Este trabalho trata da caracterização de propriedades termodinâmicas e de transporte de nanofluidos baseados em nanopartículas de alumina em água para diferentes concentrações. Suspensões estáveis foram elaboradas por meio de um agitador ultrassônico. As seguintes propriedades foram analisadas: i) condutividade térmica com o método da sonda-linear; ii) viscosidade dinâmica através do reômetro do tipo cone e placa e iii) ângulo de contato com base em registros fotográficos de gotas em uma superfície plana e o tratamento de imagem através de um programa elaborado em LabVIEW. Procedimentos foram utilizados visando validar os métodos experimentais adotados, entre eles a comparação com resultados para fluidos puros. Além do estudo experimental, foi realizada uma análise crítica da literatura sobre condutividade térmica e viscosidade dinâmica de nanofluidos. Com base nesta análise, os resultados experimentais foram comparados a dados empíricos da literatura e métodos de previsão de propriedades desenvolvidos para nanofluidos e para suspensões de particulado sólido em líquido. De uma maneira geral, os resultados levantados neste estudo para condutividade térmica e viscosidade dinâmica de nanofluidos foram significativamente superiores a maioria dos dados experimentais da literatura e aos resultados proporcionados pelos métodos de previsão. Entretanto, para nanofluidos com composições distintas de nanopartículas de alumina em água, comportamentos similares ao do presente estudo também são observados na literatura. No caso do ângulo de contato, verificou-se seu decréscimo com o incremento da concentração de nanopartículas. Tal resultado coincide com a bibliografia consultada, segundo a qual a molhabilidade do nanofluido se eleva com o incremento da concentração de nanopartículas. / The present study concerns the characterization of thermodynamic and transport properties of nanofluids based on alumina nanoparticles in deionized water. Stable suspensions were obtained using an ultrasonic homogenizer (Sonicator). The following properties were measured: i) thermal conductivity using the linear probe method, ii) dynamic viscosity through a cone-plate rheometer iii) contact angle, based on photographic of nanofluid drops on a flat surface and image processing through a program based on LabVIEW. The methods and experimental procedures were validated by performing measurements properties of pure fluids with well known characteristics. Besides the experimental study, it was performed a comprehensive literature review on thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanofluids. Experimental results were compared against the data from the literature and the respective predictive methods developed for suspensions of nanofluids and micro solid particles in liquid. Generally speaking, the nanofluid thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity measured in the present study were higher than the empirical values from the literature and the values given by predictive methods. However, it should be highlighted that although for different compositions of nanofluids behaviors similar to the one observed in this study are also reported in the literature. In case of contact angle, it was found that its value decreases with increasing the nanoparticle volumetric concentration. Such results is coincident with literature reports according to which the nanofluid wettability, given in terms of the contact angle, increases with increasing the nanoparticle concentration.

