Nesse estudo investigamos os efeitos da hipóxia tecidual aguda (HA) sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas dos neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da área rostro-ventrolateral do bulbo (RVLM) de ratos jovens adultos submetidos previamente à hipóxia crônica intermitente (HCI) e os seus respectivos controle. Para marcarmos os neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da RVLM, ratos Wistar jovens (P19-P21) anestesiados com ketamina e xilazina, receberam microinjeções bilaterais de rodamina, um traçador fluorescente retrógrado, na coluna intermediolateral da medula espinhal (T3-T6) e 2 dias após a recuperação da cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de HCI, enquanto que ratos controle foram mantidos em condições de normóxia, durante 10 dias. No décimo primeiro dia, os ratos foram novamente anestesiados para a remoção do cérebro e as fatias do tronco cerebral contendo neurônios pré-simpáticos com marcação positivas foram registrados. Utilizamos a técnica de whole cell patch-clamp para estudo das propriedades eletrofisiológicas desses neurônios. As propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas foram analisadas antes e após a HA, a qual foi produzida pela perfusão das fatias do tronco cerebral com uma solução hipóxica (95% N2 + 5% CO2) durante 2 minutos na presença de bloqueadores sinápticos excitatórios e inibitórios. Todos os neurônios pré-simpáticos apresentaram característica intrínseca de autodespolarização e a frequência de disparos basal de potenciais de ação (PAs) desses neurônios de ratos do grupo controle e HCI foram similares [Controle= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. No grupo controle, a HA não alterou a frequência média de disparos de PAs (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05], porém revelou diferentes perfis de disparo de PAs após 2 min de exposição à HA: i) 11 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 5,1 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA = 7 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05]; ii) 21 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05] e iii) 7 neurônios com diminuição na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). No grupo HCI, a HA produziu aumento na frequência média de disparos (BS= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) e na análise do perfil de disparo de PAs, a HA revelou 2 subpopulações: i) 9 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs HA = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) e ii) 22 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs HA = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05). Esse estudo nos permitiu revelar diferentes subpopulações de neurônios pré-simpáticos que responderam de forma distintas à HA. Os resultados também sugerem que a HCI teria um efeito pré- condicionante na excitabilidade intrínseca dos neurônios pré-simpáticos em resposta à HA / In this study we evaluated the effects of acute hypoxia (AH) on the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of presympathetic neurons from rostro ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of juvenile rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) or normoxic condition (control group). To label the RVLM bulbospinal presympathetic neurons, young Wistar rats (P 19 - 21) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, received bilateral microinjections of a fluorescent retrograde tracer (rhodamine retrobeads) were performed into the intermediolateral column of spinal cord (T3-T6) and two days after recovery of the surgery, the animals were submitted to CIH or normoxic protocol, during 10 days. On the 11th day, under anesthesia, brainstem slices were obtained and only the labeled RVLM presympathetic neurons were recorded, using whole-cell patch-clamp approach to study the electrophysiological properties of these neurons. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties were analyzed before and after AH, which was produced by slice perfusion with hypoxic solution (95% N2 and 5% CO2) during 2 min in the presence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic antagonists. All recorded RVLM presympathetic neurons presented intrinsic pacemaker activity and the baseline firing frequency of these neurons from control and CIH group were similar [Control= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. In the control group, AH do not change the firing rate (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05), but revealed different pattern of firing frequency after 2 min of AH: i) 11 neurons increased the firing frequency (BS = 4,9 ± 0,9 Hz vs HA = 6,9 ± 1,0 Hz; p < 0,05) ; ii) 21 neurons do not change the firing frequency (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05) and iii) 7 neurons decreased the firing frequency (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). In the CIH group, the AH increased the firing rate comparing with basal condition (SB= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs AH= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) and analyzing the pattern of action potential, AH revealed 2 subpopulations in this group: i) 9 neurons increased the firing frequency (SB = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs AH = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) and ii) 22 neurons do not change the firing frequency (SB = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs AH = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05).. The data shows that AH revealed different subpopulations of presympathetic neurons and suggest that CIH plays a preconditioning in the intrinsic excitability of presympathetic neurons in response to acute hypoxia

