Neste trabalho foram estudadas soldas TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) nos aços inoxidáveis 304 e 316, e no aço carbono 1020. As alterações das microestruturas foram investigadas por microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), enquanto que a corrosão destas regiões foi estudada por análises de polarização potenciodinâmica. Um sistema miniaturizado de análise corrosão, denominado sensor pontual de corrosão (SPC), foi utilizado com o objetivo de analisar a estreita região dos cordões de solda, estudando assim a influência da corrente de solda na corrosão desta região nos aços inoxidáveis 304 e 316. Os resultados mostraram que a alteração da estrutura cristalina na solda tornou esta região menos susceptível à corrosão que o material base, e o aumento da corrente de solda intensificou ainda mais este efeito, pela formação de estruturas mais compactas. No caso do aço carbono 1020 (mais susceptível à corrosão), o estudo da corrosão de sua solda foi feito utilizando técnicas eletroquímicas globais (potencial de circuito aberto, PCA, e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, EIE) e técnicas de corrosão localizadas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica localizada, EIEL, e técnica do eletrodo vibratório de varredura, TEVV). Para proteção contra a corrosão do aço inoxidável e suas soldas, foi utilizado um revestimento de polianilina (PAni) na forma de base esmeraldina; análises de polarização potenciodinâmica mostraram a eficiência deste revestimento protetor. Para o aço carbono 1020, devido à sua maior facilidade de oxidação, foi sintetizado um revestimento protetor a base de PAni e nanotubos de TiO2 (PAni/n-TiO2). As variáveis estudadas na síntese do polímero foram: temperatura de síntese, meio reacional, grau de dopagem do polímero (condutor ou isolante) e número de camadas. Os polímeros e compósitos foram caracterizados por espectroscopias nas regiões do ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis) e infravermelho (IV), MEV e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX). Os aços recobertos com os filmes foram analisados por MO e MEV, EDX, e por ensaios eletroquímicos de polarização potenciodinâmica, PCA e resistência de polarização, além de ensaio de corrosão acelerada em câmara de névoa salina. As melhores condições encontradas foi para o revestimento de PAni/n-TiO2 desdopado (base esmeraldina) sintetizado a 25°C em meio de H2SO4, e com 3 camadas; o n-TiO2 apresentou um efeito de aumento da aderência do filme ao substrato metálico. / In this work TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welds have been studied in the 304 and 316 stainless steels, and in the 1020 carbon steel. The changes in the microstructure were investigated by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and the corrosion behavior in these zones were studied by potentiodynamic polarization analysis. A miniaturized corrosion analysis device, named corrosion punctual sensor, has been used to analyze the close weld bead, researching for the influence of the weld current in the corrosion process in this zone of the 304 and 316 stainless steels. The results showed that the change in the crystalline structure of the weld zone became this region less susceptible to corrosion process than their base material, and the increase in the weld current intensified this effect, by the formation of more compact structures. In the case of the 1020 carbon steel (more susceptible to corrosion processes), the corrosion in its weld zone was researched by global (like open potential circuit, OCP, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) and localized (like localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, LEIS, and scanning vibrating electrode technique, SVET) electrochemical techniques. For protecting stainless steels and their weld zones against corrosion processes, a polyaniline (PAni) coating in the emeraldine base form was used; potentiodynamic polarization analysis showed the efficiency of this protective coating. For the 1020 carbon steel, due to its mayor oxidation susceptibly, a protective coating of PAni and TiO2 nanotubes (PAni/n-TiO2) was synthesized. The variables researched were: synthesis temperature, reaction medium, degree of doping of the polymer (conductor or insulator) and number of layers. The polymers and composites were characterized by ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) and infrared spectroscopies, SEM and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The coated steels were analyzed by OM, MEV and EDX spectroscopies, and by potentiodynamic polarization, OCP and polarization resistance electrochemical measurements, besides accelerate corrosion tests in a salt spray chamber. The best conditions found for the dedoped PAni/n-TiO2 coatings (emeraldine base) were: temperature of synthesis of 25°C, H2SO4 as reaction medium, and with 3 layers; n-TiO2 has presented an effect of increasing the adherence of the coating with the steel.

Many of the projects utilizing Grade 91 steel are large in scale, therefore it is necessary to assemble on site. The assembly of the major pieces often requires welding in the assembly; welding drastically changes the superior mechanical properties of Grade 91 steel that it was specifically developed for. Therefore, because of the adverse effects of welding on the mechanical properties of Grade 91, it is necessary to do a localized post weld heat treatment. In this study a localized post weld heat treatment is used to gather experimental data. The data is then used to derive unknown heat transfer coefficients that are necessary for theoretically modeling heat treatments. With the derived coefficients that have been found one can theoretically model heat treatment scenarios specific to the situations and provide results that are reliable and provide insight as to what parameters will provide the best results. This research is very beneficial to the joining of metals industry because it provides a way to ensure the method used to heat treat the welded section is being properly done, and the required heat treatment is achieved. It is applicable to many different geometries so that it can be modified to specific situations.

