In addition to the acute pathology produced by traumatic brain injury, there are chronic alterations that occur after the trauma, including a depressed state of neuronal activity (Feeney, 1991). This study included a preclinical testing of a novel treatment strategy focusing on increasing neuronal activity during the chronic hypofunctional posttraumatic stage. The present investigation tested the effects of repeated post-injury aniracetam administration on cognitive performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) and on the GluR2 - immunoreactivity and protein expression by Western blot analysis in the hippocampus. The first study examined the optimal dose of aniracetam in the MWM task. Animals received aniracetam (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for fifteen days and on days 11-15 were tested in the MWM. The results indicated that injured aniracetam-treated rats had a significant improvement in MWM performance compared to injured saline-treated animals. When the drug was delayed for 11 days post-injury in the second experiment, its beneficial effects were still present, as injured aniracetam-treated rats performed significantly better that injured saline treated rats on the MWM task. In the third experiment, chronic daily aniracetam administration was terminated after 15 days immediately before MWM testing on days 16-20. The results indicated that termination of aniracetam did not enhance MWM performance as injured terminated aniracetam-treated rats did not have significant improvement over injured saline-treated rats. In the fourth study we investigated the mechanism of aniracetam's effects by examining the expression of the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit, the only AMPA receptor subunit that is Ca++ impermeable. Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the GluR2 subunit, immunohistochemical results indicated that injured rats treated with aniracetam (50mg/kg for 15 days post-injury) had a slight reduction in the GluR2- IR. The fifth study investigated a change in the GluR2 protein expression in the hippocampus with a Western blot analysis. The results were consistent with the immunohistochemical study outcome as the injured vehicle and injured aniracetam treated animals showed a reduced protein expression in the hippocampus. The changes were not significantly different from the controls. The results of these experiments suggested that chronic aniracetam treatment significantly attenuated injury induced spatial memory deficits when administered continually during the hypofunctional posttraumatic stage and when the treatment was delayed for 11 days, but not when the treatment was terminated before the MWM testing. These effects suggest that the compound does not induce chronic receptor changes and has to be biologically active in an organism for it to exert its beneficial properties. Results from the present studies suggest that aniracetam may become a potential treatment option for brain injury induced cognitive deficits.

The ankyrins comprise a family of proteins serving as components of the membrane cytoskeleton, and participate in a diverse set of associations with multiple binding partners including the cytoplasmic domains of transporters, ion channels, some classes of receptors, and cell adhesion proteins. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that ankyrin participates in defining functionally distinct subcellular regions. The complex functional and structural roles of ankyrins indicate they are likely to play essential roles in the pathology of traumatic axonal injury. The current study examined changes in ankyrin-G expression following a moderate central fluid percussion injury administered to adult rats. At 1d, 3d, and 7d postinjury (or following a sham control injury), protein levels of ankyrin-G in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex were assessed using Western Blot analysis. Three immunopositive bands were identified in both brain regions as 220,212, and 75 kD forms of ankyrin-G. Time-dependent changes in ankyrin-G were observed in the corpus callosum. At 1d injury-induced elevations were observed in the callosal 220 kD (+147% relative to sham levels) and in the 212 kD (+73%) forms of ankyrin-G, but in both cases the expression decreased to control levels by 3d and 7d. In contrast, the 75 kD form showed moderate increases at 1d postinjury, but was significantly below control levels at 3d (-54%) and at 7d (-41%). Ankyrin-G expression in the cerebral cortex was only slightly affected by the injury, with a significant decrease in the `220 kD form occurring between 1d and 3d. These data suggest that the 220 and 212 kD changes probably represent postinjury proteolytic fragments derived from intact ankyrin-G isoforms of 480 andor 270 kD, while the 75 kD effects are likely breakdown products of intact 190 kD ankyrin-G. These results were discussed as they relate to prior findings of differential vulnerabilities of callosal myelinated and unmyelinated axons to injury. In this context, the 220,212 kD changes may reflect pathology within myelinated axons, and alterations to the 75 kD form may reflect more persistent pathology affecting unmyelinated callosal fibers.

