such optical sources are discussed in the literature, including tunable lasers, DFB arrays and spectral slicing of a broadband light source. However, those propositions suffer from high cost or operational limitations. One alternative is the optical injection locking of a Fabry Pérot laser diode (FPLD), in which the external optical injection signal is obtained from the spectral slicing of a broadband light source. This option has been widely investigated because the optical injection locking process allows for the FP-LD optical spectral control and wavelength selection. In addition, the low cost of such device makes this optical source an attractive solution for WDM-PON widespread deployment. In this context, the understanding of the locking mechanism becomes important in the optimization of such optical sources. Thus, in this dissertation, we conducted a study of mathematical models that describe the dynamics of locked lasers as well as investigated the performance of WDM-PON based on those optical sources.

Para suportar as novas aplicações heterogêneas e dinâmicas, como a TV digital interativa, os vídeos sob demanda e a computação em nuvem, as redes ópticas WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) estão passando por uma grande mudança. Estão deixando de ser estáticas para se tornarem reconfiguráveis. Assim, elas devem suportar diferentes taxas e formatos de modulação, que podem variar com o tempo, tornando-as heterogêneas tanto no que se refere aos tipos de serviços, quanto às tecnologias de transmissão. Assim, novos desafios para controlar e administrar estas redes estão surgindo e soluções cognitivas estão começando a ser estudadas. Uma das premissas de uma solução cognitiva é a adaptabilidade. Neste cenário, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de controle adaptativo de ganho para amplificadores ópticos em redes WDM dinâmicas. Tal metodologia baseia-se em uma máscara de potência com informações sobre o desempenho óptico do amplificador em termos de figura de ruído e \"planicidade\" espectral de ganho, ajustando seu ponto de operação visando um compromisso entre estes parâmetros. Esta metodologia foi aplicada em um problema de roteamento e alocação de comprimento de onda para algumas topologias de redes com 4, 6, 10 e 15 nós e considerando uma restrição de qualidade de serviço, relacionada à OSNR do sinal, para realização da conexão. Os resultados mostram uma redução na probabilidade de bloqueio total com a aplicação da metodologia proposta em relação a um cenário sem a metodologia de 80% para abaixo de 20% em alguns casos. / To support new dynamic and heterogeneous applications such as interactive digital TV, video on demand and cloud computing, WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) optical networks are undergoing significant changes. They are changing from static to reconfigurable networks. Thus, they need to support different data rates and modulation formats, which can varie along the time, leading to a heterogeneous network with respect not only to different services, but also to different transmission technology. Therefore, new network control and management challenges are arising and cognitive solutions are being studied. One of the cognitive solution premises is adaptability. In this scenario, this work propose an adaptive gain control methodology for optical amplifiers in WDM dynamic optical networks. Such methodology is based on a power mask with information about the amplifier optical performance in terms of noise figure and gain flatness, adjusting its operating point aiming to the best trade off between these parameters. This methodology was applied to a routing and wavelength assignment problem to some network topology with 4, 6, 10 and 15 nodes and considering a quality of service constraint, due to the signal OSNR, to accomplish the connection. Results show blocking probability reduction from 80% to bellow 20% for some cases from a scenario without the methodology to one with it.