A soja é a principal cultura do agronegócio brasileiro, setor responsável por cerca de 30% do PIB e por aproximadamente 40% das exportações totais do país. Do ponto de vista dos agroquímicos a soja é a cultura de maior mercado para os defensivos agrícolas, tendo sido, em 2007, responsável por 42,6% das receitas totais do segmento. O glifosato é o ativo herbicida mais utilizado nas plantações de soja e leva em sua formulação grande quantidade de tensoativos, os quais servem para aumentar a molhabilidade sobre as folhas e facilitar a aplicação. Realizada sob a forma de pulverização, a aplicação normalmente é feita antes do plantio da cultura e quando as plantas atingem o estágio V2 de crescimento, pois é quando ocorre competição da cultura com a daninha. A pulverização torna inevitável o contato da formulação com a soja, bem como com o aplicador. Medidas de ângulo de contato foram feitas sobre folha de soja e de uma gramínea que tipicamente acomete esta cultura. Foram testadas soluções de tensoativos comuns (aniônico, catiônico e neutro), de um tensoativo utilizado em formulações de herbicida e de uma formulação, a qual consiste numa mistura de tensoativos. Gotas dessas soluções foram mantidas em contato com a folha de soja e de gramínea até total evaporação e foi avaliada a mudança na morfologia das mesmas após esse contato através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, comparando com as folhas analisadas logo após colheita. A cera da soja foi extraída com clorofórmio e analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas. A cera extraída foi testada contra bactérias Gram-positiva e Gram-negativa a fim de avaliar sua atividade antimicrobiana. Carbonato de cálcio foi utilizado como adsorvente para o glifosato como proposta de uma formulação de herbicida sólida a qual libere o ativo no solo ao longo do tempo, minimizando o contato com o aplicador e contaminação de solos e águas. O método colorimétrico para quantificação de fosfato foi utilizado para avaliar a eficiência de adsorção e dessorção do glifosato sobre carbonato. A caracterização do sólido formado após adsorção foi feita através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Os tensoativos mostraram afinidade pela cera epicuticular da folha de soja, solubilizando-a e causando perda de sua estrutura. Tensoativos com maior cmc, tipicamente os carregados e de cadeia mais curta, mostraram maior potencial de solubilização. A cera, composta por hidrocarbonetos, éster e amida de cadeia longa, não mostrou atividade biocida frente às bactérias, evidenciando que a morfologia é a responsável pela má adesão física de patógenos sobre a superfície da folha e consequente proteção da mesma. O glifosato mostrou ter grande afinidade pelo carbonato de cálcio, promovendo mudança na sua estrutura cristalina e tornando inviável sua utilização como formulação de herbicida. Entretanto, a forte interação entre os dois coloca o carbonato como um possível pré-concentrador de glifosato no tratamento de águas contaminadas. / Soybean is the main culture of Brazilian agribusiness, sector responsible for about 30% of the Gross Domestic Product and 40% of the countrys exportation. In relation to agrochemicals, soybean has the biggest market for agricultural defensives. In 2007 it was responsible for 42.6% of the incomes in the segment. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide active on soy crops; its formulation contains surfactants, which serve to increase the wettability on the leaves and to make its application easier. The application, in the form of spraying, is usually done before planting the crop and when the plants reach the growth stage V2, when there is competition between the culture and the weed. Spraying makes inevitable the contact of the formulation with soybeans, as well as with the applicator. Contact angle measurements were made on soybean leaf and a grass that typically afflicts this culture. Solutions of common surfactants (anionic, cationic and neutral), a surfactant used in herbicide formulations and a formulation, which is a mixture of surfactants, were tested. Drops of these solutions were kept in contact with soy and grass leaves until total evaporation and their change in morphology was evaluated after this contact through scanning electronic microscopy, comparing with the leaves analyzed right after harvest. Soy wax was extracted with chloroform and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. The wax extracted was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in order to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Calcium carbonate was used as adsorbent for glyphosate as a proposition of a solid herbicide formulation which releases the active in the soil over time, minimizing the contact with the applicator and contamination of soils and waters. The colorimetric method for quantification of phosphate was used to evaluate the efficiency of absorption and desorption of glyphosate on carbonate. The characterization of the solid formed after adsorption was made using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Surfactants showed affinity for epicuticular wax of soybean leaves, solubilizing it and causing loss of its structure. Surfactants with greater cmc, typically those with charged head and shorter chain, showed the greatest potential of solubilization. Wax, composed of hydrocarbons, ester and long-chain amide, showed no biocidal activity against bacteria, showing that the morphology is responsible for weak adhesion of pathogens on the leaf surface and subsequent protection of the same. Glyphosate showed great affinity for calcium carbonate, promoting change in its crystalline structure and making it impossible to be used as an herbicide formulation. However, the strong interaction between them enables the pre-concentration of glyphosate in the treatment of contaminated water.