The spotted fever group rickettsiae are emerging diseases. They cause damage in their hosts by invading the endothelium in small to medium-sized blood vessels, which results in vasculitis that can cause clinical manifestations from most organs. The present thesis describes the prevalence of Rickettsia helvetica in ticks, the incidence of rickettsial infection based on seroreactivity and seroconversion in humans and their symptoms, from different parts of Sweden and the Åland Islands in Finland. This was accomplished through serological analysis of both retrospective and prospective serum samples from confirmed and suspected tick-bitten individuals compared to individuals with no knowledge of tick exposure (blood donors). We found a comparable seroprevalence to Rickettsia spp. in different geographical areas where ticks are present; it was also comparable to the seroprevalence of Borrelia spp. Seroprevalence was also more common, as suspected, in the tick-exposed group compared to blood donors. In comparison with co-infections with other tick-borne infections (Anaplasma spp. and Borrelia spp.), we could conclude that co-infections do exist and that, based on clinical findings, it is difficult to distinguish which microorganism causes certain clinical manifestations. For reliable conclusions regarding the causative microorganism, the diagnosis should basically rely on diagnostic tests. In comparison with Borrelia spp., seroconversion to Rickettisa spp. was more common in the areas we investigated, indicating that rickettsiosis is a common tick-borne infection in Sweden and most likely underdiagnosed. When investigating patients with meningitis, we found R. felis in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with subacute meningitis. This was the first report in which R. felis was found and diagnosed in patients in Sweden. The patients recovered without sequelae and without causal treatment. To provide guidelines on when to treat Rickettisa spp. infections, more investigations are needed. The present thesis shows that Rickettsia spp. are common in ticks and do infect humans. Rickettsial infection should be considered in both non-specific or specific symptoms after a tick bite. It was also shown in the thesis that flea-borne rickettsiosis (R. felis) occurs in Sweden and may cause invasive infections

Temperature has been known to be an important factor for in vitro studies where human cell cultures are infected with HRV (human Rhinovirus). The mechanisms behind the temperature effect on the struggle between virulence and cellular defense, are still largely unknown and may be a crucial part in finding a treatment to the common cold. In this study we focused on a few cellular key elements in this struggle and observed behavior changes in regards to the pre-infection growth temperature and the temperature during the viral infection. Past studies have focused mainly on the temperature post inoculation, but here we also wanted to correlate virulence to the growth temperatures preceding the viral infection. We found that the growth temperature of the cell did indeed affect its response to the HRV. If the cells had been growing in an optimal body temperature of 37°C before getting virally infected at 33°C, the viability of the cells did decrease in comparison to cells that had been growing in 33°C from before the viral infection. We could also observe a significant temperature dependence regarding IL-8 release upon HRV inoculation. HRV strive to block induction of inflammatory cytokines such as interferons and IL-1. It may be that impaired IL-8 release at lower temperatures will prevent important danger signals alerting the immune system when cytokine signaling is otherwise hampered by viral intervention.

Le diagnostic biologique des maladies à prions du vivant du patient repose sur la recherche de protéine 14.3.3 dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien. Le dosage conjoint de la néoptérine permet d'améliorer nettement sa spécificité. Cependant, les performances analytiques ne sont pas suffisantes pour établir un diagnostic de certitude. Dans la quête d'un marqueur supposé plus spécifique, nous avons recherché la protéine prion pathologique résistante à la protéinase K (PrPres) dans le nerf péronier. Malgré l'optimisation de notre méthode, nous ne l'avons détecté que dans un cas sur trois. Cela nous a conduit à utiliser et valider la streptomycine comme ligand exogène pour concentrer la PrPres. Nous avons démontré sa capacité à concentrer la PrPres d'origine cérébrale et amygdalienne; sa sensibilité analytique s'avère être équivalente, pour une faible quantité de tissu initiale (5 mg), à celle de l'acide phosphotungstique. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu correctement classer, à partir d'un nombre significatif d'échantillons cérébraux, les patients EST des patients non atteints d'une EST avec une sensibilité et une spécificité de 100 %. Ainsi, nous disposons d'un outil susceptible d'augmenter la sensibilité des techniques initialement utilisées pour détecter la PrPres dans des nerfs facilement accessibles par biopsie.

