Comentando-se algumas evidências da literatura e da análise de dados secundários de morbidade e mortalidade, estabelece-se a hipótese de que as doenças chiadoras recorrentes da infância possam constituir-se em fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de infecções pulmonares. Um estudo caso-controle é desenvolvido para testar esta hipótese reunindo 51 casos de pneumonia pareados por sexo e idade a 51 controles sadios e 51 controles doentes não respiratórios. A amostra é colhida entre pacientes do Hospital Universitário da USP sendo condição de entrada para os casos um diagnóstico de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade e livre de tratamento anterior. Os controles são selecionados dentro da mesma clientela entre pacientes com outro diagnóstico e crianças sadias usuárias dos mesmos serviços, identificadas entre acompanhantes de pacientes. Casos e controles são submetidos a idêntica investigação quanto a presença de doença (pneumonia) e de exposição ao fator de risco investigado (doença chiadora recorrente) através de anamnese e exame físico padronizados, realizados independentemente por dois observadores distintos. Ambos os observadores são pediatras designados pelo Departamento de Pediatria do Hospital para esta tarefa e recebem orientação e supervisão para uma observação padronizada. Os dados assim recolhidos são processados em análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas para explorar diferenças entre casos e controles. A amostra estudada resulta constituída por crianças de idade média de 2 anos (com variação entre um mês e sete anos), entre as quais 47 por cento são meninos. O diagnóstico de pneumonia é validado através da aplicação de análise discriminante multivariada das informações relativas a sinais clínicos, encontrando-se uma compatibilidade entre a conclusão clínica e estes sinais da ordem de pelo menos 75 por cento . O diagnóstico de exposição a doença chiadora é validado pela presença de história compatível segundo premissas pré-estabelecidas nos métodos do estudo (diagnóstico de asma e pelo menos um episódio de dispnéia nos últimos 12 meses ou história de chiado recorrente que melhora com medicação e pelo menos dois episódios nos últimos 12 meses) em 40 dos 41 expostos identificados. O questionário de identificação da exposição tem a repitibilidade medida através de sua reaplicação pelo mesmo observador a uma amostra de 20 por cento do total de crianças examinadas. Encontra-se um nível geral de concordância entre a primeira e segunda aplicação do questionário de 76,7 por cento e um índice Kappa de 0,65. A associação entre pneumonia e doença chiadora recorrente é analisada através de regressão logística com controle para todas as variáveis que em análise univariada mostram frequência estatisticamente significante entre casos e controles. Encontra-se que o risco de pneumonia entre crianças expostas a doença chiadora é 7 vezes maior do que entre crianças não expostas, controladas a renda familiar e a situação de aglomeração no quarto de dormir, também identificadas como fatores de risco para pneumonia (\"odds ratio\" de 5,6 e 2,4 para rendas baixa e média comparadas com renda alta e \"odds ratio\" de 1,5 para cada pessoa a mais no quarto de dormir). Calcula-se que para a comunidade hospitalar estudada a doença chiadora recorrente represente um risco atribuível para pneumonia entre 33 por cento e 51 por cento , conforme a aplicação de diferentes técnicas de cálculo. Conclui-se que as doenças chiadoras recorrentes da infância constituem-se em importante fator de risco para pneumonia e que seu controle, através da inclusão de assistência sistemática a pacientes com este diagnóstico nos programas de Saúde Pública para o controle de doenças respiratórias da infância, pode ter importante impacto sobre a incidência de pneumonias. / Taking into account some evidences from the literature and from analysis of available data, a hyphothesis that childhood wheezing diseases are related to pneunomia is established. A case-control study is designed to test this hypothesis taking 51 cases of pneumonia matched by sex and age to 51 healthy and 51 non-respiratory controls. The sample is drawn from patients of the \"Hospital Universitário da USP\". Entry condition for cases is to bear a community acquired pneumonia free of previous treatment and