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de painéis de partículas de média densidade (MDP), manufaturados a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bambu (Dendrocalamus asper). A massa específica nominal foi 0,65 g.cm-3 e utilizou-se adesivo à base de uréia-formaldeído. O delineamento consistiu em 16 tratamentos, divididos em quatro Experimentos. Foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas (Massa Específica Aparente - MEA, Absorção de Água - AA, Inchamento em Espessura - IE e Taxa de Não-Retorno em Espessura - TNRE), mecânicas (Flexão Estática - MoR e MoE, Arrancamento de Parafuso de Superficie e Topo - APS e APT e Ligação Interna - LI, além do Perfil de Densidade, Molhabilidade e Resistência Natural. Os objetivos foram: I - Avaliar painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana com duas granulometrias (0,50 mm e 0,85 mm), tratadas e não tratadas em água quente; II - Avaliar os painéis adotando as mesmas variáveis do experimento anterior, porém, empregando partículas de bambu; III - Avaliar os painéis gerados a partir da mistura de ambos materiais nas proporções de 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0%; IV - Avaliar os painéis constituídos com partículas termorretificadas de bagaço e bambu encoladas com três teores de adesivo (10, 12 e 14%). Os resultados do Experimento I mostraram que propriedades físicas (IE2h, IE24h, AA24h e TNRE), mecânicas (MoR, MoE, APS, APT e LI) e molhabilidade não foram influenciadas pelos fatores (granulometria e condição de partículas). Os fatores influenciaram de forma interativa o perfil de densidade de massa específica aparente da camada externa. A resistência natural foi influenciada pelos fatores e os painéis foram inclusos na categoria \"resistência moderada\". Os resultados do Experimento II mostraram que as partículas tratadas em água quente resultaram em aumento significativo dos valores de IE2h, IE24h e TNRE. O APS, APT e LI apresentaram melhorias significativas para os painéis manufaturados com partículas tratadas em água quente. Os fatores avaliados influenciaram a massa específica aparente da camada externa dos painéis. Houve interação significativa entre os fatores para o ângulo inicial obtido com água. O fungo G. trabeum causou maiores perdas de massa nos painéis constituídos com partículas tratadas em água quente e o T. versicolor evidenciou maior índice de ataque em chapas confeccionadas com partículas controle. No Experimento III o aumento da razão de compactação apresentou tendência significativa de aumento de valores da AA24h, IE2h, IE24h e TNRE, além do MoR. Tal variável reduziu a AA2h, APT e LI, proporcionou picos mais acentuados de massa específica nas faces dos painéis, reduziu significativamente a molhabilidade e aumentou a perda de massa dos painéis submetidos aos fungos P. placenta e G. trabeum. No Experimento IV o tratamento térmico promoveu melhorias significativas para AA2h, AA24h, IE2h e IE24h, porém reduziu o MoR, MoE, APS, APT e LI, que foram melhoradas com o aumento no teor de adesivo, além do perfil de densidade. Não houve influência significativa na molhabilidade, comparando os painéis com mesmo teor de adesivo e nem considerando diferentes teores de adesivo. De forma geral, os painéis apresentaram melhorias significativas na resistência biológica com a termorretificação e aumento no teor de adesivo. Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bambu representam boas alternativas de matérias-primas para confecção de chapas aglomeradas. Os painéis podem ser utilizados para forros, isolamento térmico e acústico, revestimentos, painéis decorativos, componentes para construção civil, substrato para piso, embalagens, pequenos objetos entre outras aplicações. / The aiming of this study was to evaluate the quality of medium density particleboard (MDP) manufactured with particles of sugarcane bagasse and bamboo with nominal density of 0.65 g.cm-3 and urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The experimental design was composed of 16 treatments divided in four experiments. The physical properties (apparent density, water absorption, thickness swelling and the nonrecoverable tax, mechanical (static bending - modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, screw withdrawal strength and internal bonding) were evaluated, as well as the density profile, wettability and natural resistance. The objectives were: I - To evaluate panels of sugarcane bagasse particles with two granulometries (0.50 mm and 0.85 mm) treated and not treated in hot water; II - To evaluate the panels using the same variables of the