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-26T17:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJBCS.pdf: 2225419 bytes, checksum: d3ec7a73f461b658739175f8e171c762 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:27:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJBCS.pdf: 2225419 bytes, checksum: d3ec7a73f461b658739175f8e171c762 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:27:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJBCS.pdf: 2225419 bytes, checksum: d3ec7a73f461b658739175f8e171c762 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJBCS.pdf: 2225419 bytes, checksum: d3ec7a73f461b658739175f8e171c762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Cell-associated lipases have been considered biocatalysts economically advantageous because they are produced at low cost, avoiding further recovery or purification steps. Few studies regarding Streptomyces clavuligerus lipase have reported the production of extracellular enzyme, although at first this had been considered a cell-associated enzyme. In this context, the aim of this work was the production of the cell-associated lipase from Streptomyces clavuligerus (whole-cell lipase, Sc-WCL) by submerged fermentation, the biochemical characterization of the enzyme and its use in the synthesis of butyl butyrate, an aroma ester with industrial importance. The culture conditions on rotary shaker and the operational parameters for cultivation in bioreactor were evaluated in order to establish a protocol for Sc- WCL production. The conditions for S. clavuligerus cultivation in rotary shaker that resulted in maximal hydrolytic activity of Sc-WCL (3,000 U.L-1) were: baffled flask, free-glycerol production medium, pH 6.8 and 28 °C. The operational parameters in bench reactor that resulted in maximal volumetric productivity of Sc-WCL (54 U.L-1.h-1) were agitation of 400 rpm and aeration of 1 vvm. The maximal volumetric productivity in bioreactor operated under selected conditions (52.5 U.L-1.h-1) was reached after 24 h, while similar productivity in rotary shaker (54.8 U.L-1.h -1) was achieved only after 48 h fermentation. The catalytic potential of Sc-WCL in hydrolysis reactions was comparable to the commercial lipase preparations. Sc- WCL was more active at 60 °C and pH 10.7, and stable at 30-40 °C after 1 h incubation at pH 10. For butyl butyrate synthesis catalyzed by Sc-WCL, the reaction conditions that resulted in higher ester conversion (85%) were: 5 g of Sc-WCL/ L, molar ratio of fatty acid: alcohol 1:1 in heptane and 8 h reaction. The stability at alkaline pH and organic medium (leastwise in heptane and butanol), associated with the low cost, make Sc-WCL attractive in industrial applications, such as flavors synthesis, detergent formulations, hydrolysis of vegetable oils, among others. / Lipases associadas à célula têm se destacado como biocatalisadores economicamente vantajosos, pois são produzidas a baixo custo, dispensando etapas posteriores de recuperação ou purificação. Poucos estudos sobre lipase de Streptomyces clavuligerus relatam a produção da enzima extracelular, embora esta tenha sido, a princípio, considerada uma enzima associada à célula. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a produção de lipase associada à célula de Streptomyces clavuligerus (lipase “whole-cell”, Sc-WCL) por fermentação submersa, a caracterização bioquímica da enzima e sua aplicação na síntese de butirato de butila, um éster de aroma com importância industrial. As condições de cultivo em shaker e os parâmetros operacionais para cultivo em biorreator foram avaliados com o intuito de estabelecer um protocolo para a produção de Sc-WCL. As condições de cultivo de S. clavuligerus em shaker que resultaram em maior atividade hidrolítica de Sc-WCL (3.000 U.L- 1) foram: frasco aletado, ausência de glicerol no meio de produção, pH 6,8 e 28 ºC. Os parâmetros operacionais em reator de bancada que resultaram em maior produtividade volumétrica de Sc-WCL (54 U.L-1.h-1) foram: agitação de 400 rpm e aeração de 1 vvm. A máxima produtividade volumétrica em biorreator operado nas condições selecionadas foi alcançada após 24 h de cultivo (52,5 U.L-1.h-1), enquanto que produtividade similar em shaker foi obtida somente após 48 h de cultivo (54,8 U.L-1.h-1). O potencial catalítico de Sc-WCL em reações de hidrólise foi comparável ao de preparações comerciais de lipase. Sc-WCL foi mais ativa a 60 ºC e pH 10,7, e mais estável na faixa de 30 a 40 ºC após 1 h de incubação a pH 10. Na síntese de butirato de butila catalisada pela Sc-WCL, as condições reacionais que resultaram em maior conversão (85%) foram: 5 g de Sc-WCL/ L, razão molar ácido graxo/álcool 1:1 em heptano e 8 h de reação. A estabilidade em pH alcalino e em meio orgânico (pelo menos em heptano e butanol), associada ao baixo custo, tornam a Sc-WCL atrativa em aplicações de interesse industrial, tais como, síntese de aromas, formulações de detergentes, hidrólise de óleos vegetais, dentre outras.