for controls is to be custommer of the same health services. Cases and controls are equally investigated with regards to the presence of pneumonia and history of wheezing diseases, investigation being conducted by two independent observers. Both are paediatricians selected by the Hospital Paediatric Department and are dully trained and supervised as to assure a standardized observation. Data are processed in oneway and multivariate statistical analyses to explore diferences between cases and controls. The sample studied comprises children aged 2 years in average (range between one month and seven years) and male subjects account for 47 per cent of the total. The diagnosis of pneumonia is validated through multivariate discriminant analysis which shows that clinical opinion is compatible to clinical signs in at least 75 per cent of the cases. The clinical conclusion of presence of wheezing disease is found compatible to previously defined criteria in 40 out of 41 patients. Repeatability of such information is assessed by re-aplication of the questionnaire for wheezing disease investigation to a sample of 20 per cent of the total number of children, which is carried out by the same observer of the first interview. An overall agreement of 76.7 per cent and a Kappa of 0.65 is found. Association between pneumonia and wheezing disease is analysed through logistic regression controlling the effects of all variables which have shown statistically significant differences between cases and controls. It is found that children who bear a wheezing disease have a risk to pneumonia which is 7 times greater than those who do not, allowing for socioeconomic status and bedroom crowding, both also risk fators: odds ratio of 5.6 and 2.4 for low and medium family income as opposed to high income and odds ratio of 1.5 for each increase of one person in bedroom.Derived from different techniques, an attributable risk for wheezing disease ranging from 33 per cent to 51 per cent is calculated. It is concluded that wheezing diseases of childhood are an important risk factor to pneumonia and that its control, by means of regular medical assistance of patients being included among the items of current public health programmes, should result in an important effect over the frequency of pneumonia.

Comentando-se algumas evidências da literatura e da análise de dados secundários de morbidade e mortalidade, estabelece-se a hipótese de que as doenças chiadoras recorrentes da infância possam constituir-se em fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de infecções pulmonares. Um estudo caso-controle é desenvolvido para testar esta hipótese reunindo 51 casos de pneumonia pareados por sexo e idade a 51 controles sadios e 51 controles doentes não respiratórios. A amostra é colhida entre pacientes do Hospital Universitário da USP sendo condição de entrada para os casos um diagnóstico de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade e livre de tratamento anterior. Os controles são selecionados dentro da mesma clientela entre pacientes com outro diagnóstico e crianças sadias usuárias dos mesmos serviços, identificadas entre acompanhantes de pacientes. Casos e controles são submetidos a idêntica investigação quanto a presença de doença (pneumonia) e de exposição ao fator de risco investigado (doença chiadora recorrente) através de anamnese e exame físico padronizados, realizados independentemente por dois observadores distintos. Ambos os observadores são pediatras designados pelo Departamento de Pediatria do Hospital para esta tarefa e recebem orientação e supervisão para uma observação padronizada. Os dados assim recolhidos são processados em análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas para explorar diferenças entre casos e controles. A amostra estudada resulta constituída por crianças de idade média de 2 anos (com variação entre um mês e sete anos), entre as quais 47 por cento são meninos. O diagnóstico de pneumonia é validado através da aplicação de análise discriminante multivariada das informações relativas a sinais clínicos, encontrando-se uma compatibilidade entre a conclusão clínica e estes sinais da ordem de pelo menos 75 por cento . O diagnóstico de exposição a doença chiadora é validado pela presença de história compatível segundo premissas pré-estabelecidas nos métodos do estudo (diagnóstico de asma e pelo menos um episódio de dispnéia nos últimos 12 meses ou história de chiado recorrente que melhora com medicação e pelo menos dois episódios nos últimos 12 meses) em 40 dos 41 expostos identificados. O questionário de identificação da exposição tem a repitibilidade medida através de sua reaplicação pelo mesmo observador a uma amostra de 20 por cento do total de crianças examinadas. Encontra-se um nível geral de concordância entre a primeira e segunda aplicação do questionário de 76,7 por cento e um índice Kappa de 0,65. A associação entre pneumonia e doença chiadora recorrente é analisada através de regressão logística com controle para todas as variáveis que em análise univariada mostram frequência estatisticamente significante entre casos e controles. Encontra-se que o risco de pneumonia entre crianças expostas a doença chiadora é 7 vezes maior do que entre crianças não expostas, controladas a renda familiar e a situação de aglomeração no quarto de dormir, também identificadas como fatores de risco para pneumonia (\"odds ratio\" de 5,6 e 2,4 para rendas baixa e média comparadas com renda alta e \"odds ratio\" de 1,5 para cada pessoa a mais no quarto de dormir). Calcula-se que para a comunidade hospitalar estudada a doença chiadora recorrente represente um risco atribuível para pneumonia entre 33 por cento e 51 por cento , conforme a aplicação de diferentes técnicas de cálculo. Conclui-se que as doenças chiadoras recorrentes da infância constituem-se em importante fator de risco para pneumonia e que seu controle, através da inclusão de assistência sistemática a pacientes com este diagnóstico nos programas de Saúde Pública para o controle de doenças respiratórias da infância, pode ter importante impacto sobre a incidência de pneumonias. / Taking into account some evidences from the literature and from analysis of available data, a hyphothesis that childhood wheezing diseases are related to pneunomia is established. A case-control study is designed to test this hypothesis taking 51 cases of pneumonia matched by sex and age to 51 healthy and 51 non-respiratory controls. The sample is drawn from patients of the \"Hospital Universitário da USP\". Entry condition for cases is to bear a community acquired pneumonia free of previous treatment and for controls is to be custommer of the same health services. Cases and controls are equally investigated with regards to the presence of pneumonia and history of wheezing diseases, investigation being conducted by two independent observers. Both are paediatricians selected by the Hospital Paediatric Department and are dully trained and supervised as to assure a standardized observation. Data are processed in oneway and multivariate statistical analyses to explore diferences between cases and controls. The sample studied comprises children aged 2 years in average (range between one month and seven years) and male subjects account for 47 per cent of the total. The diagnosis of pneumonia is validated through multivariate discriminant analysis which shows that clinical opinion is compatible to clinical signs in at least 75 per cent of the cases. The clinical conclusion of presence of wheezing disease is found compatible to previously defined criteria in 40 out of 41 patients. Repeatability of such information is assessed by re-aplication of the questionnaire for wheezing disease investigation to a sample of 20 per cent of the total number of children, which is carried out by the same observer of the first interview. An overall agreement of 76.7 per cent and a Kappa of 0.65 is found. Association between pneumonia and wheezing disease is analysed through logistic regression controlling the effects of all variables which have shown statistically significant differences between cases and controls. It is found that children who bear a wheezing disease have a risk to pneumonia which is 7 times greater than those who do not, allowing for socioeconomic status and bedroom crowding, both also risk fators: odds ratio of 5.6 and 2.4 for low and medium family income as opposed to high income and odds ratio of 1.5 for each increase of one person in bedroom.Derived from different techniques, an attributable risk for wheezing disease ranging from 33 per cent to 51 per cent is calculated. It is concluded that wheezing diseases of childhood are