<p>Metal wire deposition by means of robotized laser welding offers great saving potentials, i.e. reduced costs and reduced lead times, in many different applications, such as fabrication of complex components, repair or modification of high-value components, rapid prototyping and low volume production, especially if the process can be automated. Metal deposition is a layered manufacturing technique that builds metal structures by melting metal wire into beads which are deposited side by side and layer upon layer. This thesis presents a system for on-line monitoring and control of robotized laser metal wire deposition (RLMwD). The task is to ensure a stable deposition process with correct geometrical profile of the resulting geometry and sound metallurgical properties. Issues regarding sensor calibration, system identification and control design are discussed. The suggested controller maintains a constant bead height and width throughout the deposition process. It is evaluated through real experiments, however, limited to straight line deposition experiments. Solutions towards a more general controller, i.e. one that can handle different deposition paths, are suggested.</p><p>A method is also proposed on how an operator can use different sensor information for process understanding, process development and for manual on-line control. The strategies are evaluated through different deposition tasks and considered materials are tool steel and Ti-6Al-4V. The developed monitoring system enables an operator to control the process at a safe distance from the hazardous laser beam.</p><p>The results obtained in this work indicate promising steps towards full automation of the RLMwD process, i.e. without human intervention and for arbitrary deposition paths.</p> / RMS

This thesis examines the rhetoric of Theodore Dwight Weld's American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Published anonymously in 1839, Weld's publication became the longest antislavery tract in American history. It left its mark on the abolitionist movement itself and future antislavery literary works most notably Uncle Tom's Cabin. Despite its historical and rhetorical importance, Weld's text has been subjected to little critical exploration. This being the case, it is the goal of this study to find the dominant means of persuasion that Weld used to argue to antebellum northern audiences that slavery is evil and should be abolished. Weld accomplishes this goal by using a judicial motif throughout his tract. In his text, Weld acts as prosecutor and asks his readers to act as jurors in judging the legitimacy of slavery in the United States. In doing so, Weld relies on evidence in the form of testimony and newspaper advertisements to prove his arguments. I utilize the Hermagorian system of stasis to shed light on Weld's use of the judicial motif. This system points to four main questions, which represent the main stands of argument between a prosecutor and defense. The four main questions are the stases of conjecture, definition, quality, and objection. Under the stasis of conjecture I show that Weld demonstrates that slavery results when individuals are motivated by absolute arbitrary power. Under the stasis of definition I argue that the South offered the justifications of "necessary evil" and "positive good" in linking their way of life to the institution of slavery. Weld rejects these justifications and establishes his own account of slavery to be a thirst for absolute power over others. In the third stasis of quality I show that Weld argues that human nature is against slavery and therefore, should be abolished. In the last stasis of objection I show that Weld answers the question of whether abolitionists are justified in condemning slavery. Using The Hermagorian system of stasis shows that although each one is applicable to an analysis of Weld's tract, the stases of quality and objection are the most fruitful in establishing the effectiveness of Weld's rhetoric. By combining both emotion and logic for his jurors, Weld accomplishes his role as prosecutor in the case. Once his jurors act in accordance to the judicial motif as members of humanity and see the slaves in the same light, they are forced to bring back a just verdict of guilty because slavery is against the very essence of humanity itself. / Graduation date: 1999

Fatigue assessments have been carried out predominantly with quasi-deterministic approaches, such as the use of SN curves. However, both the loading and the resistance of fatigue prone components are subjected to significant uncertainties. Consequently, a prediction of the remaining fatigue life based on deterministic load and resistance models can lead to unreliable results. This work presents a general reliability-based approach to predict fatigue life of steel components. The approach incorporates prediction of fatigue crack initiation, modeled with a strain-based correlation approach, and propagation, modeled using a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach, and is applicable to new, cracked or repaired structural components. Based on the analysis of existing test results and additional crack initiation and propagation tests on weld metal, the relevant probabilistic fatigue material properties of grade 350WT steel and a matching weld metal were established. An experimental program was carried out on welded details tested either in the as-welded, stress-relieved, conventionally peened, or ultrasonically peened condition. It was demonstrated that ultrasonic peening is superior to the other investigated post weld treatment methods. Using finite element analyses, the results of the tests were deterministically predicted for several different initial conditions, including initial flaw and crack sizes and locations, as well as different levels of residual stresses. A model incorporating an initial flaw and accounting for crack closure and the threshold stress intensity factor range was retained. A probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo Simulation was carried out to calibrate the relevant parameters. A general reliability-based approach, which includes both the loading and resistance sides of the limit state function was proposed and applied to three practical examples: prediction of test results from two test programs and the prediction of the remaining fatigue life of a cracked component as a function of the safety index. These three applications demonstrated that accurate fatigue life predictions targeting a predefined safety index are achieved. / Structural Engineering