Orientadores: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki, João Batista Rosolem / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias_MauroBiscaro_D.pdf: 8521258 bytes, checksum: 71367ffa68b5edac21fdf81e63c3a7b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Fibras ópticas de casca rebaixada (também conhecidas como fibras ópticas de dupla-casca ou fibras ópticas de perfil-"W") com cortes do modo fundamental proporcionam perdas distribuídas altas em comprimentos de onda longos e perdas baixas em comprimentos de onda curtos. A grandeza da brusca transição entre a perda baixa em comprimentos de onda curtos e a perda alta em comprimentos de onda longos excede 200 dB/km e é extremamente sensível à curvatura aplicada na fibra. O fenômeno é atribuído ao acoplamento modal entre o modo guiado no núcleo e os modos discretos guiados na casca externa. A fibra óptica ativa de casca rebaixada Er: Al/Ge/SiO2 (DC-EDF) pode ser projetada para ter um corte do modo fundamental próximo de 1530 nm o que proporciona supressão distribuída da emissão espontânea amplificada (ASE) na banda-C em proveito da ASE na banda-S. Este fenômeno, associado a um outro, o de perda induzida por curvatura, proporciona um modelo alternativo para obter amplificação óptica na banda-S, exigida para expandir a capacidade de sistemas de multiplexação por divisão de comprimentos de onda (WDM). Um laser à fibra óptica, configurado na forma de anel, de fibra óptica de casca rebaixada dopada com érbio, que pode ser sintonizado através de perdas induzidas por curvatura na fibra óptica, ou pelo uso de um filtro óptico sintonizável, também pode ser projetado. Devido às características de amplificação e "lasing" desenvolvidas para aplicação na banda-S, baseadas em propriedades únicas, a fibra DC-EDF foi base dos sistemas de sensores desenvolvidos neste trabalho. De fato, os sistemas de sensores propostos mostraram alta sensibilidade, larga faixa dinâmica, e ampla largura de banda, e podem ser usados para monitorar parâmetros estáticos, tais como força, pressão, deslocamentos e parâmetros dinâmicos usados em acústica e vibrações. Dois tipos de sistemas de sensores, com diferentes modelos, foram estudados: um sensor-amplificador e um sensor-laser. Os desempenhos desses sistemas de sensores na banda-S (1490 e 1510 nm) foram estudados e analisados nas condições estática e dinâmica / Abstract: Depressed-cladding (often referred to as dual-clad or "W"- fiber) fibers with fundamental-mode cutoffs provide high distributed losses at long wavelengths and low losses at short wavelengths. The magnitude of the abrupt transition between low-loss at short wavelengths and high-loss at long wavelengths exceeds 200 dB/km and is found to be extremely sensitive to fiber curvature. The phenomenon is attributed to mode coupling between the core-guided mode and the discrete modes guided in the outer cladding. The active depressed-cladding Er: Al/Ge/SiO2 fiber (DC ? EDF) may be designed to have a fundamental mode cutoff near 1530 nm and provides distributed suppression of C-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) to the advantage of that in the S-band. This phenomenon, associated with the mechanism of induced bending loss, provides an alternative approach to obtain amplification in S-band, required to expand the capacity of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems. A S-band depressed-cladding erbium-doped fiber ring laser which can be tuned through the active fiber bending losses or by using an optical tunable filter, can be designed as well. Due to the amplification and lasing characteristics developed for S-band, based on unique properties, the DC - EDF was the basis of the optical sensing systems developed in this work. In fact, the sensing systems proposed showed high sensitivity, high dynamic range and wide bandwidth, and can be used to monitor static parameters, such as force, pressure, displacement and dynamic parameters used in acoustics and vibrations. Two types of sensing systems, with different approaches, have been studied: an amplifier-sensor and a laser-sensor. The performances of these sensing systems in S-band (1490 and 1510 nm) were studied and analyzed in static and dynamic conditions / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Le Cloud RAN a été préconisé pour la 5G. Cependant, sa mise en place rencontre des difficultés notamment sur l'intégration du fronthaul, ce dernier généralement basé sur l’interface CPRI représente le segment situé entre la Digital Unit et la Radio Unit. Vu les contraintes de débit, de latence et de gigue sur cette interface, le multiplexage en longueur est la solution adéquate pour son transport. En revanche, les technologies radio recommandées pour la 5G augmenteront considérablement les débits CPRI, ce qui rend l’utilisation du WDM bas coût très difficile. Cette thèse traite quatre sujets principaux : L'introduction d'un canal de contrôle dans le CPRI permettrait la supervision de l'infrastructure WDM et l'accordabilité en longueurs d'onde des transceivers. L’impact de l’intégration de ce canal de contrôle dans le fronthaul est étudié dans le chapitre II. La radio analogique sur fibre peut améliorer de manière significative l'efficacité spectrale