an important risk factor to pneumonia and that its control, by means of regular medical assistance of patients being included among the items of current public health programmes, should result in an important effect over the frequency of pneumonia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Natalia_Cofre.pdf: 1137819 bytes, checksum: 80d9e07a24e175aab7c93b664e0be3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Introduction: several studies have shown an association between wheezing and mental health problems in children and adolescents. This association can occur in both directions. Objective: to assess longitudinally the bidirectional association between wheezing and mental health problems in adolescents at 11 and 15 years of age. Methods: individuals belonging to the 1993 birth cohort, in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, were followed at 11 and 15 years old. Wheezing was assessed as presence of wheezing in the last 12 months , based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Mental health problems were assessed with the questionnaire Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with application version for parents. For the analysis, the total of subjects was divided in two samples from which teenagers with the outcomes (wheezing/mental health problems) at 11 years old were excluded. Results: in the crude analysis for mental health problems at age 11 as predictor of wheezing at age 15, there was a statistical significant association for both sexes: males [RI = 1.64 (95% CI 1.16, 2.31), p = 0.005], and females [RI = 1.68 (95% CI 1.28, 2.19), p <0.001]; after adjustment for confounders, the association was maintained only for females [RI = 1.66 (95% CI 1, 16, 2.36), p = 0.005]. When wheezing at age 11 was evaluated as predictor of mental health problems at 15 years old, there was a statistical significant association in the crude analysis only for boys [RI = 1.49 (95% CI 1.04, 2.16), p=0.031]; after adjusting for confounders, this association was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.652). Conclusions: girls who present mental health problems at age 11 have a high risk for developing wheezing at 15 years old. / Introdução: vários estudos mostram uma associação entre sibilância e problemas de saúde mental em crianças e adolescentes. Esta associação pode acontecer bidireccionalmente. Objetivo: avaliar de forma longitudinal a associação bidirecional entre sibilância e problemas de saúde mental em adolescentes aos 11 e 15 anos de idade. Métodos: indivíduos pertencentes à coorte de 1993 da cidade de Pelotas, Brasil, foram acompanhados aos 11 e 15 anos de idade. A sibilância foi avaliada pela pergunta chiado no peito nos últimos 12 meses , com base no Estudo Internacional de Asma e Alergias na Infância (ISAAC). Problemas de saúde mental foram avaliados através do questionário Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) com aplicação da versão para pais. Para a análise, dividiu-se o total de indivíduos em duas amostras, sendo que em cada uma delas foram excluídos aqueles adolescentes que apresentavam o desfecho de interesse (sibilância/problemas de saúde mental) aos 11 anos. Resultados: na análise bruta para problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos como preditor de sibilância aos 15 anos, houve associação estatisticamente significativa para ambos os sexos: nos meninos [RI=1,64 (IC95% 1,16;2,31), p=0,005], e nas meninas [RI=1,68 (IC95% 1,28;2,19), p<0,001]; após ajuste para as variáveis de confusão, a associação se manteve somente no sexo feminino [RI=1,66 (IC95% 1,16;2,36), p=0,005]. Quando avaliada a sibilância aos 11 anos como preditor de problemas de saúde mental aos15 anos, encontrou-se associação significativa na análise bruta, somente para os meninos [RI=1,49 (IC95% 1,04;2,166), p=0,031].; após ajuste para fatores de confusão, essa associação não se manteve estatisticamente significativa (p=0,652). Conclusões: meninas com problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos têm maior risco de desenvolver sibilância aos 15 anos.