previous experiment, however using bamboo particles; III - Evaluate the panels origin from the mixture of both materials in proportions of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%; IV - Evaluate the panels constituted with heat treatment particles of bamboo and bagasse and glued with three adhesive contents (10, 12 and 14%). The results of the Experiment I showed that physical (IE2h, IE24h, AA24h and TNRE) and mechanical properties (MoR, MoE, APS, APT and LI) and wettability were not influenced by the factors (grain size and particle condition). The factors influenced the apparent specific bulk density profile of the outer layer. Natural resistance was influenced by the factors and the panels were included in the \"moderate resistance\" category. The results of Experiment II showed that the particles treated in hot water resulted in a significant increase in the values of IE2h, IE24h and TNRE. APS, APT and LI showed significant improvements for panels manufactured with hot water treated particles. The evaluated factors influenced the apparent specific mass of the outer layer of the panels. There was a significant interaction between the factors for the initial angle obtained with water. The G. trabeum fungus caused greater mass losses in the panels constituted with particles treated in hot water and T. versicolor evidenced a higher attack rate in plates made with control particles. In Experiment III the increase in compaction ratio showed a significant tendency to increase values of AA24h, IE2h, IE24h and TNRE, in addition to MoR. This variable reduced AA2h, APT and LI, provided more pronounced peaks of specific mass in the faces of the panels, significantly reduced wettability and increased the mass loss of the panels submitted to P. placenta and G. trabeum fungi. In Experiment IV the heat treatment promoted significant improvements for AA2h, AA24h, IE2h and IE24h, but reduced MoR, MoE, APS, APT and LI, which were improved with the increase of the adhesive content, as well as the density profile. There was no significant influence on wettability, comparing the panels with the same adhesive content and different adhesive contents. In general, the panels showed significant improvements in the biological resistance with thermortification and increase in the adhesive content. Sugarcane bagasse and bamboo represent good alternatives of raw materials for confection of agglomerated sheets. The panels can be used for linings, thermal and acoustic insulation, coatings, decorative panels, components for civil construction, substrate for flooring, packaging small objects among other applications.

O presente trabalho envolve a análise experimental do efeito da deposição de nanopartículas por meio da ebulição em piscina na molhabilidade e na textura da superfície. Inicialmente, este estudo apresenta uma análise da literatura sobre métodos de avaliação do ângulo de contato, preparo de nanofluidos, procedimentos de avaliação da rugosidade e possíveis efeitos que a deposição de nanopartículas tem sobre a textura da superfície. Verificou-se para as superfícies recobertas com nanopartículas ângulos de contato próximos a zero e comportamento dinâmico para gotas de água depositadas sobre elas. Desta forma, optou-se por avaliar a molhabilidade qualitativamente através da análise da velocidade de espalhamento de uma gota depositada sobre a superfície recoberta. Caracterizou-se também a massa de nanopartículas depositadas, a morfologia e a rugosidade das superfícies. Efetuou-se o recobrimento das superfícies por meio da ebulição em piscina de nanofluidos a base de água deionizada contendo nanopartículas de Al2O3 (10, 20-30 e 40-80 nm), Cu (25 nm) e SiO2 (15 e 80 nm) para concentrações volumétricas de 0,001, 0,01, 0,1 e 0,5%, submetidos a tempos de ebulição de 15, 30, 45 e 180 minutos em superfícies de alumínio e aço inoxidável. Como resultado final deste estudo concluiu-se que a rugosidade superficial e a molhabilidade se elevam com a deposição das nanopartículas. Além disso, a molhabilidade aumenta com o incremento da área da superfície recoberta com aglomerados. / The present study concerns an investigation on the wettability and the surface texture behavior of flat aluminum and stainless steel plates covered with porous thin-films of nanoparticles obtained through pool boiling of nanofluids. Since the contact angle of the obtained surfaces is small and in many cases the deposited droplet exhibits a dynamic behavior, dynamic top-down analyses of spreading droplets were performed. Evaluations were performed of nanoparticles mass deposition on the sample, surface roughness and micro-structural with an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Experiments were performed for nanofluids containing nanoparticles of Al2O3 (10, 20-30 and 40-80 nm), Cu (25nm) and SiO2 (15 and 80 nm) for volumetric concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5% for pool boiling time set to 15, 30, 45 and 180 minutes over aluminum and stainless steel plates. As a final result of this study it was found that surface roughness and wettability increase with the deposition of the nanoparticles. In addition, the wettability increases with increasing of the surface area covered with clusters.