du fronthaul, permettant potentiellement le transport des interfaces 5G. Une étude approfondie sur le gain réel apporté par cette solution est rapportée dans le chapitre III. La compression du CPRI basée sur la quantification uniforme et non uniforme est également une solution pour améliorer l'efficacité spectrale du CPRI. Le chapitre IV démontre expérimentalement les taux de compression réalisables. Enfin, les nouveaux splits fonctionnels sont considérés comme une solution prometteuse pour la 5G. Deux nouvelles interfaces ont été identifiées pour les splits couche haute et couche basse. Une étude théorique et expérimentale de ces nouvelles interfaces est présentée dans le chapitre V. / Cloud Radio Access Network (RAN) was identified as a key enabler for 5G. Its deployment is however meeting multiple challenges notably in the fronthaul integration, the latter being the segment located between the Digital Unit and the Radio Unit generally based on CPRI. Giving its bit-rate, latency and jitter constrains, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is the most adequate solution for its transport. However, the radio technologies recommended for 5G will drastically increase the CPRI bit-rate making its transport very challenging with low-cost WDM. This thesis deals with four main topics : The introduction of a control channel in the CPRI enables offering the WDM infrastructure monitoring and the wavelength tunability in the transceivers. The study of this control channel integration in the fronthaul link is reported in the second chapter as well as an investigation on the wireless transmission of CPRI. The use of Analog Radio over Fiber (A-RoF) can significantly improve the fronthaul spectral efficiency compared to CPRI-based fronthaul enabling, potentially, the transport of 5G interfaces. A thorough investigation on the actual gain brought by this solution is stated in the third chapter. CPRI compression based on uniform and non-uniform quantization is also a solution to enhance the CPRI spectral efficiency. The fourth chapter describes this solution and experimentally shows the achievable compression rates. Finally, establishing a new functional split in the radio equipment was considered as a promising solution for 5G. Two new interfaces have been identified for high and low layer functional splits. A theoretical and experimental study of these new interfaces is reported in the fifth chapter.

Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santi_Julianade_D.pdf: 2864937 bytes, checksum: 7526ed7e2e57bec4e7361a8c0f9f8b47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As redes ópticas com multiplexação por comprimento de onda (WDM) permitem a transmissão de grande volume de dados através de múltiplos canais com capacidade de transmissão de vários Gbps. Entretanto, as demandas por banda passante dos fluxos IPs são significativamente inferior à capacidade disponível em cada canal WDM. Para lidar com esta disparidade e utilizar de forma eficiente a banda disponível, é necessária a transmissão simultânea de vários fluxos em um caminho óptico, chamado de agregação de tráfego. Especificações de qualidade de serviço dos fluxos devem, também, ser consideradas nas decisões de agregação de tráfego. Ademais, aplicações emergentes podem demandar largura de banda superior à capacidade de um comprimento de onda, sendo necessário utilizar vários caminhos ópticos (roteamento multicaminho) para provisionar tais fluxos. Além disso, a expansão da infraestrutura e utilização das redes WDM têm elevado o consumo de energia, causando impactos econômicos e ambientais. Estas questões têm desafiado e motivado pesquisadores a encontrar alternativas para aprimorar as transmissões nas redes ópticas WDM, o que inclui a agregação de tráfego e o roteamento multicaminho. Nesta tese, abordam-se diversos problemas em agregação de tráfego e roteamento multicaminho em redes ópticas WDM. Foram desenvolvidos e validados algoritmos pelo menos tão eficientes quanto algoritmos existentes na literatura. Propõe-se um algoritmo de agregação de tráfego que considera a duração das conexões e a banda disponível. Para atender demandas superiores à capacidade de um comprimento de onda, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo que considera a duração do fluxo, divide-o em subfluxos e os transmite em múltiplos canais. Para este algoritmo, foi proposta uma versão aproximada visando reduzir o tempo de resolução do problema. Introduziu-se, também, um algoritmo que indica a postergação do momento de início da transmissão das conexões a fim de agregar lotes de conexões. Para reduzir o consumo de energia, foram desenvolvidas duas estratégias, de roteamento multicaminho e reroteamento, que levam em consideração o consumo de energia das operações envolvidas na transmissão da conexão / Abstract: The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks allow the transmission of large volume of data through multiple channels with severals Gbps of transmission capacity. However, the demand for bandwidth of IP flows are significantly lower than the available capacity in each WDM channel. To address this disparity and make efficient use of the available bandwidth, it is necessary to transmit simultaneously