Abstract Dyspnoea associated with respiratory infection is a common symptom in infancy and early childhood. Inspiratory stridor is the main symptom in cases of croup and expiratory wheezing in cases of bronchiolitis, obstructive bronchitis and acute asthma exacerbations. Dyspnoea associated with respiratory infection is a common cause of emergency department visits and unplanned hospital admissions among infants and preschool children. The assessment of dyspnea associated with acute childhood respiratory infection is largely subjective, and evidence regarding the severity of acute dyspnoea is needed in order to target hospital admissions more accurately. Wheezing associated with respiratory infection in infancy has been recognized as an important predictor of recurrent wheezing and asthma at school age. The aims of this study were to determine the risk factors for croup, to evaluate factors that reliably predict the need for hospitalizing children with acute wheezing and to find out whether respiratory infection with wheezing during infancy has a positive association with the development of asthma during childhood. The work included two register-based surveys and one prospective cohort study. It is concluded that a family history of croup is an exceptionally strong risk factor for croup and its recurrence in childhood. The early phase of bronchiolitis is unstable in infants below 6 months of age. These infants are most likely to need medical interventions in the first 5 days after onset of the disease. A positive respiratory syncytial -virus test result, a fever of more than 38°C and low initial oxygen saturation are predictors of the need for hospitalization and medical interventions. An initial oxygen saturation &gt;93% effectively identifies children aged more than 6 months with mild wheezing, and this limit can be used to avoid unplanned hospital admissions. There is an association between early respiratory syncytial -virus infections and subsequent wheezing and asthma, in that such infections select children who are prone to wheezing and asthma before school age, but the symptoms tend to decrease with time and an early respiratory syncytial -virus infection will not permanently alter bronchial reactivity. / Tiivistelmä Hengitysvaikeus on yleinen oire lapsilla virusten aiheuttamien hengitystieinfektioiden yhteydessä. Kurkunpäätulehdukseen liittyy sisäänhengitysvaikeus. Ilmatiehyttulehdukseen, ahtauttavaan keuhkoputkentulehdukseen ja akuuttiin astmakohtaukseen liittyy uloshengitysvaikeus. Hengitystieinfektioihin liittyvä hengitysvaikeus on yksi yleisimmistä syistä päivystyspoliklinikkakäynteihin ja äkillisiin sairaalahoitojaksoihin lapsipotilailla. Hengitystieinfektioiden taudinkulun tuntemisella ja hengitysvaikeuden vaikeusasteen arvioinnilla on tärkeä merkitys näiden potilaiden hoidon toteuttamisessa. Hengitystieinfektioon liittyvää hengitysvaikeutta on pidetty riskitekijänä astman kehittymiselle. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää kurkunpäätulehduksen riskitekijöitä ja sairaalahoitoon vaikuttavia tekijöitä hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa sekä varhaislapsuudessa sairastetun hengitystieinfektion yhteyttä myöhempään astma- ja allergiasairastavuuteen. Tutkimukseen sisältyi kaksi rekisteriaineistoa ja yksi seurantatutkimusaineisto. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että kurkunpäätulehduksen uusiutuminen on erittäin tavallista ja sisarusten ja vanhempien sairastama kurkunpäätulehdus on merkittävin riskitekijä kurkunpäätulehdukselle ja sen uusiutumiselle. Alle 6 kuukauden ikäisillä lapsilla ilmatiehyttulehduksen taudinkuva on epävakaa ensimmäisen 5 oirepäivän aikana. Kuume, matala happisaturaatioarvo ja respiratory syncytial -virusinfektio ennustavat osastohoidon ja invasiivisten toimenpiteiden tarvetta ilmatiehyttulehduksen yhteydessä. Yli 6 kuukauden ikäisillä lapsilla happisaturaatioarvo &gt; 93 % ennustaa lievää taudinkuvaa hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa. Käyttämällä tätä happisaturaatioarvoa raja-arvona, kun arvioidaan sairaalahoidon tarvetta, voidaan merkittävästi ja turvallisesti vähentää sairaalahoidon tarvetta lasten hengitystieinfektioon liittyvän uloshengitysvaikeuden hoidossa. Alle 6 kuukauden iässä sairastettu respiratory syncytial -virusinfektio on riskitekijä varhaislapsuudessa ilmeneville astmaoireille, mutta tämä riski vähenee iän myötä ja 8 vuoden iässä ei ole havaittavissa eroja astma- ja allergiasairastavuudessa, kun verrataan näitä potilaita muun hengitystieinfektion sairastaneisiin potilaisiin ja terveisiin kontrollipotilaisiin.

