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Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Rebecca Miller / Wheat flour tortillas are the second most consumed bread product after white pan bread. Commercial tortillas are formulated with highly viscoelastic hard wheat flours selected and grown for breadmaking. However, the inherent properties of bread flours require costly formula adjustments to enhance dough extensibility necessary for tortilla production. The objective of this study was to identify the biochemical and physical factors in wheat affecting wheat tortilla quality. Six popular hard winter wheat cultivars (1863, Armour, Clara CL, Denali, Everest, Tiger) were grown in five locations in Kansas. Wheat and flour properties were characterized using approved AACCI methods. Protein composition was determined using size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. Flour particle size and starch granule size were measured with laser diffraction. Tortillas were made with a laboratory hot press method. Tortilla shelf-stability over 14 days, opacity, appearance, dough machinability and specific volume were measured. Data collected from flour and tortilla tests were analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared with Tukey-Kramer HSD. In general, the flours did not differ significantly in flour or tortilla properties. Regression analysis (Pearson) showed flour protein content was highly and significantly correlated with tortilla opacity (r=-0.81), L color value (r=-0.79), a color value (r=0.80), and day 14 shelf-stability (r=0.76). Flour water absorption showed highly significant correlations with tortilla opacity (r=-0.81), L color value (r=-0.79), a color value (r=0.77) and day 14 shelf-stability (r=0.73). Tortilla opacity was highly correlated with B-type starch granules (r=-0.83). This study showed that starch granule size, flour protein content and flour water absorption appeared to influence tortilla appearance. However, repeating the study with a larger and more diverse sample set is recommended.

The simple effects of nitrogen rates, fungicide application, and varietal responses on wheat yield and quality have been studied individually, but interactions among the inputs are less well understood. Traditionally, increased nitrogen rates have led to higher risk of lodging and disease severity (Roth and Marshall, 1987), but it has been found that fungicides can be used to delay the onset of disease (Gooding et al. 1999). Similarly, yield responses to application of a fungicide may be affected by available nitrogen (Olesen et al., 2003). Wheat quality parameters such as protein, test weight, and alveograph parameters may also be affected by different management systems. Recent Ontario research shows interactions between fungicide and wheat varieties, even in the absence of disease, but the relationships are poorly understood. Current field crop recommendations would be improved by knowledge of interactions between inputs in more intensive management systems. Field experiments were established on nine farm fields in southwestern Ontario to investigate possible interactions among nitrogen rates, fungicides, and varieties. Eight fungicide timing combinations were applied as splits on three N rate blocks (100, 135, and 170 kg ha-1), applied across variety strips (between three and seven) in a split-strip-plot design with three replicates. Measurements included leaf disease severity, fusarium head blight incidence and severity and mycotoxin concentrations, grain yield and yield components, protein, test weight, and alveograph parameters. An economic analysis was performed on the combinations of treatment variables toward the development of more comprehensive recommendations. Interaction between N application rate and fungicide application resulted in greater yield gains with increased N when fungicides were used. Grain protein concentration increased at higher N application rates. Revenue net of the variable costs examined was not significantly affected by N rate alone, while effect of fungicide application varied with site. / Agricultural Adaptation Council, Grain Farmers of Ontario