A proposta busca reduzir a absorção de água dos agregados reciclados de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD), através do tratamento de sua superfície com hidrofugante, de maneira que estes não aumentem o consumo de água tampouco reduzam a resistência mecânica. Os agregados reciclados de RCD foram caracterizados quanto à granulometria, morfologia, porosidade, ângulo de contato aparente, absorção de água, análise de imagem e rugosidade superficial. Em seguida, os mesmos foram tratados superficialmente com dois tipos de hidrofugante: solução de silano e parafina. Todos os tratamentos permitiram reduzir a absorção de água dos agregados reciclados de RCD. O tratamento por imersão foi aquele que permitiu obter os melhores resultados e a menor variabilidade entre as técnicas. Os tratamentos hidrofugam a superfície, apesar da parafina apresentar maior molhabilidade. O tratamento com parafina apresentou, em termos de absorção de água, resultados inferiores e menos variáveis que o silano. Os parâmetros de rugosidade constataram que, ambos os materiais perdem seu perfil topográfico original quando tratados com parafina. Os diferentes agregados reciclados com cada hidrofugante foram aplicados em materiais cimentícios analisados no estado fresco e no estado endurecido. Os tratamentos reduziram a absorção e o consumo de água de mistura, porém afetaram negativamente as propriedades mecânicas, devido nova interface gerada (no caso específica de parafina) e falta de molhabilidade nas superfícies. / The proposal aims to reduce the water absorption of the Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) recycled aggregates through hydrophobic surface treatment, so that these do not increase the concretes water consumption (nor reduce de mechanical strength). The CDW recycled aggregates were characterized regarding granulometry, morphology, porosity, apparent contact angle, water absorption, image analysis and surface roughness. Then they had their surface treated with two types of water-repellent: silane solution and paraffin. All treatments have reduced water absorption of the CDW recycled aggregate. Immersion treatment was the one that allowed the best results and the lowest variability between techniques. The treatments repel water on surface, despite the paraffin presenting better wettability. Paraffin treatment showed, in terms of water absorption, lower and less variable results than silane did. Roughness parameters found that both materials lose their topographic profile when treating with paraffin. The different recycled aggregates with each repellent were applied in cementitious materials analyzed in fresh and hardened state. The treatments reduced absorption and mixing consumption of water in the mixing, but adversely affect mechanical properties due to the new interface created (paraffin wax in special) and the lack of wettability on surfaces.