Contexte : L’organisme en développement est très sensible à son environnement. Plusieurs études épidémiologiques ont suggéré la toxicité développementale d’une dizaine de polluants suite à des expositions prénatales. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’évaluer les conséquences des expositions à des polluants chimiques (consommation de produits de la mer comme vecteur de contamination, solvants organiques et insecticides organophosphorés) pendant la grossesse sur le développement de l’enfant à 2 ans en se focalisant sur le développement neuro-comportemental, le développement respiratoire et immunitaire et le développement staturo-pondéral. Matériel et méthodes : Ce travail s’est appuyé sur la cohorte mère-enfant PELAGIE, mise en place en Bretagne entre 2002 et 2006. Près de 3500 femmes ont été incluses en début de grossesse et environ 1500 couples mère-enfant ont été suivis à 2 ans. Les expositions ont été évaluées en début de grossesse à partir de questionnaires, de matrices emplois-expositions ou de dosage de biomarqueurs d’exposition. Les indicateurs de santé ont été mesurés lors du suivi à 2 ans par questionnaire permettant de recueillir des éléments sur le comportement, les manifestations respiratoires à type de sifflement, les maladies allergiques et la croissance entre la naissance et 2 ans. Résultats : L’exposition professionnelle prénatale aux solvants organiques était associée à des déficits de l’attention/hyperactivité et des niveaux d’agressivité plus importants chez l’enfant à 2 ans. Cette exposition n’était pas associée avec les manifestations respiratoires et allergiques. Nous avons aussi montré que la consommation maternelle de coquillages et crustacés pendant la grossesse était associée à une augmentation du risque d’allergie alimentaire chez l’enfant. Enfin, l’exposition prénatale aux insecticides organophosphorés a été associée à une diminution de la vitesse de croissance en taille à 2 ans. Conclusion : Ce travail renforce l’hypothèse de l’implication de l’exposition prénatale aux polluants chimiques de l’environnement, y compris à faible dose, dans l’origine développementale de la santé et des maladies. / Background: The organism is very sensitive to environment during its developmental period. Number of epidemiological studies has suggested the developmental toxicity of about ten chemical pollutants after prenatal exposure. The general objective of the thesis is to explore the effect of prenatal exposure to certain chemical pollutants (organic solvents, organophosphates pesticides and maternal consumption of fish and shellfish (vectors of pollutants)) on child development at age 2. Methods: This thesis is based on the PELAGIE mother-child cohort that was set up in 2002, in Brittany (FRANCE). In total, 3421 women were included in this cohort at the beginning of pregnancy and 1500 mother- child pairs were followed when the child was 2 years old. Exposures were evaluated at the beginning of pregnancy from questionnaires, job-exposure matrices or measurement of biomarkers of exposure. Health indicators were measured at the 2 years follow-up. At follow-up, questionnaires allowed to obtain information on child behaviour, respiratory manifestations like wheezing, allergies (eczema and food allergy) and growth between birth and the age of two. Results: Prenatal occupational exposure to solvents was associated with higher level of hyperactivity and attention deficit at age 2. This exposure was not associated neither with respiratory nor with allergic manifestations. We also observed that maternal shellfish consumption during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of food allergy in preschoolers. Finally, higher prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides was associated with a decrease height growth velocity at age 2. Conclusion: The present thesis based on the PELAGIE study supported for the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals may be implicated in the developmental origin of health and diseases.

