No / This paper addresses interoperability issues in an IoT-based cloud environment consisting of multiple WSN clusters made up of connected objects embedded with smart devices which are fully integrated to the Web, forming the Web-ofThings (WoT). Two levels of interoperability are considered: Device-level interoperability and semantic-level interoperability. Eminent issues relating to device heterogeneity and platform dependencies are resolved by using an OSGi (Open Service Gateway initiative) framework as the software fabric for IoT deployment. However, OSGi alone is not enough to resolve data heterogeneity issues, and even less in providing a semantic mapping of devices and their data streams in a generic deployment. To enable this level of interoperability, a novel system that envisages an all-purpose collaboration framework for the WoT to deliver Sensing and Collaboration as a Service (SeaaS/CaaS) is presented.

No / The merger of the Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud computing has given birth to a Web of Things (WoT) which hosts heterogeneous and rapidly varying data. Traditional access control mechanisms such as Role-Based Access schemes are no longer suitable for modelling access control on such a large and dynamic scale as the actors may also change all the time. For such a dynamic mix of applications, data and actors, a more distributed and flexible model is required. Token-Based Access Control is one such scheme which can easily model and comfortably handle interactions with big data in the cloud and enable provisioning of access to fine levels of granularity. However, simple token access models quickly become hard to manage in the face of a rapidly growing repository. This paper proposes a novel token access model based on a cascading permissions policy model which can easily control interactivity with big data without becoming a menace to manage and administer.

Yes / Web of Things (WoT) can be considered as a merger of newly emerging paradigms of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing. Rapidly varying, highly volatile and heterogeneous data traffic is a characteristic of the WoT. Hence, the capture, processing, storage and exchange of huge volumes of data is a key requirement in this environment. The crucial resources in the WoT are the sensing devices and the sensing data. Consequently, access control mechanisms employed in this highly dynamic and demanding environment need to be enhanced so as to reduce the end-to-end latency for capturing and exchanging data pertaining to these underlying resources. While there are many previous studies comparing the advantages and disadvantages of access control mechanisms at the algorithm level, vary few of these provide any detailed comparison the performance of these access control mechanisms when used for different data handling procedures in the context of data capture, processing and storage. This study builds on previous work on token-based access control mechanisms and presents a comparison of two different approaches used for handling sensing devices and data in the WoT. It is shown that the aggregated data submission approach is around 700% more efficient than the serial payload submission procedure in reducing the round-trip response time.

Abstrakt   Nyckelord: Web of Things, Tillsammansodling, Ting, Entitet, Kultur   I undersökningen går vi igenom hur ting kan existera inom olika plan av vårt medvetande och även hur teknologin inom Web of Things (WoT*) kan agera som en entitet inom ett fenomen såsom tillsammansodling. De metoder som valts för att undersöka fenomenet är Brainstorm, Att flytta gränser och De sex tänkarmössorna. Dessa tre metoder är våra huvudmetoder som ansågs vara bästa valen för ändamålet medan alternativa metoder som Kanban*, funktionsanalys och ett agilt tänkande var för att kunna ge vår design det extra stöd som behövdes för att utvecklas. Metoderna för att kunna undersöka detta fenomen har utgjorts av olika delar från boken Design av informationsteknik av Jonas Löwgren och Erik Stolterman där vi utgått från att skapa en design med hjälp av de tre delarna vision, den operativa bilden och specifikationen (Löwgren & Stolterman, 2004). Dessa tre delar har använts i fem olika iterationer för att kunna använda metoderna i olika plan av designen. Resultatet påvisas genom att gå igenom designprocessens fem iterationer och med stöd från tidigare och aktuell forskning medan diskussionen presenteras genom att gå igenom de fyra hypoteser vi själva arbetade fram genom att undersöka tidigare och aktuella forskningstexter, de fyra hypoteser är som följer.   Hypotes ett: Fenomenet tillsammansodling i stadsmiljöer med kopplingar till Web of Things (WoT) skapar ett ting som består av både fysiska och psykiska relationer till de som befinner sig i det. Hypotes två: Tillsammansodlingar är till förmån för hållbarhet och sociala möten. Hypotes tre: WoT är inte bara ett fysiskt ting utan även psykiskt och kan beblanda sig med både människa och maskin på olika plan. Hypotes fyra: WoT som sociala medier kan få människan att vilja börja ta del av tillsammansodlingar i stadsmiljöer och påtrycka ändringar hos maskiner och hur människor arbetar tillsammans med dem. / Abstract   Keywords: Web of Things, Community gardening, Things, Entity, Culture   In this Bachelor thesis we go through how things can exist within different planes of our mind and further how technology within Web Of Things (WoT) can act as an entity within a phenomenon like Community gardening. The methods that was chosen for the survey of the phenomenon are Brainstorm, To move the border and The six thinkingcaps. This three methods are our main methods that was considered to be the best choice for our purpose while alternative methods like Kanban, Function analyses and an agile thinking was considered to be the extra structure our design needed to evolve. The methods to maintain this survey of the phenomenon has been consisted of different parts from the book Thoughtful interaction design written by Jonas Löwgren and Erik Stolterman where we extracted three parts from it where the parts was vision, operative image and specification in order to create our design (Löwgren & Stolterman, 2004). This three parts has been integrated in five different iterations in order to use the methods of choosing in different parts of the design. The result is manifested from the design processes five iterations and the support from earlier and current researches while the discussion is presented through four hypotheses we manifested from the work from earlier and current research papers, the four hypotheses are as followed.   Hypothesis s one: The phenomenon Community gardening in urban environments with relations to Web of Things creates a thing that coexist within both the physical and psychological in the relationships of what is inside of the phenomenon. Hypothesis two: Community gardening is beneficial for sustainability and social encounters. Hypothesis three: Web Of Things is not just a physical thing but also a psychical and can exist in different planes of both mankind and machines. Hypothesis four: Web Of Things as social media can make the mankind want to integrate with Community gardening in urban environments and push changes in how humans and machine works together.