The use of exotic resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) provides one strategy for breeding wheat cultivars resistant to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), a devastating disease of wheat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two QTL, Fhb1 and QFhs.nau-2DL, in diverse genetic backgrounds and to evaluate their effects on agronomic and quality traits. Five populations from crosses between FHB susceptible parents (26R58, KY97C-0574-01, 25R54, KY97C, KY97C-0554-02, 25R78 and KY93C-1238-17-1) and FHB-resistant VA01W-476, were evaluated in the FHB nursery at Lexington, KY in 2010 and 2011. The populations were also grown in yield trials at Lexington (2010 and 2011) and Princeton (2011), KY, to measure agronomic and quality traits. Fhb1 reduced Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) by 32% and the toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) by 20%. QFhs.nau-2DL significantly reduced mean FDK by 29% in two of five populations and DON by 24% in four of five populations. While the effects of these QTL on agronomic and quality traits were significant, the impact was small. One cycle of either direct or indirect simulated phenotypic selection was effective at reducing DON levels and the frequency of Fhb1-homozygous resistant lines among the selects was higher than the frequency of QFhs.nau-2DL-homozygous resistant lines.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de enxofre (S) e o manejo de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura em relação ao rendimento de grãos e qualidade industrial do trigo. Foram conduzidos três experimentos a campo, na safra de inverno 2013, em Capitão Leônidas Marques, Realeza e Santa Isabel do Oeste, estado do Paraná. Utilizou-se a cultivar de trigo CD 150, semeada em resteva de soja. Foi usado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x4. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas fontes de enxofre (gesso agrícola, enxofre elementar pastilhado e testemunha, aplicados a lanço no perfilhamento) e formas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura (100% no perfilhamento, 100% no início da elongação, 50% + 50% e testemunha). As doses utilizadas foram de 80 kg ha-1 de S e N, sendo o nitrogênio aplicado na forma de uréia revestida com inibidor de urease (41% de N). As condições climáticas (precipitação pluviométrica e geadas) observadas na condução dos experimentos resultaram em uma baixa média produtiva geral dos experimentos. Em geral, não houve diferenças significativas entre os manejos de N testados em relação ao rendimento de grãos e índice relativo de clorofila, havendo alta correlação direta entre estas variáveis. O uso de enxofre elementar pastilhado incrementou em 16,3% o rendimento de grãos no ensaio de Realeza, comparado à testemunha. As formas de manejo de N em cobertura influenciaram o teor de glúten úmido (GU) e o índice de elasticidade (IE) da farinha, onde destacou-se a aplicação de N em dose única no início da elongação como melhor manejo. Não observou-se aumento na força de glúten (W) em relação às fontes de enxofre e à aplicação de N em cobertura para a cultivar CD 150. O rendimento de farinha foi influenciado positivamente pelo uso de nitrogênio em cobertura (independente o manejo) e pelas fontes de enxofre aplicadas, com vantagem do enxofre elementar pastilhado em relação ao gesso agrícola. A associação entre caracteres agronômicos e parâmetros de qualidade industrial, indicou que os tratamentos com maiores rendimentos de grãos e que apresentam maiores teores foliares de clorofila são determinantes na obtenção de farinhas com maior GU e IE, porém com tendência a obtenção de menor W e baixa extração de farinha. Assim sendo, para a cultivar de trigo CD 150, uma única aplicação nitrogênio em cobertura no início da elongação, assegura boa produtividade de grãos com benefícios a alguns parâmetros de qualidade industrial do trigo. No entanto, os resultados são inconclusivos em relação à utilização das fontes de enxofre em trigo, em virtude das condições climáticas adversas registradas. Orienta-se a condução de novos ensaios com o enxofre elementar pastilhado usado na adubação de base, o que poderia melhorar sua oxidação junto ao solo. Devem ser conduzidos novos estudos em condições à obtenção de maiores rendimentos de grãos e abrangendo outras cultivares de trigo da classe melhorador. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sulfur (S) and the management of nitrogen (N) coverage in relation to grain yield and Wheat industrial quality. Three experiments were conducted in the field, on winter 2013 season, in Captain Leônidas Marques, Realeza and Santa Isabel do Oeste, Paraná state. In all the three places were used the wheat cultivar CD 150, sown in the straw of wheat. We used the experimental of randomized blocks with three replications in a 3x4 factorial design. The treatments consist of two sulfur sources (gypsum and elemental sulfur patched, applied by throwing at tillering, witness) and forms of nitrogen application in coverage (100% at tillering; 100% in the elongation and 50% + 50%, Witness). The doses used are 80 kg ha-1 S and N, being the nitrogen applied in the urea form coated with inhibitor of urease (41% of N). The Weather conditions (rainfall and frost) observed in the conduct of experiments resulted in a general productive low average of experiments. It was observed, in general, no significant differences between the N management tested for grain yield (RG) and relative chlorophyll index (IRC), there is high direct correlation between these variables. The use of elemental sulfur patched increased by 16.3% grain yield testing in Realeza, compared to witness. The forms of management of N in coverage positively influenced the wet gluten content (GU) and the elastic índex (IE) the flour, where stood out the application of N a single dose at the beginning of elongation and better management. There wasn’t have an increase in gluten strength (W) in relation to sources of sulfur and to N coverage for cultivate CD 150. The flour yield was positively influenced by the use of nitrogen in coverage (independent of management) and the applied sulfur sources with the advantage elemental sulfur patched in relation to agricultural plaster. The association between agronomic traits and industrial quality parameters indicated that treatment with higher grain yields and have higher foliar chlorophyll are crucial in obtaining flour with higher GU e IE but with a tendency towards a lower and low extraction flour. Therefore, for the cultivate CD 150 wheat, just one application of nitrogen in coverage in elongation ensures good grain yield benefits to some Wheat quality parameters. However, the results are inconclusive regarding about the use of sulfur sources in wheat, due to adverse weather conditions recorded. The conduction of new tests with elemental sulfur patched used at the base of fertilization is oriented, which could enhance oxidation at ground. Further studies should be conducted in a position to higher grain yields and covering other wheat cultivars enhancer class.

An zwei sächsischen Lößstandorten wurden sorten- und fruchtfolgespezifische Anbauvergleiche zur Minderung des Befallsrisikos mit Ährenfusarium und nachfolgender Mykotoxinbildung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dokumentieren den deutlichen Einfluss der Vorfrucht und der Minimierung von Ernterückständen auf das Fusariumrisiko. Die Ertragsdifferenz zur Rapsvorfrucht lag im Vergleich zu Mais und Winterweizen im Versuchsjahr 2007 zwischen 10 bis 18 dt/ha. Ein Anstieg der Risikofaktoren führte zu nachlassenden Wirkungsgraden bei den fungiziden Maßnahmen gegen Ährenfusariosen. Weder wenig anfällige Sorten noch Fungizidbehandlungen in der Blüte garantieren bei optimalen Infektionsbedingungen die Einhaltung der gesetzlich festgelegten Mykotoxinhöchstmenge. Gute Ergebnisse zeigten das im Projekt geprüfte Schnelltestverfahren zur Deoxynivalenolbestimmung sowie die Vorerntebemusterung.