Abstract Advances in perinatal treatment practices—such as antenatal corticosteroids, surfactant replacement therapy, and gentler ventilator modalities—have improved the survival of infants born preterm. Consequently, later morbidity and pulmonary outcome for survivors has attracted increasing interest. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains high and the condition is manifesting in infants born at earlier gestational weeks than before. This so-called new BPD results from the arrest of alveolar development and is associated with less structural airway injury and interstitial fibrosis than previously. Long-term follow-up data on lung function, lung structure and respiratory morbidity of children treated with modern methods is insufficiently known. We performed a follow-up study of 88 preterm-born children and 88 matched term-born controls at school age. Children born preterm had lower values in lung function measurements than term-born peers. Reductions were most marked in those with a history of BPD. In accordance with the foetal origins hypothesis, children with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) had lower lung function than gestation-controls. This indicates that poor growth in utero is an additional burden on pulmonary health. Both IUGR and BPD predicted lower lung function independently. High-resolution computed tomography of the lung was obtained from 21 children with a history of BPD. Structural abnormalities were common, children with severe BPD being most affected. Preterm children were hospitalised more often than controls, mainly because of wheezing disorders. However, BPD did not influence the hospitalisations. According to the meta-analysis of the contemporary data available, the respiratory outcome of children who had only mild BPD may have improved in comparison to old follow-up data, whereas the results for those without BPD or moderate-to-severe BPD have remained remarkably stable despite progress in treatment practices during early life. In conclusion, preterm children had subtle impairments in lung function at school age. Although they were fairly asymptomatic, concern about the possible long-term effects of preterm birth on pulmonary health is justified. It has been proposed that BPD may predispose individuals to an early COPD-like disorder. Preterm children must be protected from any additional burden on respiratory health and should be monitored appropriately for early detection of lung disease. / Tiivistelmä Keskosten tehohoito on kehittynyt viime vuosikymmeninä merkittävästi, ja yhä epäkypsempänä syntyvät keskoset selviävät hengissä syntymän jälkeen. Keskosten pitkäaikainen keuhkosairaus, bronkopulmonaalinen dysplasia (BPD), on perinteisesti johtunut hengityskonehoidon ja happikaasun aiheuttamasta keuhkovauriosta ja johtanut keuhkokudoksen arpeutumiseen. Aiempaa ennenaikaisemmilla keskosilla esiintyy kuitenkin nykyään niin sanottua uutta BPD:tä, jonka ajatellaan johtuvan enemmän keuhkorakkuloiden kehityshäiriöstä kuin hoitojen aiheuttamasta keuhkovauriosta. Selvitimme, miten nykyaikaisilla menetelmillä hoidettujen keskosten keuhkojen rakenne ja toiminta kehittyvät kouluikään mennessä. Seurantatutkimukseemme osallistui 88 ennenaikaisena syntynyttä, kouluikään ehtinyttä lasta ja 88 täysiaikaisena syntynyttä, kaltaistettua verrokkia. Keskosena syntyneiden lasten keuhkofunktio oli kouluiässä huonompi kuin täysiaikaisena syntyneiden verrokkien. Alhaisin keuhkofunktio oli niillä keskosena syntyneillä lapsilla, jotka olivat sairastaneet vastasyntyneenä BPD:n. Myös kohdunsisäiseen kasvuhäiriöön (intrauterine growth restriction, IUGR) liittyi alentunut keuhkofunktio. BPD ja IUGR ennustivat alentunutta keuhkofunktiota toisistaan riippumatta. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin myös keuhkojen ohutleiketietokonekuvaus 21 keskoselle, jotka olivat sairastaneet BPD:n. Lähes kaikilla havaittiin poikkeavia löydöksiä – eniten niillä, joilla oli ollut vastasyntyneenä BPD:n vaikea tautimuoto. Keskosina syntyneet joutuivat kahden ensimmäisen vuoden aikana verrokkeja useammin sairaalahoitoon. Yleisimpiä syitä olivat hengityksen vinkumista aiheuttavat taudit kuten ilmatiehyttulehdus, ahtauttava keuhkoputkitulehdus tai akuutti astmakohtaus. Vastasyntyneenä sairastettu BPD ei kuitenkaan lisännyt todennäköisyyttä joutua sairaalahoitoon. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin myös meta-analyysi nykyaikaisilla menetelmillä hoidettujen keskosten keuhkofunktiosta: lievää BPD:tä sairastavien tulokset näyttävät parantuneen, kun taas keskivaikeaa tai vaikeaa tautimuotoa sairastavien ja ilman BPD:tä selvinneiden keuhkofunktio ei ole muuttunut uusien hoitojen myötä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että keskosten keuhkojen toimintakyky on jonkin verran alentunut täysiaikaisiin verrattuna. Lievästi alentunut keuhkofunktio ei kuitenkaan yleensä aiheuttanut koululaisille oireita. Keskosena syntyneiden lasten hengityselinten toimintaa on syytä seurata, sillä niin sanotun uuden BPD:n pitkäaikaisesta ennusteesta ei ole vielä tietoa.