Le Web des Objets s'inscrit dans divers domaines d'application, tels que la domotique, les entreprises, l'industrie, la médecine, la ville, et l'agriculture. Il se présente comme une couche uniforme placée au-dessus de l'Internet des Objets, afin de surmonter l'hétérogénéité des protocoles présents dans ces réseaux. Une valeur ajoutée des applications Web des Objets est de pouvoir combiner l'accès à divers objets connectés et sources de données externes avec des techniques standards de raisonnement sémantique (RDF-S,OWL). Cela leur permet alors d'interpréter et de manipuler de ces données en tant qu'informations contextuelles. Ces informations contextuelles peuvent être exploitées par ces applications afin d'adapter leurs composants en fonction des changements dans leur environnement. L'adaptation contextuelle est un défi majeur pour le Web des Objets. En effet, les solutions d'adaptation existantes sont soit fortement couplées avec leur domaine d'application (étant donne qu'elles reposent sur des modèles de contexte spécifiques au domaine), soit proposées comme composant logiciels autonomes, difficiles à intégrer dans des architectures Web et orientées sémantique. Cela mène alors à des problèmes d'intégration, de performance et de maintenance. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une solution d'adaptation contextuelle multi préoccupations pour les applications Web des Objets, répondant à des besoins d'utilisabilité, de flexibilité, de pertinence et de performance. Notre travail se base sur un scenario pour l'agriculture numérique et se place dans le cadre de la plateforme orientée-avatar ASAWoO. Premièrement, nous proposons un Meta modèle générique permettant de concevoir des modèles contextuels standards, interopérables et réutilisables. Deuxièmement, nous présentons un cycle de vie du contexte et un workflow d'adaptation contextuelle, permettant la sémantisation de données brutes, ainsi que la contextualisation en parallèle durant l'exécution de l'application. Ce workflow combine des données issues de sources hétérogènes, telles que l'expertise du domaine, les documentations techniques des objets, les données de capteurs et de services Web, etc. Troisièmement, nous présentons une méthode de génération de règles d'adaptations basées sur des situations contextuelles, permettant de limiter l'effort des experts et concepteurs lors de l'élaboration d'applications adaptatives. Quatrièmement, nous proposons deux optimisations pour le raisonnement contextuel : la première adapte la localisation des taches de raisonnement en fonction du contexte, la seconde améliore le processus de maintenance incrémentale d'informations contextuelles / The Web of Things (WoT) takes place in a variety of application domains (e.g. homes, enterprises, industry, healthcare, city, agriculture...). It builds a Web-based uniform layer on top of the Internet of Things (IoT) to overcome the heterogeneity of protocols present in the IoT networks. WoT applications provide added value by combining access to connected objects and external data sources, as well as standard-based reasoning (RDF-S, OWL 2) to allow for interpretation and manipulation of gathered data as contextual information. Contextual information is then exploited to allow these applications to adapt their components to changes in their environment. Yet, contextual adaptation is a major challenge for theWoT. Existing adaptation solutions are either tightly coupled with their application domains (as they rely on domain-specific context models) or offered as standalone software components that hardly fit inWeb-based and semantic architectures. This leads to integration, performance and maintainability problems. In this thesis, we propose a multi-purpose contextual adaptation solution for WoT applications that addresses usability, flexibility, relevance, and performance issues in such applications. Our work is based on a smart agriculture scenario running inside the avatar-based platformASAWoO. First,we provide a generic context meta-model to build standard, interoperable et reusable context models. Second, we present a context lifecycle and a contextual adaptation workflow that provide parallel raw data semantization and contextualization at runtime, using heterogeneous sources (expert knowledge, device documentation, sensors,Web services, etc.). Third, we present a situation-driven adaptation rule design and generation at design time that eases experts and WoT application designers’ work. Fourth, we provide two optimizations of contextual reasoning for theWeb: the first adapts the location of reasoning tasks depending on the context, and the second improves incremental maintenance of contextual information