Nesse estudo investigamos os efeitos da hipóxia tecidual aguda (HA) sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas dos neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da área rostro-ventrolateral do bulbo (RVLM) de ratos jovens adultos submetidos previamente à hipóxia crônica intermitente (HCI) e os seus respectivos controle. Para marcarmos os neurônios pré-simpáticos bulboespinhais da RVLM, ratos Wistar jovens (P19-P21) anestesiados com ketamina e xilazina, receberam microinjeções bilaterais de rodamina, um traçador fluorescente retrógrado, na coluna intermediolateral da medula espinhal (T3-T6) e 2 dias após a recuperação da cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de HCI, enquanto que ratos controle foram mantidos em condições de normóxia, durante 10 dias. No décimo primeiro dia, os ratos foram novamente anestesiados para a remoção do cérebro e as fatias do tronco cerebral contendo neurônios pré-simpáticos com marcação positivas foram registrados. Utilizamos a técnica de whole cell patch-clamp para estudo das propriedades eletrofisiológicas desses neurônios. As propriedades eletrofisiológicas intrínsecas foram analisadas antes e após a HA, a qual foi produzida pela perfusão das fatias do tronco cerebral com uma solução hipóxica (95% N2 + 5% CO2) durante 2 minutos na presença de bloqueadores sinápticos excitatórios e inibitórios. Todos os neurônios pré-simpáticos apresentaram característica intrínseca de autodespolarização e a frequência de disparos basal de potenciais de ação (PAs) desses neurônios de ratos do grupo controle e HCI foram similares [Controle= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. No grupo controle, a HA não alterou a frequência média de disparos de PAs (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05], porém revelou diferentes perfis de disparo de PAs após 2 min de exposição à HA: i) 11 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 5,1 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA = 7 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05]; ii) 21 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05] e iii) 7 neurônios com diminuição na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). No grupo HCI, a HA produziu aumento na frequência média de disparos (BS= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs HA= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) e na análise do perfil de disparo de PAs, a HA revelou 2 subpopulações: i) 9 neurônios com aumento na frequência de disparos (BS = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs HA = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) e ii) 22 neurônios sem alteração na frequência de disparos (BS = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs HA = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05). Esse estudo nos permitiu revelar diferentes subpopulações de neurônios pré-simpáticos que responderam de forma distintas à HA. Os resultados também sugerem que a HCI teria um efeito pré- condicionante na excitabilidade intrínseca dos neurônios pré-simpáticos em resposta à HA / In this study we evaluated the effects of acute hypoxia (AH) on the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of presympathetic neurons from rostro ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of juvenile rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) or normoxic condition (control group). To label the RVLM bulbospinal presympathetic neurons, young Wistar rats (P 19 - 21) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, received bilateral microinjections of a fluorescent retrograde tracer (rhodamine retrobeads) were performed into the intermediolateral column of spinal cord (T3-T6) and two days after recovery of the surgery, the animals were submitted to CIH or normoxic protocol, during 10 days. On the 11th day, under anesthesia, brainstem slices were obtained and only the labeled RVLM presympathetic neurons were recorded, using whole-cell patch-clamp approach to study the electrophysiological properties of these neurons. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties were analyzed before and after AH, which was produced by slice perfusion with hypoxic solution (95% N2 and 5% CO2) during 2 min in the presence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic antagonists. All recorded RVLM presympathetic neurons presented intrinsic pacemaker activity and the baseline firing frequency of these neurons from control and CIH group were similar [Control= 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz (n=39) vs HCI= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz (n=31); p > 0,05]. In the control group, AH do not change the firing rate (BS = 5,03 ± 0,4 Hz vs HA = 5,24 ± 0,3 Hz (n=39); p > 0,05), but revealed different pattern of firing frequency after 2 min of AH: i) 11 neurons increased the firing frequency (BS = 4,9 ± 0,9 Hz vs HA = 6,9 ± 1,0 Hz; p < 0,05) ; ii) 21 neurons do not change the firing frequency (BS = 4,8 ± 0,5 Hz vs HA = 5,36 ± 0,6 Hz; p > 0,05) and iii) 7 neurons decreased the firing frequency (BS = 7,3 ± 1,1 Hz vs HA = 3,6 ± 0,7 Hz; p < 0,05). In the CIH group, the AH increased the firing rate comparing with basal condition (SB= 6,31 ± 0,7 Hz vs AH= 7,25 ± 0,8 Hz; n=31 - p < 0,05) and analyzing the pattern of action potential, AH revealed 2 subpopulations in this group: i) 9 neurons increased the firing frequency (SB = 4,7 ± 0,8 Hz vs AH = 8,2 ± 1,4 Hz; p < 0,05) and ii) 22 neurons do not change the firing frequency (SB = 7,0 ± 1,0 Hz vs AH = 6,8 ± 1,0 Hz; p > 0,05).. The data shows that AH revealed different subpopulations of presympathetic neurons and suggest that CIH plays a preconditioning in the intrinsic excitability of presympathetic neurons in response to acute hypoxia

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo sintetizar espumas flexíveis de poliuretano e estudar seu desempenho como matriz para imobilização de células íntegras de micro-organismo com elevada atividade lipolítica (glicerol éster hidrolase - E.C. 3.1.1.3). A biomassa imobilizada foi empregada como catalisador na síntese de biodiesel a partir do óleo de babaçu e etanol. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram avaliadas as condições de síntese das espumas de poliuretano e verificado a necessidade do uso dos catalisadores e surfactantes na formulação para se obter espumas com resistência a solventes e com poros bem distribuídos. Com o objetivo de controlar o diâmetro dos poros das espumas, foram sintetizadas sete espumas. Em três formulações foram utilizados poliois poliéter de diferentes massas moleculares, 1100g/mol, 3000g/mol e 6000g/mol com mesma agitação (2500RPM) e os produtos apresentaram poros de menores dimensões. Em outras três, duas utilizando o poliol com massa molecular de 3000g/mol e agitações de 500 RPM e 1500RPM, foram obtidas espumas com tamanho de poros diferentes e maiores que as anteriores; em outra formulação foi utilizado poliol de menor massa molecular (1100g/mol) e agitação de 500RPM, quando foi obtida espuma com tamanhos de poros diferentes das três primeiras formulações. Na ultima formulação foi utilizado um poliol poliéster e agitação de 2500RPM na qual o diâmetro de poros foi semelhante ao das três primeiras formulações. Todas as espumas foram caracterizadas quanto à densidade aparente, tamanho de poros, permeabilidade ao ar, grau de inchamento, quantidade de solvente absorvida pelo polímero e sorção de água. Nesta etapa foi verificada a eficiência da agitação para o controle da dimensão dos poros. Na etapa seguinte, as espumas sintetizadas e uma espuma comercial pré-selecionada e utilizada como controle, foram empregadas nas imobilizações das células íntegras de Mucor circinelloides. Foram avaliadas as atividades de hidrólise das biomassas imobilizadas e a quantidade de micélio adsorvido nas espumas. Na seqüência as células foram empregadas na etanólise de óleo de babaçu em meio contendo terc-butanol como solvente. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma influencia do tamanho de poros e do tipo de poliol no rendimento da bioconversão. Elevados rendimentos foram obtidos com as espumas com poros de menores dimensões, sendo estas utilizadas em bateladas consecutivas com o objetivo de comparar as respectivas estabilidades operacionais. Ao se utilizar espuma com diâmetros de poros maiores, houve um aumento das conversões nas primeiras 24 horas, porém um comprometimento dos rendimentos finais na transesterificação. As espumas com poliol poliéter apresentaram boa biocompatibilidade com o fungo, destacando as espumas sintetizada com os poliois de massa molecular de 1100g/mol, por apresentar boa estabilidade operacional e a espuma com poliol de massa molecular de 6000g/mol, por apresentar o maior rendimento, cerca de 87%. Entre as espumas testadas aquela sintetizada a partir de poliéster não apresentou uma boa biocompatibilidade devido à inibição da produção da lipase intracelular na biomassa imobilizada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as espumas de poliuretano apresentaramm boas características para a imobilização de células de M. circinelloides e que as biomassas imobilizadas nestas matrizes apresentaram boas propriedades catalíticas. / This study aimed to synthesize flexible polyurethane foams and to study their performance as matrix for immobilization of whole cell micro-organism with high lipolytic activity (glycerol ester hydrolase - EC 3.1.1.3). Each system consisted of polyurethane matrix and whole cell, called immobilized biomass, was used as catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel from babassu oil and ethanol. In the first stage of the research were evaluated the conditions of synthesis of polyurethane foams and verified the utilization of catalysts and surfactants in the formulation to obtain foams with resistance to solvents and welldistributed pores. In order to control the pore diameter of the foams, seven foams were synthesized. In three formulations were used polyether polyols with different molecular weight, 1100g/mol, 3000g/mol and 6000g/mol with same agitation (2500rpm) and the foams exhibited pores of small dimensions. In other three synthesis, two of them using the polyols with molecular weight of 3000g/mol and agitations of 500 rpm, 1500 rpm, the foams showed the different and bigger pore dimensions when compared with the first three formulations; in other using polyol with lower molecular weight on agitation (1100g/mol) and 500rpm, resulting in foams with different pore sizes. The last foam with polyester polyol and agitation of 2500rpm showed the same pores sizes of the first three formulatios. All foams were characterized in terms of apparent density, pore size, air permeability, degree of swelling, amount of absorbed solvent by the polymer and water sorption. This step was verified the influence of the agitation speed in the control of pore size. In the next step, the synthesized foams and a pre-selected foam used as control, were used in immobilization of whole cells of Mucor circinelloides. The hydrolytic activity of immobilized biomass and the amount of adsorbed mycelium foams were evaluated. In the following step, the whole cells immobilized in the matrixes of polyurethane were employed in the ethanolysis of babassu oil using tert-butanol as solvent. The results indicated the influence of pore size and the type of polyol in the bioconversion yield. High yields were obtained with foams with smaller pores sizes, which were used in consecutive batches in order of evaluate the operational stability. When using foam with larger pore diameters, there was an increase in conversions in the first 24 hours, but a commitment of final earnings in the transesterification. Although the polyether polyol foams showed good biocompatibility with the fungus, highlighting the foam polyols synthesized with a molecular mass of 1100g/mol by presenting good operational stability and foam polyol with a molecular mass of 6000g/mol by presenting the highest yield (87%). Between the tested foams the one synthesized with polyester did not show good biocompatibility due to inhibition of intracellular production of biomass immobilized lipase. The results indicated that the polyurethane foams had good characteristics for immobilization of whole cells of M. circinelloides as well as the immobilized biomass showed good catalytic properties.

