This thesis examines three photomontages by Berlin Dada artist Hannah Höch, The Beautiful Girl (1919-20), an untitled work from 1920, and Dada-Tanz (1922). It discusses how Höch used photomontage to fulfill the Dada mission of incorporating chaos into art as an expressive means of commenting on the sociopolitical climate of Germany post-World War I. These three photomontages specifically reveal Höch's concerns for female individuality in an environment of gender inequality during this early modern era.

Much of the discussion of German National Socialism has historically focused on of Adolf Hitler as the architect of the Nazi state. While recognizing Hitler’s central role in the development of National Socialism, this thesis contends that he was not a lone actor. Much of the ideological and structural development National Socialism was driven by senior individuals within the party who were able to leverage their influence to institutionalize personal variants of National Socialism within broader party ideology. To explore the role of other ideologues in the development of Nazi ideology, this thesis examines how Hitler’s leadership style perpetuated factionalism, how when and by whom central elements of Nazi ideology were introduced, as well the ideological sources from which these concepts were adapted. After the party’s ultimate rise to power Hitler, always centrally positioned, eliminated internal competition and institutionalized his own variant of National Socialism whilst co-opting the concepts and structures developed by other ideologues that offered useful tools to pursue his goals. Through this analysis, this thesis seeks to demonstrate how the foundational elements of National Socialism took form, even before the party achieved power, and how these elements were subsequently utilized to consolidate Nazi control over the German state. Above all else, this thesis sheds much-needed light on the pivotal role of individuals and the conflict between them that engineered the cataclysm of the Third Reich.

Dies ist eine Präsentation, (1) die von Frau Prof. Dr. I. Hudabiunigg und (1) Melanie Hildebrand am 2. Mai 2005 in (1) Budapest gehalten wurde.(1) (1) Die Inhalte: (1) (1) 1. Was wissen Studenten von Kulturhauptstädten (1) Europas? (1) 2. Vorbereitungsseminare (1) 3. Exkursionen (1) 4. Präsentation der Ergebnisse (1) 5. Nachhaltigkeit (1)

This dissertation is a social and cultural history of chemical industrialists and their role in the development of both science and capitalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It focuses on the case of Germany, where many chemists became some the most powerful industrial leaders during this period. Since the late nineteenth century, chemistry in Germany constituted a cosmos radiating from the large industrial sites, of which the academic discipline was just the tip of the iceberg. The chemical Industry supported a formidable scientific research system, and industrial chemists rose to the highest social circles, from which they exerted unique forms of activism. In particular, science philanthropy provided chemical industrialists with a point of entry to elite German society. Their status as scientists, combined with their manufacturing social backgrounds, led to an inclination towards supporting scientific research through direct participation and political lobbying, with less emphasis on the financial donations common in American philanthropy. Crucially, this support extended beyond chemistry, to other applied sciences and even apparently non-industrial pursuits such as astronomy. In these other fields, they sought to replicate the industrial support system that existed in chemistry, while opening the opportunity to participate directly in their amateur scientific interests. I contend that these non-financial forms of support for science played an important role during the radical changes in twentieth-century Germany, including war, hyperinflation, extreme economic cycles, and the increasing political polarization of the Weimar era. / History of Science

<p>Group songs with direct political messages rose to enormous popularity during the interwar period (1918-1939), particularly in recently-defeated Germany and in the newly-established Soviet Union. This dissertation explores the musical relationship between these two troubled countries and aims to explain the similarities and differences in their approaches to collective singing. The discussion of the very complex and problematic relationship between the German left and the Soviet government sets the framework for the analysis of music. Beginning in late 1920s, as a result of Stalin's abandonment of the international revolutionary cause, the divergences between the policies of the Soviet government and utopian aims of the German communist party can be traced in the musical propaganda of both countries. </p><p> There currently exists no scholarly literature providing a wide-ranging view of the German and Soviet musical exchange during the 1920s and 30s. The paucity of comprehensive studies is especially apparent in the English-language scholarship on German and Russian mass music, also known as "music for the people." Even though scholars have produced works devoted to the Soviet and Weimar mass music movements in isolation, they rarely explore the musical connections between the two countries. The lack of scholarship exploring the musical exchanges between the Soviet Union and Germany suggests that scholars have not yet fully examined the influences that the Soviet and German mass songs and their proponents had on each other during the 1920s and 1930s. Exposing these musical influences provides a valuable perspective on the broader differences and similarities between the Soviet and German communist parties. The connections between Soviet and German songs went beyond straightforward translations of propaganda texts from one language to another; the musical and textual transformations--such as word changes, differences in the instrumental arrangements, and distinct approaches to performance--allow for a more nuanced comparison of the philosophical, ideological, and political aspects of Soviet and the German communist movements. In my dissertation, I consider the musical roots of collective singing in Germany as opposed to Russia, evaluate the musical exchanges and borrowings between the early Soviet communists and their counterparts in the Weimar Republic, and explore the effects of musical propaganda on the working classes of both countries. I see my research as a mediation of existing Soviet and Weimar music scholarship.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (doctoral)--Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 240-255).