Ductile steel plate shear walls are an established lateral load resisting system. Past research indicates that cold-rolled infill panels less than 1 mm in thickness present one solution to an overstrength problem arising from selecting an infill panel thickness based on ease of welding and handling. This research program examines several possible welding procedures and joint geometry to connect the thin infill panel to the thick boundary elements. Primary welding parameters include short-circuiting gas metal arc welding process, electrode and shielding gas selection, heat input, and use of a chill strip. Four configurations of the infill panel-to-boundary element joint and two configurations of a lap splice joint between two sheets of thin steel in the infill panel were tested in monotonic tension and cyclic tension-compression. A quasi-static cyclic test of a single-storey moment resisting frame steel plate shear wall validated the use of one welding procedure and joint geometry. / Structural Engineering

Metal wire deposition by means of robotized laser welding offers great saving potentials, i.e. reduced costs and reduced lead times, in many different applications, such as fabrication of complex components, repair or modification of high-value components, rapid prototyping and low volume production, especially if the process can be automated. Metal deposition is a layered manufacturing technique that builds metal structures by melting metal wire into beads which are deposited side by side and layer upon layer. This thesis presents a system for on-line monitoring and control of robotized laser metal wire deposition (RLMwD). The task is to ensure a stable deposition process with correct geometrical profile of the resulting geometry and sound metallurgical properties. Issues regarding sensor calibration, system identification and control design are discussed. The suggested controller maintains a constant bead height and width throughout the deposition process. It is evaluated through real experiments, however, limited to straight line deposition experiments. Solutions towards a more general controller, i.e. one that can handle different deposition paths, are suggested. A method is also proposed on how an operator can use different sensor information for process understanding, process development and for manual on-line control. The strategies are evaluated through different deposition tasks and considered materials are tool steel and Ti-6Al-4V. The developed monitoring system enables an operator to control the process at a safe distance from the hazardous laser beam. The results obtained in this work indicate promising steps towards full automation of the RLMwD process, i.e. without human intervention and for arbitrary deposition paths. / RMS

The fiber clips is a device for holding an optical fiber which is enclosed in the ferrule, adjustment it to the optimum aligning position with respect to the laser diode and fixing it on the substrate of the butterfly-type laser module by the laser welding. It is hard for the extant saddle shaped clips to be manufactured and the result causes the unable mass production and the high cost. Otherwise, the packaging process has caused PWS of laser module, would decay the coupling efficiency of laser module. Aim at the shortcomings, the purpose of this study proceeds to the creative design of the fiber clips with the systematic engineering design and make a set of the manufacturing method by the pressing die to cause automatic mass production in the future. First, identify the basic characteristics based on an analysis of the patents and then get the conditions and trend. Second, find the function needs and elaborate the specification of design. Third, the use of morphological analysis method and design process is formulated to synthesize and evaluate the improving structure. Finally, taking the design cases will develop the embodiment design and prove the propose approach for the design process. Otherwise, it develops an improvement technique and adjustment method for PWS and wishes can reduce or improve the effects of it.

The objective of this study is to investigate the technique of the PWS (Post-Weld-Shift) measurement in cylindrical-type laser diode module packaging processes. Including measure the shift in focus plane and the run-out between the axis of laser diode and optical fiber. The objective of this technique is to quantify the PWS in packaging processes. This technique can improve the efficient of the laser hammering technique. The measurement technique developed in this study employs a laser displacement meter (Keyence LC-2430) to measure the profile and position the upper housing of laser diode module. Using the concepts of ellipse and symmetric figure, the Ellipse Fitting Method (EFM) and the Symmetric Center Method (SCM) are developed. A simulation program is coded for discussing the relationship between the measurement error and the roundness of the optical fiber housing. Finally, these measuring technique are applied on the laser diode module packaging system (Newport-LW4000) to measure the PWS. The experimental measuring data of PWS is 3.5£gm, which is reasonable in compare to the estimate alignment offset (2.9£gm to 5.9£gm) by the coupling efficiency method. Therefore it is believed that the technique developed in this study is feasible and practical.

Aligning and fixing the fiber and laser device is an important work in butterfly laser module packaging. Assembling these two component by laser welding is to achieve reliable and stable weld joint. However, during the welding process, rapid solidification of the welded region and the associated material shrinkage causes the fiber position moved. The relative movement between fiber and laser is called post-weld-shift(PWS). A few micrometers PWS makes coupled power lost. Therefore, minimizing the PWS between fiber and laser is a key research topic in butterfly laser module packaging. We can correct the PWS minimal by fiber shift inspect. But it has a difficult of space limit in butterfly laser module packaging. In this study, a video camera with image acquisition system was used to measure the PWS. We also used a mirror image to solve the problem of space limited. The PWS inspection result has matched our simulation. This method can successfully inspect the PWS in butterfly laser module.