A soja é a principal cultura do agronegócio brasileiro, setor responsável por cerca de 30% do PIB e por aproximadamente 40% das exportações totais do país. Do ponto de vista dos agroquímicos a soja é a cultura de maior mercado para os defensivos agrícolas, tendo sido, em 2007, responsável por 42,6% das receitas totais do segmento. O glifosato é o ativo herbicida mais utilizado nas plantações de soja e leva em sua formulação grande quantidade de tensoativos, os quais servem para aumentar a molhabilidade sobre as folhas e facilitar a aplicação. Realizada sob a forma de pulverização, a aplicação normalmente é feita antes do plantio da cultura e quando as plantas atingem o estágio V2 de crescimento, pois é quando ocorre competição da cultura com a daninha. A pulverização torna inevitável o contato da formulação com a soja, bem como com o aplicador. Medidas de ângulo de contato foram feitas sobre folha de soja e de uma gramínea que tipicamente acomete esta cultura. Foram testadas soluções de tensoativos comuns (aniônico, catiônico e neutro), de um tensoativo utilizado em formulações de herbicida e de uma formulação, a qual consiste numa mistura de tensoativos. Gotas dessas soluções foram mantidas em contato com a folha de soja e de gramínea até total evaporação e foi avaliada a mudança na morfologia das mesmas após esse contato através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, comparando com as folhas analisadas logo após colheita. A cera da soja foi extraída com clorofórmio e analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas. A cera extraída foi testada contra bactérias Gram-positiva e Gram-negativa a fim de avaliar sua atividade antimicrobiana. Carbonato de cálcio foi utilizado como adsorvente para o glifosato como proposta de uma formulação de herbicida sólida a qual libere o ativo no solo ao longo do tempo, minimizando o contato com o aplicador e contaminação de solos e águas. O método colorimétrico para quantificação de fosfato foi utilizado para avaliar a eficiência de adsorção e dessorção do glifosato sobre carbonato. A caracterização do sólido formado após adsorção foi feita através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Os tensoativos mostraram afinidade pela cera epicuticular da folha de soja, solubilizando-a e causando perda de sua estrutura. Tensoativos com maior cmc, tipicamente os carregados e de cadeia mais curta, mostraram maior potencial de solubilização. A cera, composta por hidrocarbonetos, éster e amida de cadeia longa, não mostrou atividade biocida frente às bactérias, evidenciando que a morfologia é a responsável pela má adesão física de patógenos sobre a superfície da folha e consequente proteção da mesma. O glifosato mostrou ter grande afinidade pelo carbonato de cálcio, promovendo mudança na sua estrutura cristalina e tornando inviável sua utilização como formulação de herbicida. Entretanto, a forte interação entre os dois coloca o carbonato como um possível pré-concentrador de glifosato no tratamento de águas contaminadas. / Soybean is the main culture of Brazilian agribusiness, sector responsible for about 30% of the Gross Domestic Product and 40% of the countrys exportation. In relation to agrochemicals, soybean has the biggest market for agricultural defensives. In 2007 it was responsible for 42.6% of the incomes in the segment. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide active on soy crops; its formulation contains surfactants, which serve to increase the wettability on the leaves and to make its application easier. The application, in the form of spraying, is usually done before planting the crop and when the plants reach the growth stage V2, when there is competition between the culture and the weed. Spraying makes inevitable the contact of the formulation with soybeans, as well as with the applicator. Contact angle measurements were made on soybean leaf and a grass that typically afflicts this culture. Solutions of common surfactants (anionic, cationic and neutral), a surfactant used in herbicide formulations and a formulation, which is a mixture of surfactants, were tested. Drops of these solutions were kept in contact with soy and grass leaves until total evaporation and their change in morphology was evaluated after this contact through scanning electronic microscopy, comparing with the leaves analyzed right after harvest. Soy wax was extracted with chloroform and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. The wax extracted was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in order to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Calcium carbonate was used as adsorbent for glyphosate as a proposition of a solid herbicide formulation which releases the active in the soil over time, minimizing the contact with the applicator and contamination of soils and waters. The colorimetric method for quantification of phosphate was used to evaluate the efficiency of absorption and desorption of glyphosate on carbonate. The characterization of the solid formed after adsorption was made using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Surfactants showed affinity for epicuticular wax of soybean leaves, solubilizing it and causing loss of its structure. Surfactants with greater cmc, typically those with charged head and shorter chain, showed the greatest potential of solubilization. Wax, composed of hydrocarbons, ester and long-chain amide, showed no biocidal activity against bacteria, showing that the morphology is responsible for weak adhesion of pathogens on the leaf surface and subsequent protection of the same. Glyphosate showed great affinity for calcium carbonate, promoting change in its crystalline structure and making it impossible to be used as an herbicide formulation. However, the strong interaction between them enables the pre-concentration of glyphosate in the treatment of contaminated water.