<p>Alzheimer’s disease is a common and very costly disease in today’s society. The hallmarks of the disease are the formation of two proteinaggregates, amyloid plaques containing Aβ-peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The formation ofneurofibrillary tangles is thought to be promoted by amyloid formation and is why the cellular events surrounding the formation and interactionsof the Aβ-peptide is a prime target for Alzheimer’s research. In this thesis, the gene of the highly aggregation prone form of Aβ-peptide, the Aβ1-42, has been inserted in a Drosophila melanogaster to promote expression in the central nervous system through the use of the Gal4-UAS system.Gene expression analysis was done using a RNA purification kit, translating the RNA into cDNA using RT-PCR and the levels were analyzed usingquantitative real-time PCR. For protein expression analysis the immunological techniques of dot blot and western blot were used combined withan immunoprecipitation step using magnetic beads. A fibrillation experiment was also performed to look into the potential seeding effect onamyloid formation from the Aβ1-42 expressing Drosophila using fluorescence spectroscopy.The aim for this thesis was to look into expression of the Aβ1-42 gene and the impact of ageing on expression levels. Another aim was to try andseparate and detect soluble Aβ-peptide species from tissue homogenates of Drosophila.No amplification could be detected in the quantitative real-time PCR, most likely due to concentration issues of the reaction components. For thisreason gene expression could never be quantified nor could the effect of ageing and gene expression be looked into. Insoluble aggregates but nosoluble Aβ-peptide species could be detected or separated from the tissue of the Drosophila. No seeding effect on the amyloid formation could bestatistically determined by the fibrillation experiment, but interesting quenching effects on the total quantum yield of Aβ fibrils in the presence ofbrain homogenates were noted.</p>

<p>The amyloidoses are biochemically heterogeneous diseases with patholophysiologic deposits of various proteins. Amyloid deposits can occur either localized to one organ or tissue or as part of a systemic disease with deposits in many different tissue. The clinical course, prognosis and therapy are different for each type of amyloidosis and therefore a type specific diagnosis is demanded as early as possible. We describe a method for typing of the most common systemic amyloidoses based on Western blot analysis combined with specific</p><p>in- house antibodies, using subcutaneous fat biopsies. We found that the method is reliable and easy to perform and the tissue sample needed is obtained by minor surgery.</p><p>In the aortic intima amyloid deposits are often associated with atherosclerosis plaques. In our study we also investigated the prevalence of intimal amyloid from 10 patients age 58-94, amyloid deposits were present in 50% of the cases.</p> / <p>Amyloidos är ett sjukdomstillstånd där proteiner som normalt är lösliga i kroppen felveckas och formar långa olösliga fibriller som ansamlas i vävnader och organ såsom t.ex. hjärta, hjärna och lever. Det finns cirka 25 proteiner som kan ge upphov till amyloidos. Man kan skilja på två huvudgrupper av amyloidos, systemisk och lokaliserad. Vid lokal amyloidos kan inlagringar förekomma i specifika vävnader vid framför allt vissa åldersberoende sjukdomar som t.ex. Alzheimers sjukdom. Vid systemisk amyloidos förekommer inlagringar i praktiskt taget alla vävnader. Symtomatologin vid systemisk amyloidos är variabel och sjukdomsbilden kan vara svårtolkad men tidig och specifik diagnostik ger möjlighet till riktad terapi mot den bakomliggande sjukdomen. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera en Western blot metod som använts för typning av vanligaste formerna av systemisk amyloidos. De slutsatser som nåtts är att denna metod är snabbt, pålitligt och enkel att utföra. Diagnos erhölls med finnålsbiopsi av bukfettvävnad som är enkel, snabb och billig metod med liten risk för patienternas hälsa. Vi lyckades också med hjälp av immunhistokemisk infärgning titta på prevalens av amyloid i aortas intima.</p>