Avec le développement des objets connectés, les agents embarqués déployés dans des environnements physiques et les applications multi-agents qui les impliquent deviennent de plus en plus populaires. Ces systèmes multi-agents sont amenés à partager le même environnement physique. Cette cohabitation d'agents de systèmes différents, qui n'ont pas nécessairement été prévus pour interagir entre eux par les concepteurs, les amène cependant à se solliciter. Un agent peut alors participer à la réalisation d'objectifs incompatibles avec les siens ou ceux de ses collectifs. Pour éviter ces situations, nous proposons un modèle d'agent basé sur les identités pour l'aider à décider de sa participation ou non à des actions collectives. / Embedded agents deployed in physical environments are increasingly interoperable, and are likely to coexist with agents of others systems in a same physical space. So, an agent needs to be able to cooperate with agents from other systems and to form coalitions with unfamiliar teammates. However, before committing to cooperate with others, an agent must take into account that it may get involved in the achievement of objectives that are incompatible with its own, with the global objectives of its system, or with those derived from its previously joined coalitions. To avoid such situations, we propose an identity-based cooperation mechanism. This mechanism involves creating and sustaining the agent identity, and a commitment process to reason about identities when solicited to participate in a collective trans-MAS action.

When looking at the Internet of Things the question arises how people, places and things will be connected to each other in the future. One option to create interoperability between devices and humans for the Internet of Things is to use open web standards. Researchers have named this approach the Web of Things and have studied the vision by showing the technical feasibility and by suggesting software architectures. What has been missing so far is a designer’s view on the challenges of connecting the virtual and the physical world with web technology. This thesis therefore aims to explore how current web technologies can be used as design material for the Web of Things. The results indicate that new web technologies like push notifications work well in the context of ubiquitous computing. Additionally, the repertory grid method was applied to evaluate how users experience the Web of Things. It was found that the prototypes were perceived as easy to use, personal and working instantly but the participants were also clearly aware of the dependency to a working smartphone.

No / Analysis of existing literature reveals the growing need to tackle the issue of unified data dissemination. Where this issue has been given some focus, the outreach has been more or less limited to similar systems (i.e. cross-instance collaboration) and no particular focus has been applied on the problem of exposing this data or knowledge to third parties (i.e. cross-vendor collaboration). This paper proposes an integration of semantic technologies within the Web of Things based on the concept and principles of the Service-Oriented Architecture to realize a distributed and semi-autonomous collaboration framework that is capable of offering cross-vendor information exchange and collaboration facilities. Powered by a semantic engine and exposed as a web application with a RESTful API, the generic framework realizes an extensible knowledge management and exchange system that accounts for the dynamic landscape in business-centric Web of Things applications. Disaster management is taken as a potential application scenario to critically analyse and evaluate the system prototype and show that the asset model for the proposed framework is sufficiently capable of meeting the modern-day and next-generation collaboration needs in a world of ever-increasing cross-vendor information sharing.