multiple streams in lightpath, called traffic grooming. The quality of service specifications inherent to connections should also be considered in the traffic aggregation decisions. Moreover, emerging applications can request bandwidth greater than the capacity of a wavelength, which require several lightpaths (multipath routing) to establish such connections. In addition, infrastructure expansion and use of WDM networks have increased the energy consumption, leading to economic and environmental concerns. These issues have challenged and motivated researchers to find alternatives to enhance transmissions in WDM optical networks, which includes the traffic grooming and multipath routing. This thesis addresses several problems in traffic grooming and multipath routing in WDM optical networks. For each problem algorithms were developed and validated that are at least as efficient as existing algorithms in the literature. It was proposed a traffic grooming algorithm that considers the duration of connections and the available bandwidth along the path. In order to establish connections demanding bandwidth greater than the capacity of a wavelength, it was proposed an algorithm that considers the duration of a connection and divides this connection in to substreams and transmits them on multiple wavelengths. For this algorithm, it was proposed an approximate version to reduce the run time. Moreover, it was introduced an algorithm which postpones the time to establish the connections and aggregates batch connections. In order to reduce the energy consumption, two strategies, multipath routing and rerouting, were developed that take into account the energy consumption of each operation involved in the connection transmission / Doutorado / Ciência da Computação / Doutora em Ciência da Computação

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des lasers à verrouillage de modes à bâtonnets quantiques (MLL QD) sur le système de matériau InAs/InP en vue de leur utilisation pour les applications télécoms. Contrairement aux lasers à deux sections, nous exploitons, tout au long de cette thèse, le phénomène du mélange à quatre-ondes qui est à l’origine du verrouillage de modes dans ces structures. Une analyse du « chirp » des impulsions générées par ce type de lasers, ainsi qu’une étude théorique et expérimentale pour le compenser, ont été décrites. En particulier, nous démontrons la compensation du « chirp » linéaire par un filtrage et par une fibre présentant une dispersion adéquate. D’autre part, une compensation du « chirp » d’ordre supérieur est possible en utilisant une fibre à dispersion spécifique. Une étude a été consacrée à la gigue temporelle, un autre paramètre crucial pour la plupart des applications utilisant les MLLs QD. Dans une première étape, nous avons mis en œuvre une technique de mesure par cross-corrélation optique pour caractériser la gigue temporelle des MLLs à haute fréquence de répétition. Contrairement à la technique de mesure par analyse spectrale, celle-ci permet d’effectuer des mesures à des fréquences de répétitions supérieures à 50 GHz et sur une plage de fréquence allant de presque 0 Hz à quelques centaines de MHz. Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé des diodes lasers présentant une largeur de raie RF record d’une valeur de 850 Hz. Une valeur de gigue de 500 fs a été mesurée sur la bande de fréquence [150 kHz-320 MHz]. Cette valeur correspond à une amélioration d’un facteur 25 par rapport à la valeur mesurée sur une structure à base de puits quantiques pour les mêmes bornes d’intégration. Nous avons également présenté une étude de la réduction du bruit de phase des MLLs basée sur l’effet de la réinjection optique. Nous avons ainsi obtenu une amélioration du niveau de bruit de phase d’un facteur supérieur à 15 dB par rapport à la technique optoélectronique standard. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel des MLL QD pour la génération des impulsions à très faibles gigue temporelle et ouvrent la voie pour la conception des oscillateurs tout-optiques à faible bruit de phase. Enfin, nous présentons la génération d’un peigne de fréquences WDM en utilisant un MLL QD. En utilisant une telle source, nous avons démontré une transmission canal par canal sur une distance de 50 km de fibre SMF à un débit de 10 Gbit/s. Ce résultat de toute première importance permet d’envisager l’utilisation des MLLs QD pour la transmission WDM / This PhD thesis deals with the integration of InP based quantum dash mode locked lasers for use in optical communication systems and microwave optoelectronic applications. The properties of pulse and characterization methods are described as well as requirements for application in communication systems. Experimental and analytic method for pulse “chirp” characterization and compensation are also discussed. In particular, we demonstrate that high order dispersion can be compensated using specific fibre length. The characterization of quantum dash based mode locked lasers, has shown their potential to generate high spectral purity self-pulsating signals, with state-of-the-art spectral linewidth of ~ 850 Hz. Especially, the importance of, and way to reduce high-frequency jitter is discussed. Indeed, a