Os parâmetros mais utilizados na avaliação da qualidade industrial da farinha de trigo são obtidos por análises viscoelásticas de farinografia, alveografia, mixografia, e número de queda (NQ). Estes métodos tradicionais apresentam boa correlação com a qualidade industrial. Contudo, são caros, difíceis de serem implementados e demandam grande quantidade de sementes. Por este motivo, a seleção para qualidade de trigo geralmente é realizada em fases mais avançadas dos programas de melhoramento genético, nas quais a quantidade de sementes é suficiente para realização dos testes. Por isso, é altamente desejável a utilização de métodos preditivos da qualidade da farinha de trigo, de baixo custo, simples de serem implementados e que demandem pequena quantidade de amostra. Isso possibilitaria maior efetividade de seleção em fases iniciais dos programas de melhoramento, onde se concentra a maior variabilidade genética. Assim, o primeiro estudo desta dissertação objetivou determinar a eficácia do método alternativo da CRS (Capacidade de retenção de solventes) em diferentes genótipos brasileiros de trigo e verificar a associação entre CRS e os diversos parâmetros de qualidade industrial do trigo. Foram utilizadas sementes provindas de ensaio de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU) de 22 genótipos de trigo (10 cultivares e 12 linhagens) cultivados no ano de 2014 em duas épocas de semeadura em 4 locais da região sul do Brasil (Abelardo Luz – SC, Cascavel – PR; Guarapuava – PR e Não Me Toque – RS). Foram realizados testes convencionais de qualidade de trigo: alveografia, número de queda, análise de cor e analisados os materiais através da CRS. Os resultados demonstraram que a CRS e os parâmetros de qualidade de trigo possuem significativa interação genótipo x ambiente (GxA). Observou-se associações significativas, de média magnitude, entre a CRS e as análises viscoelasticas, demonstrando que a CRS pode ser utilizada na seleção de genótipos para qualidade de trigo brasileiro. O segundo estudo objetivou determinar a sedimentação em SDS em diferentes genótipos brasileiros de trigo e observar a correlação entre SDS e o parâmetro de força de glúten, buscando aferir a eficiência desta metodologia. Este estudo foi conduzido utilizando sementes de trigo provenientes de experimentos executados em quatro locais (Abelardo Luz – SC, Cascavel – PR; Guarapuava – PR e Não Me Toque – RS) no ano de 2014 durante duas épocas de semeadura. Foram avaliados 25 genótipos, incluindo linhagens e cultivares comerciais, em ensaios de VCU. Foram realizados o teste convencional de alveografia para obtenção do parâmetro de força de glúten (W) e o método alternativo de SDS. O parâmetro SDS foi positivamente associado (r= 0,65**) com a força de glúten (W), podendo ser utilizado como preditor na seleção de genótipos de trigo para qualidade de panificação. / The parameters most used in evaluating the industrial quality of wheat flour are obtained by viscoelastic analyzes of farinograph, alveograph, and falling number (FN). These traditional methods have a good correlation with industrial quality. However, they are expensive, difficult to implement and require lots of seed. For this reason, selection for baking quality is usually carried out in more advanced stages of breeding programs, where the amount of seeds is sufficient to carry out the tests. Therefore, it is highly desirable to use batch quality predictive tests that are inexpensive, simple to implement and require a small amount of sample. This would allow greater selection effectiveness in the early stages of breeding programs, where the greatest genetic variability is concentrated. Thus, the first study of this dissertation aimed to determine the efficacy of the alternative method of CRS (Solvent retention capacity) in different Brazilian wheat genotypes and to verify the association between CRS and the various industrial quality parameters of wheat. Seeds from VCU of 22 wheat genotypes were cultivated in 2014 at two sowing dates in four sites in southern Brazil (Abelardo Luz - SC, Cascavel - PR, Guarapuava - PR and Não Me Toque - RS). Conventional wheat quality tests were performed: alveograph, falling number, color analysis and analyzed the materials through CRS. The results demonstrate that the CRS and wheat quality parameters have a significant G x E. There was a significant mean correlation between CRS and viscoelastic analysis demonstrating that CRS can be used as a predictor of wheat quality in Brazilian wheat genotypes. The second study aimed to determine the sedimentation in SDS in different Brazilian wheat genotypes and to observe the correlation between SDS and the gluten strength parameter, assessing the efficiency of the methodology. This study was conducted using wheat seeds from experiments conducted at four sites (Abelardo Luz - SC, Cascavel - PR, Guarapuava - PR and Não Me Toque - RS) in the year 2014 during two sowing seasons. Twenty-five genotypes, including commercial strains and cultivars, were evaluated in cultivation and use value (VCU) assays. The conventional alveograph test was performed to obtain the gluten strength parameter (W) and the alternative method of SDS. The SDS parameter shows an association (r = 0.65 **) with gluten strength (W) and can be used as a predictor in the selection of wheat genotypes for wheat protein quality.

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