The field of proteomics has rapidly expanded due to the completion of the human genome sequence. This thesis validates affinity-purified monospecific antibodies of polyclonal origin, for protein profiling in a broad spectrum of normal tissues and cells. Validation of antibodies is crucial for development of reliable binders for target proteins and this thesis evaluates the generation and application of large sets of msAbs in different settings. MsAbs were generated towards recombinant Protein Epitope Signature Tag (PrEST) antigens using a stringent affinity-purification strategy, presented in the first study. The specificity of msAbs was studied using reverse phase protein arrays and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and results presented over 90% success rate in the protein array analysis. In IHC, 81% of the msAbs displayed apparent specific staining in normal tissues. MsAbs were also compared with commercial analogs (cAbs) using IHC and Western blot. Results presented similar outcome between msAbs and cAbs in both applications, although interpretation suggested more extensive IHC staining patterns with msAbs than with monoclonal analogs. For antibody validation, an approach called paired antibodies was presented and involved the generation of two msAbs towards non-overlapping epitopes on the same protein. Similarities in protein detection between paired antibodies were studied using three different antibody-based methods. Similar results were observed in several applications, indicating that this strategy can be a useful tool for studying known and unknown proteins. Given the reliability of msAbs, they were also applied in a study investigating the impact of tissue fixatives on protein detection. The study showed that different fixation mechanisms appeared to affect protein recognition by indicating that aldehyde-based fixation, e.g. induced by neutral buffered formalin, was preferred for tissues used in IHC and non-aldehyde based fixation was applicable for tissues used in protein extraction analysis and Western blotting. Conclusively, validation results suggest that msAbs are reliable affinity binders that can be used as valuable tools for proteome-wide protein profiling in tissues and cells.

Alzheimer’s disease is a common and very costly disease in today’s society. The hallmarks of the disease are the formation of two proteinaggregates, amyloid plaques containing Aβ-peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The formation ofneurofibrillary tangles is thought to be promoted by amyloid formation and is why the cellular events surrounding the formation and interactionsof the Aβ-peptide is a prime target for Alzheimer’s research. In this thesis, the gene of the highly aggregation prone form of Aβ-peptide, the Aβ1-42, has been inserted in a Drosophila melanogaster to promote expression in the central nervous system through the use of the Gal4-UAS system.Gene expression analysis was done using a RNA purification kit, translating the RNA into cDNA using RT-PCR and the levels were analyzed usingquantitative real-time PCR. For protein expression analysis the immunological techniques of dot blot and western blot were used combined withan immunoprecipitation step using magnetic beads. A fibrillation experiment was also performed to look into the potential seeding effect onamyloid formation from the Aβ1-42 expressing Drosophila using fluorescence spectroscopy.The aim for this thesis was to look into expression of the Aβ1-42 gene and the impact of ageing on expression levels. Another aim was to try andseparate and detect soluble Aβ-peptide species from tissue homogenates of Drosophila.No amplification could be detected in the quantitative real-time PCR, most likely due to concentration issues of the reaction components. For thisreason gene expression could never be quantified nor could the effect of ageing and gene expression be looked into. Insoluble aggregates but nosoluble Aβ-peptide species could be detected or separated from the tissue of the Drosophila. No seeding effect on the amyloid formation could bestatistically determined by the fibrillation experiment, but interesting quenching effects on the total quantum yield of Aβ fibrils in the presence ofbrain homogenates were noted.

Food allergy is an IgE-mediated immunological disease, which affects almost 4% of the adult population and up to 6% of children. Proteins from milk, egg, peanuts, soybean, wheat, fish and nuts are the main cause of food allergies. A less common allergen is pea protein. The National Food Administration analyses undeclared pea protein and contaminations of pea protein in foods using rocket immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. For both methods an antiserum against pea protein is needed. The aim of this study has been to characterize a newly developed rabbit-antiserum against pea protein. It is important to know if the antiserum is specific against peas, the detection as well as the quantification limits before it can be taken into use. The results of the study show that the antiserum was not absolutely specific, since it cross-reacted with chickpeas, fenugreek and lenses. However there is an "in-house" established PCR-method that can distinguish between chickpeas, fenugreek and peas and that method can be used as a complement to the rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The PCR-method cannot be used alone because it is not quantitative. Rocket immunoelectro¬phoresis detects 0,003% pea protein with purified IgG-antibodies from the antiserum.