novel method for measurement of high-frequency jitter based on optical cross-correlation technique is implemented. Systematic investigation of 10 GHz passively mode locked laser based on InAs/InP quantum dashes emitting at 1.55 µm have demonstrated a reduced value of timing jitter of 500 fs in the 150 kHz – 320 MHz frequency range. Compared to typical passively mode-locked quantum well laser which exhibit timing jitter in the range 12 ps (150 kHz – 50 MHz), our device demonstrates an approximately 25 times improvement in timing jitter. Concerning microwave optoelectronic applications, we demonstrate that a low phase noise oscillator can be obtained using a QD MLL integrated in an optical self injection loop without any opto-electronic or electro-optic conversion. A significant reduction of the -3 dB linewedith as low as 200Hz was obtained thanks to optimised tuning of the optical external cavity length. The phase noise has been reduced from -75dBc/Hz to a level as low as -105dBc/Hz at an offset of 100kHz. This yields to ultra low timing jitter and shows the potential to fabricate simple, and yet low noise oscillators based on semiconductor lasers without any high frequency electronics, photodetector or modulator. Finally, we report, for the first time, error-free transmission of 8 WDM channels over 50 km long single mode fiber at 10 Gbit/s using comb-generation in a quantum dash based mode locked laser. Such good performance paves the way for the use of mode locked-lasers in WDM transmission and allows considering such a solution in an integrated WDM transceiver

Aujourd'hui, le format « Quadrature Phase Shift Keying » avec multiplexage de polarisation (DP-QPSK) opérant à 100 Gbps est devenue un standard pour la transmission WDM longue distance. Une alternative au format DP-QPSK permettant d’atteindre des débits de 100 Gbps et plus (400 G & 1Tbps) est l’ « Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing » (OFDM). Mais, des interrogations subsistent quant à sa robustesse aux effets non linéaires. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié le potentiel de la technologie OFDM pour la transmission WDM longue distance à 100 Gbps. Le traitement du signal est détaillé ainsi que la mise en œuvre du transmetteur et récepteur OFDM cohérent. Nous présentons aussi les résultats expérimentaux de la transmission obtenus dans plusieurs configurations. Dans l’une de ces configurations, le canal modulé avec le format DP-OFDM coherent (Co-DP-OFDM) est multiplexé avec 40 canaux modulés en DP-QPSK à 100 Gbps. Les canaux ont ensuite été transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 sans gestion de dispersion chromatique. Dans une autre configuration, les canaux Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK sont combinés avec 78 canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK et transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 avec gestion de dispersion. Nous avons montré que le Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK ont des performances similaires après une transmission de 1000 km sur une ligne sans gestion de dispersion, et nous avons aussi montré que la transmission de ces formats sur une infrastructure de fibre deployée est possible à condition de réduire de 5 dB la puissance des canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK par rapport aux canaux à100 Gbps. Ces résultats sont précieux pour la prochaine génération de systèmes WDM à 400 Gbps ou 1 Tbps. / Today the 100 Gbps coherent dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (Co-DP-QPSK) is standardized as the industrial solution for long-haul WDM transmission. Another alternative format to DP-QPSK that permits also to reach a data rate of 100 Gbps and beyond is the coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) format. However a doubt exists over the ability of OFDM to be as efficient as QPSK for long-haul WDM transmission due to its supposed higher sensitivity to nonlinear effects . In this thesis, we have investigated the potential of Co-DP-OFDM for 100 Gbps WDM transport. The digital signal processing algorithms are detailed as well as the various experimental set-ups required to carry out and validate the 100 Gbps transceiver. We also present the transmission results obtained with several configurations. In one of these configurations, the 100 Gbps Co-DP-OFDM channel is multiplexed with forty 100 Gbps DP-QPSK channels and all these channels are transmitted over 1000 km of DCF-free G.652 fiber, while in another configuration, the Co-DP-OFDM and Co-DP-QPSK channels are combined with seventy eight 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channels and transmitted over 1000 km of dispersion managed G.652 fiber line. We have demonstrated that OFDM and QPSK have nearly the same performance after a transmission over 1000 km, and also we have demonstrated that the transmission of these two formats over legacy fiber infrastructure is possible under the condition of decreasing by 5 dB the 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channel power with respect to the 100 Gbps channels. The results presented in this thesis are very valuable when considering the next generation of 400 Gbps or 1 Tbps for WDM systems.