The IoT concept has revolutionised the vision of the future Internet with the advent of standards such as 6LoWPAN making it feasible to extend the Internet into previously isolated environments, e.g., WSNs. The abstraction of resources as services, has opened these environments to a new plethora of potential applications. Moreover, the web service paradigm can be used to provide interoperability by offering a standard interface to interact with these services to enable WoT paradigm. However, these networks pose many challenges, in terms of limited resources, that make the adaptability of existing IP-based solutions infeasible. As traditional service discovery and selection solutions demand heavy communication and use bulky formats, which are unsuitable for these resource-constrained devices incorporating sleep cycles to save energy. Even a registry based approach exhibits burdensome traffic in maintaining the availability status of the devices. The feasible solution for service discovery and selection is instrumental to enable the wide application coverage of these networks in the future. This research project proposes, TRENDY, a new compact and adaptive registry-based SDP with context awareness for the IoT, with more emphasis given to constrained networks, e.g., 6LoWPAN It uses CoAP-based light-weight and RESTful web services to provide standard interoperable interfaces, which can be easily translated from HTTP. TRENDY's service selection mechanism collects and intelligently uses the context information to select appropriate services for user applications based on the available context information of users and services. In addition, TRENDY introduces an adaptive timer algorithm to minimise control overhead for status maintenance, which also reduces energy consumption. Its context-aware grouping technique divides the network at the application layer, by creating location-based groups. This grouping of nodes localises the control overhead and provides the base for service composition, localised aggregation and processing of data. Different grouping roles enable the resource-awareness by offering profiles with varied responsibilities, where high capability devices can implement powerful profiles to share the load of other low capability devices. Thus, it allows the productive usage of network resources. Furthermore, this research project proposes APPUB, an adaptive caching technique, that has the following benefits: it allows service hosts to share their load with the resource directory and also decreases the service invocation delay. The performance of TRENDY and its mechanisms is evaluated using an extensive number of experiments performed using emulated Tmote sky nodes in the COOJA environment. The analysis of the results validates the benefit of performance gain for all techniques. The service selection and APPUB mechanisms improve the service invocation delay considerably that, consequently, reduces the traffic in the network. The timer technique consistently achieved the lowest control overhead, which eventually decreased the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime. Moreover, the low traffic in dense networks decreases the service invocations delay, and makes the solution more scalable. The grouping mechanism localises the traffic, which increases the energy efficiency while improving the scalability. In summary, the experiments demonstrate the benefit of using TRENDY and its techniques in terms of increased energy efficiency and network lifetime, reduced control overhead, better scalability and optimised service invocation time.

L’Internet des Objets (IoT) vise à créer un eco-système global et ubiquitaire composé d’un grand nombre d’objets hétérogènes. Afin d’atteindre cette vision, le World Wide Web apparaît comme un candidat adapté pour interconnecter objets et services à la couche applicative en un Web des Objets (WoT).Cependant l’évolution actuelle du WoT produit des silos d’objets et empêche ainsi la mise en place de cette vision. De plus, même si le Web facilite la composition d’objets et services hétérogènes, les approches existantes produisent des compositions statiques incapables de s’adapter à des environnements dynamiques et des exigences évolutives. Un autre défi est à relever: permettre aux personnes d’interagir avec le vaste, évolutif et hétérogène IoT.Afin de répondre à ces limitations, nous proposons une architecture pour IoT ouvert et autogouverné, constitué de personnes et d’objets situés, en interaction avec un environnement global via des plateformes hétérogènes. Notre approche consiste de rendre les objets autonomes et d’appliquer la métaphore des réseaux sociaux afin de créer des réseaux flexibles de personnes et d’objets. Nous fondons notre approche sur les résultats issus des domaines des multi-agents et du WoT afin de produit un WoT Social.Notre proposition prend en compte les besoins d’hétérogénéité, de découverte et d’interaction flexible dans l’IoT. Elle offre également un coût minimal pour les développeurs et les utilisateurs via différentes couches d’abstraction permettant de limité la complexité de cet éco-système. Nous démontrons ces caractéristiques par la mise en oeuvre de plus scénarios applicatifs. / The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to create a global ubiquitous ecosystem composed of large numbers of heterogeneous devices. To achieve this vision, the World Wide Web is emerging as a suitable candidate to interconnect IoT devices and services at the application layer into a Web of Things (WoT).However, the WoT is evolving towards large silos of things, and thus the vision of a global ubiquitous ecosystem is not fully achieved. Furthermore, even if the WoT facilitates mashing up heterogeneous IoT devices and services, existing approaches result in static IoT mashups that cannot adapt to dynamic environments and evolving user requirements. The latter emphasizes another well-recognized challenge in the IoT, that is enabling people to interact with a vast, evolving, and heterogeneous IoT.To address the above limitations, we propose an architecture for an open and self-governed IoT ecosystem composed of people and things situated and interacting in a global environment sustained by heterogeneous platforms. Our approach is to endow things with autonomy and apply the social network metaphor to createflexible networks of people and autonomous things. We base our approach on results from multi-agent and WoT research, and we call the envisioned IoT ecosystem the Social Web of Things.Our proposal emphasizes heterogeneity, discoverability and flexible interaction in the IoT. In the same time, it provides a low entry-barrier for developers and users via multiple layers of abstraction that enable them to effectively cope with the complexity of the overall ecosystem. We implement several application scenarios to demonstrate these features.