The thesis deals with the surface modification of cotton fabric by low-pressure micro-wave plasma discharge. The main materials used for this experiment are cotton fabrics and hexamethyldisiloxane. The experiment itself is focused on the modification of cotton fabric to improve hydrophobic atributes. An argon process gas was used in the surface modification. The individual treated samples were operated with changes in process gas flow and the time during which the above-mentioned modifications was performed. Two methods were used to analyze the results of the experiment. The first one was aimed at determining changes in hydrophobic atributes in the form of wetta-bility in an unmodified sample compared to other modificated samples using the drop-let method. An electron microscope was used for the subsequent study of possible changes in surface topography. From the point of view of the examined results, the difference in hydrophobic properties was observed when using the droplet method to-gether with the change in the topography of the surface obtained on the electron mi-croscope in the cotton samples examined. The actual evaluation of individual methods points to the desirable changes in modified cotton compared to unmodified cotton. Further information regarding the results of the experiment, depending on the changes in individual parameters in the cotton treatment process using low pressure microwave plasma discharge, are presented in thesis.

The dissertation thesis deals with the use of low-temperature plasma and biological treatment of winter rape seed and spring barley as an alternative to chemical dressing in relation to the Decree on Integrated Pest Management 205/2012 Coll. The seed treatment technology is conceived as a two-phase process, where a lowtemperature plasma discharge of the Gliding Arc type ignited in the air at atmospheric pressure is used in the first step and a biological preparation containing spores of Trichoderma virens is applied to the treated seed as the second step. The plasma discharge treatment allows to increase the wettability of the seed surface, which improves the adhesion of the biological preparation in the second treatment step. Plasma also enables to activate selected processes taking place in seeds, which support their germination and subsequent growth. The content of the dissertation is divided into four sub-units which are mutually related: 1. determination of plasma discharge parameters for subsequent applications in the proposed technology, 2. carrying out laboratory experiments to assess the effect of plasma on seed, 3. carrying out field experiments to compare crop yields for different seed treatment options, 4. proposal for a regulation for seed treatment in a continuous mode by plasma discharge followed by application of the preparation and production of a functional sample. The work is markedly interdisciplinary and intervenes in the field of plasma physics, chemistry, plant production and construction of technical equipment. From the results achieved we can give a short summary: 1. Plasma discharge treatment of winter rape and barley seeds results in increased surface wettability. 2. No difference in the absorption of plasma treated and untreated seeds was observed during the experiments. 3. Developed dual seed treatment technology has the potential to increase yield. The dissertation thesis was realized within the project TA04021252 ? "Development of equipment for physical treatment of seeds and malt using low-temperature plasma."

L’augmentation de la densité d’intégration de composants électroniques (CMOS, FDSOI 14 nm, mémoires flash) et le développement de nouveaux dispositifs (capteurs d’images, composants photoniques) font émerger de nouveaux problèmes de fabrication des puces dans l’industrie de la microélectronique. L’efficacité des procédés humides de gravure et de nettoyage de la surface structurée des composants peut être limitée par un mouillage incomplet des micro/nanostructures dont les dimensions chutent alors que les rapports d’aspect augmentent fortement. L’état de mouillage et les cinétiques de remplissage des micro/nanostructures constituent alors deux paramètres clés pour adapter au mieux les procédés humides. Ce travail de thèse, réalisé en collaboration avec STMicroelectronics, présente une méthode acoustique originale de réflectométrie haute fréquence appliquée à la caractérisation du mouillage de surfaces structurées industrielles aux échelles micrométriques (vias) et nanométriques (tranchées profondes d’isolation de pixels, contacts de transistors CMOS). Deux modèles acoustiques ont été développés : un modèle numérique par différences finies et un modèle analytique basé sur la diffraction. Ils nous ont permis de mieux comprendre le comportement de l’onde acoustique dans les micro/nanostructures et d’interpréter les mesures expérimentales de mouillage. Nous avons alors déterminé localement l’état de mouillage des structures (état