Optical networking has been developing for decades and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is the main technology used to carry signals in fiber-optical communication systems. However, its development has slowed because it is approaching the Shannon limit of nonlinear fiber transmission. Researchers are looking for multi dimensional multiplexing. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) is an ideal way to scale network capacities. The capacity of WDM/SDM network could be expanded to several times the capacity of WDM network but the active hardware devices may also increase by several times. This project aims to answer a practical question: How to construct a WDM/SDM network with less hardware resource? There is no mature research about WDM/SDM network yet. Therefore, the problem can be divided into two parts: (1) how to build a WDM/SDM network and (2) how to allocate resource and compute routes in such a network to minimize hardware resources. First, this thesis proposes a WDM/SDM node which has bypass connections between different fibers and architecture on demand (AoD) to effectively decrease the number of active hardware devices within the node. Then, two types of networks were constructed: one with bypass connections in each node and another one without any bypass connections. These networks were under the control of a software defined network (SDN) controller. The controller knew the wavelength resources within the networks. Several algorithms were applied to these networks to evaluate the effect of a bypass network and to identify the desired characteristics (to find short length path and decrease the probability of spectrum fragmentation) of an algorithm suitable for a network with bypass connections. The results of applying the proposed algorithms in two networks proved that the bypass connections increased the blocking probability in small topology but did not affect the results in large topology. The results in a large-scale network with bypass network were almost the same as the results in a network without bypass connections. Thus, bypass connections are suitable for large-scale network. / Optiskt nätverk har utvecklats i årtionden och våglängdsdelningsmultiplexering (WDM) är den viktigaste tekniken som används för att bära signaler i fiberoptiska kommunikationssystem. Utvecklingen har dock minskat eftersom den närmar sig Shannon-gränsen för olinjär fiberöverföring. Forskare letar efter flerdimensionell multiplexering. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) är ett idealiskt sätt att skala nätverkskapacitet. Kapaciteten för WDM / SDM-nätverk kan utökas till flera gånger WDM-nätverkets kapacitet, men de aktiva hårdvaraenheterna kan också öka med flera gånger. Projektet syftar till att svara på en praktisk fråga: Hur konstruerar jag ett WDM / SDM-nätverk med mindre hårdvara? Det finns ingen mogen forskning om WDM / SDM-nätverk än. Därför kan problemet delas in i två delar: (1) hur man bygger ett WDM / SDM-nätverk och (2) hur man fördelar resurser och beräknar rutter i ett sådant nätverk för att minimera hårdvaruressurser. Först föreslår denna avhandling en WDM / SDM-nod som har förbikopplingsanslutningar mellan olika fibrer och arkitektur på begäran (AoD) för att effektivt minska antalet aktiva hårdvaraenheter inom noden. Sedan konstruerades två typer av nätverk: en med bypass-anslutningar i varje nod och en annan utan några bypass-anslutningar. Dessa nätverk kontrollerades av en mjukvarudefinierad nätverkskontroller (SDN). Styrenheten visste våglängdsresurserna i nätverket. Flera algoritmer applicerades på dessa nätverk för att utvärdera effekten av ett förbikopplingsnätverk och för att identifiera de önskade egenskaperna (för att hitta en kort längdväg och minska sannolikheten för spektrumfragmentering) av en algoritm som är lämplig för ett nätverk med bypass-anslutningar. Resultaten av att tillämpa de föreslagna algoritmerna i två nät visade att förbikopplingsförbindelserna ökade blockeringssannolikheten i liten topologi men inte påverkade resultaten i stor topologi. Resultaten i ett storskaligt nätverk med bypass-nätverk var nästan samma som resultaten i ett nätverk utan bypass-anslutningar. Bypassanslutningar är således lämpliga för storskaliga nätverk.

Wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks are rapidly becoming the technology of choice in network infrastructure and next-generation Internet architectures. WDM networks have the potential to provide unprecedented bandwidth, reduce processing cost, achieve protocol transparency, and enable efficient failure handling. This dissertation addresses the important issues of improving the performance and enhancing the reliability of WDM networks as well as modeling and evaluating the performance of these networks. Optical wavelength conversion is one of the emerging WDM enabling technologies that can significantly improve bandwidth utilization in optical networks. A new approach for the sparse placement of full wavelength converters based on the concept of the k-Dominating Set (k-DS) of a graph is presented. The k-DS approach is also extended to the case of limited conversion capability using three scalable and cost-effective switch designs: flexible node-sharing, strict node-sharing and static mapping. Compared to full search algorithms previously proposed in the literature, the K-DS approach has better blocking performance, has better time complexity and avoids the local minimum problem. The performance benefit of the K-DS approach is demonstrated by extensive simulation. Fiber delay line (FDL) is another emerging WDM technology that can be used to obtain limited optical buffering capability. A placement algorithm, k-WDS, for the sparse placement of FDLs at a set of selected nodes in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks is proposed. The algorithm can handle both uniform and non-uniform traffic patterns. Extensive performance tests have shown that k-WDS provides more efficient placement of optical fiber delay lines than the well-known approach of placing the resources at nodes with the highest experienced burst loss. Performance results that compare the benefit of using FDLs versus using optical wavelength converters (OWCs) are presented. A new algorithm, A-WDS, for the placement of an arbitrary numbers of FDLs and OWCs is introduced and is evaluated under different non-uniform traffic loads. This dissertation also introduces a new cost-effective optical switch design using FDL and a QoS-enhanced JET (just enough time) protocol suitable for optical burst switched WDM networks. The enhanced JET protocol allows classes of traffic to benefit from FDLs and OWCs while minimizing the end-to-end delay for high priority bursts. Performance evaluation models of WDM networks represent an important research area that has received increased attention. A new analytical model that captures link dependencies in all-optical WDM networks under uniform traffic is presented. The model enables the estimation of connection blocking probabilities more accurately than previously possible. The basic formula of the dependency between two links in this model reflects their degree of adjacency, the degree of connectivity of the nodes composing them and their carried traffic. The usefulness of the model is illustrated by applying it to the sparse wavelength converters placement problem in WDM networks. A lightpath containing converters is divided into smaller sub-paths such that each sub-path is a wavelength continuous path and the nodes shared between these sub-paths are full wavelength conversion capable. The blocking probability of the entire path is obtained by computing the blocking probabilities of the individual sub-paths. The analytical-based sparse placement algorithm is validated by comparing it with its simulation-based counterpart using a number of network topologies. Rapid recovery from failure and high levels of reliability are extremely important in WDM networks. A new Fault Tolerant Path Protection scheme, FTPP, for WDM mesh networks based on the alarming state of network nodes and links is introduced. The results of extensive simulation tests show that FTPP outperforms known path protection schemes in terms of loss of service ratio and network throughput. The simulation tests used a wide range of values for the load intensity, the failure arrival rate and the failure holding time. The FTPP scheme is next extended to the differentiated services model and its connection blocking performance is evaluated. Finally, a QoS-enhanced FTPP (QEFTPP) routing and path protection scheme in WDM networks is presented. QEFTPP uses preemption to minimize the connection blocking percentage for high priority traffic. Extensive simulation results have shown that QEFTPP achieves a clear QoS differentiation among the traffic classes and provides a good overall network performance.