Thesis (doctoral)--Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 240-255).

Originally presented as the author's Habilitationsschrift, University of Essen, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 519-542) and indexes.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Universität Salzburg, 1986. / Bibliogr. p. 22-34.

ROCHA, Ludiana Carla Braga Façanha. Estado de direito versus estado de exceção: análise das matrizes na República de Weimar e dos debates norte-americanos pós-11 de setembro à luz da teoria dos direitos fundamentais. 2008. 175 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Direito, programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, fortaleza/CE, 2008. / Submitted by Natália Maia Sousa (natalia_maia@ufc.br) on 2016-03-21T15:38:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lcbfrocha.pdf: 963432 bytes, checksum: e2da9a2f924b025efe671f567ad53cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Camila Freitas(camila.morais@ufc.br) on 2016-03-29T11:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lcbfrocha.pdf: 963432 bytes, checksum: e2da9a2f924b025efe671f567ad53cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T11:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_lcbfrocha.pdf: 963432 bytes, checksum: e2da9a2f924b025efe671f567ad53cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / It attempts to show the relations of the Rule of Law in situations of crisis according to the theory of the fundamental rights. In a world that lives with terrorist’s acts, the issue of security/surveillance comes to justify the increasing of state power. However, the distinguished point between a state of exception and an authoritarian state is very small. Hence, it comes the question whether the survivorship of the Rule of Law is able to justify the violation of essential values to it or whether the subtraction of these values would already correspond to the bankruptcy of the legal order. In fact, there is an increase of the disrespect to the human rights in the state of exception, which is related to the diminishing of the checks and balances status; the challenge, here, is to resume the balance in its status quo. Indeed, this work presents the theory of the fundamental right, pointing out, besides the doctrinarian evolvement through the times, the generational theory, the sorts of restrictions during a state of exception and the concept of essential gist. Positively, the state of exception is verified from its historical precedents. Furthermore, it is also illustrated the reasons to include the measures of crisis’ management into the constitutions. Besides the evolvement of institutes used in France, England and in the United States, the context of the Weimar Republic is especially observed. Following this, there is the necessary presentation of the doctrines about Rule of Law and state of exception, and the theories developed by Carl Schmitt. In addition to that, it is also released how this question is brought by the Brazilian Constitution and by the Brazilian Supreme Court Jurisprudence as well. After that, it is showed the United States policy to combat the terrorism, revealing the Patriot Act, the detentions in Guatanamo Bay and the reasoning (ruling) adopted by the United States Supreme Court to this policy. Finally, it has been analyzed the most important authors in the United States after the September 11 who have discussed the subject liberty versus surveillance. The reality of the Weimar Republic are confronted with the actual Bush security policy. In short, this paper aims to give an idea about the need to protect the fundamental rights, even though in crisis’ period as an indispensable way to avoid the bankruptcy of the Rule of Law. / Busca-se delinear as relações do Estado de Direito inserido em situações de crise com a teoria dos direitos fundamentais. No mundo que vivencia ameaças terroristas, a bandeira da segurança desponta como forma de justificar a exacerbação dos poderes estatais. Porém, o limite entre um estado de exceção e um estado autoritário é ínfimo. Daí porque se discute se a sobrevivência do Estado de Direito é capaz de justificar a violação dos valores essenciais ao próprio Estado de Direito ou se a subtração desses valores já corresponderia à falência da ordem. Em estados de exceção há um acréscimo do desrespeito aos direitos humanos, associado ao decréscimo dos checks and balances o desafio está em restabelecer o equilíbrio. No estudo que se apresenta, a teoria dos direitos fundamentais é trazida à baila, sobrelevando, além do desenvolvimento doutrinário através dos tempos, a teoria geracional, os tipos de restrições e conceito de núcleo essencial. O estado de exceção é verificado a partir de seus precedentes históricos. Ademais, cogitam-se os motivos que levaram à constitucionalização de medidas de gerenciamento de crises. Além do desenvolvimento de institutos utilizados na França, Inglaterra e Estados Unidos, o contexto da República de Weimar é especialmente considerado. A seguir, são apresentadas as contribuições doutrinárias sobre o Estado de Direito e o estado de exceção. No Brasil, o tratamento do tema no âmbito da Constituição e da Jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal é brevemente conferido. O pensamento de Carl Schmitt também é objeto de verificação. Logo após, a política norte-americana de combate ao terrorismo é tratada, com enfoque específico no Patriot Act, nas detenções em Guatanamo Bay e o posicionamento adotado pela Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos. Finalmente, são observados os principais teóricos no contexto norte-americano, pós-11 de setembro, que realizam uma discussão sobre o tema monitoramento versus segurança. A realidade da República de Weimar é confrontada com o contexto atual da política de segurança de Bush. À guisa de posicionamento acerca do tema se propõe a necessidade de proteção aos direitos fundamentais, mesmo em tempos de crise, como fórmula indispensável para evitar a sucumbência do Estado de Direito.