Wenzel, Cassie, composites) et détecté l’imprégnation de surfaces initialement non-mouillantes par abaissement de la tension superficielle des liquides. La cinétique de remplissage de vias micrométriques a aussi pu être mesurée. / Large scale integration in the field of electronic components (CMOS, FDSOI 14 nm, flash memory), and the development of new devices (image sensors, photonic components) raise new issues in chip manufacturing in the microelectronics industry. Wet etching and wet cleaning efficiency of the patterned surface of the components can be limited by an incomplete wetting of the micro/nanostructures, for which dimensions shrink and aspect ratios increase highly. Wetting state and micro/nanostructures filling kinetics are then two key parameters to adapt the wet processes at best. This thesis work, conducted in partnership with STMicroelectronics, presents an original acoustic method of high frequency reflectometry for wetting characterization of industrial structured surfaces at the micrometric (vias) and nanometric scale (deep trenches for pixels insulation, CMOS transistor contacts). Two acoustic models have been developed: one numerical finite difference model and one analytical model based on diffraction. They enable us to have a better understanding of the acoustic wave behavior inside the micro/nanostructures and to interpret the experimental measurements of wetting. We determined the wetting state of the structures (Wenzel, Cassie, composite states) and imbibition of initially non-wetting surfaces has been detected by lowering the surface tension of the liquids. Micrometric vias filling kinetics has also been measured.

La fonctionnalisation des surfaces permet d’en modifier leur comportement vis-à-vis des propriétés physico-chimiques de fluides. Nous avons restreint notre étude à la caractérisation par méthode acoustique des interfaces microstructurées silicium-fluide pour lesquelles une gravure physique d’un réseau de piliers de petites dimensions a été réalisée. Les propriétés de ces interfaces vis-à-vis des liquides dépendent de la géométrie des gravures, des propriétés du fluide et des conditions d’interaction du fluide avec la surface. Notre objectif a été de confronter des modèles de comportement en terme de mouillabilité de ces surfaces aux mesures des coefficients de réflexion des ondes ultrasonores. Une première étape du travail a consisté à modéliser le coefficient de réflexion d’une onde ultrasonore incidente sur une surface microtexturée en fonction de l’état du liquide sur la surface. Deux états physiques caractéristiques ont étés étudiés : l’état où le liquide reste au sommet des piliers (état Cassie) et celui où le liquide pénètre dans le réseau de piliers (état Wenzel). Deux modèles numériques ont été développés : le premier repose sur la modélisation par éléments finis utilisant COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS et le second modèle numérique utilise une méthode explicite aux différences finies.La technique expérimentale est fondée sur une méthode de mesure du coefficient de réflexion électrique d’un transducteur ultrasonore haute fréquence à l’aide d’un analyseur de réseau, qui permet après traitement d’en déduire le coefficient de réflexion à l’interface.Les résultats originaux obtenus démontrent qu’une onde acoustique de compression est sensible à l’état d’un liquide sur une surface microtexturée. / Surfaces functionalization can change the wetting properties of the surface depending on the physico-chemical properties of fluids. We restricted our study to the characterization by acoustic method of microstructured silicon-fluid interfaces for which a physical etching of a network of small pillars was achieved. The properties of these interfaces depend on the geometry of the etched microtextures, the fluid properties and the interaction between the fluid and the surface. Our objective was to compare modeling and measurements of reflection coefficients of ultrasonic waves at theses interfaces. A first stage of work was to model the reflection coefficient of an ultrasonic wave incident on a microtextured surface depending on the state of the liquid on the surface. Two specific physical states have been studied: The state where the liquid remains at the top of the pillars (Cassie state) and when the liquid penetrates in the network of pillars (Wenzel state). Two numerical models were developed: one basedon finite element modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics and the second numerical model uses an explicit finite difference method. The experimental technique is based on a method measuring the electrical reflection coefficient ofan ultrasonic transducer according to the frequency using a high frequency network analyzer. Signal processing allows deducing the reflection coefficient at the interface. The original results obtained demonstrate that an acoustic compression wave is sensitive to the state of a liquid on a surface microtextured.