A coqueluche é uma doença respiratória contagiosa, causada pela bactéria Bordetella pertussis. Tendo um significativo impacto epidemiológico, esta doença sofreu uma expressiva redução após o uso disseminado de vacinas pertussis. Efeitos adversos na imunização com a Vacina de células inteiras Whole cell pertussis (wP), atribuídos a presença de lipopolissacarídeos (LPS), levou ao desenvolvimento da Vacina pertussis acelular (aP). Contudo, a imunização com aP não tem demonstrada a mesma eficiência que a imunização com wP. Diante desse cenário o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver o processo de produção industrial de uma nova Vacina Pertussis de células inteiras com reduzida quantidade de LPS e baixa reatogenicidade, a Vacina Pertussis Low (wPlow). Para alcançar o objetivo, foram produzidos em escala industrial 25 lotes de cultivos inativados, concentrados e submetidos à extração de LPS com solvente orgânico. Para extração de LPS foram avaliadas 4 diferentes metodologias: filtração de fluxo tangencial (TFF); filtração de fluxo tangencial com lavagem com solução com solvente orgânico (TFFSW); centrifuga tubular (CT); centrifugação de fluxo contínuo de pratos (CFC). A wPlow produzida em centrifuga de bancada e a wP foram usadas para comparação. O processo de bancada resultou na redução de LPS (método Purpald) em média de 75% do conteúdo de LPS e a redução de 81% da atividade endotóxica (dosagem de LAL). Nos processos industriais, por TFF houve a redução de &cong;21% do conteúdo de LPS, porém com aumento de &cong; 52% da atividade endotóxica; por TFFSW houve a redução de 46% do conteúdo de LPS e uma redução endotóxica média de &cong; 24%; por CT ocorreu à redução de &cong; 66% do conteúdo de LPS e de &cong; 73% da atividade endotóxica; com a CFC houve a redução de &cong; 92% do conteúdo de LPS e de &cong; 61% da atividade endotóxica. Os rendimentos de processo foram &cong; 83%, 61%, 37% e 63% respectivamente para os processos de TFF, TFFSW, CT e CFC. Através de microscopia eletrônica, foi possível visualizar a integridade celular após o processamento por CFC, e o principal antígeno vacinal, a toxina pertussis foi detectada na preparação, por western-blot. Quanto à imunogenicidade, anticorpos IgG anti-pertussis foram detectados por ELISA e resultados preliminares não mostraram diferença significativa de redução de colonização pulmonar de B. pertussis em camundongos imunizados com a wPlow ou wP. Diante dos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que os processos de TFF e TFFSW não foram eficientes na remoção da atividade endotóxica da wPlow, embora tenha ocorrido a redução do LPS. Com relação aos processos utilizando centrífugas industriais, eficientes tanto na remoção do LPS e na redução da atividade endotóxica, houve, contudo, um baixo rendimento no processo com CT. A wPlow produzida por CFC foi imunogênica, indicando a eficácia potencial desta vacina e que a produção em escala industrial é um processo viável. Como parte deste trabalho, a cepa vacinal de Bordetella pertussis foi também caracterizada pelo seu sequenciamento genômico completo (genbank número CP010323). / Whooping cough is a contagious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. In the past this infection had a high epidemiological impact, only reduced after the use of pertussis vaccine. The association of adverse events in immunization with whole cell Pertussis vaccine (wP), attributed to the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has led to the development of acellular Pertussis vaccine (aP). However, it is known that immunization with aP does not have the same efficiency as compared to immunization with wP vaccine. In this scenario, the objective of this work is to develop the industrial production process of a new whole cell pertussis vaccine with reduced amount of LPS and low reatogenicity, the whole cell Pertussis low vaccine (wPlow). To achieve this aim, we produced 25 lots of inactivated and concentrated cultures prepared on an industrial scale and subjected to LPS extraction with organic solvent. We evaluated four industrial processes to extract the LPS from the cells: tangential flow filtration (TFF), TFF with organic solvent washing (TFFSW), tubular centrifugation (CT) and continuous flow centrifugation (CFC). These methodologies were compared with wPlow produced at bench scale obtained by centrifugation and with traditional wP. The bench process resulted in the reduction of 75% of LPS content (Purpald method) and 81% reduction in endotoxic activity (LAL dosage) on average. In the industrial processes, TFF reduced &cong; 21% in LPS content, but with a &cong;52% increase in endotoxic activity; by TFFSW there was a reduction of &cong; 46% of the LPS content and an average reduction of endotoxic activity of &cong;24%; CT reduced &cong; 66% of LPS content and &cong; 73% of endotoxic activity; with CFC there was a reduction of &cong; 92% in LPS content and &cong;1% in endotoxic activity. The process yields were &cong; 83%, 61%, 37% and 63% respectively for the TFF, TFFSW, CT and CFC processes. Through electron microscopy, it was possible to visualize cell integrity after CFC processing, and the major vaccine antigen, pertussis toxin, was detected in the preparation by western blot. As for immunogenicity, anti-pertussis IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA and preliminary results showed no differences in the B. pertussis colonization of lungs in mice immunized with wPlow or wP. We can conclude that the TFF and TFFSW processes were not efficient in removing the endotoxic activity of wPlow, although LPS reduction occurred. Although the processes using industrial centrifuges were efficacious in the removal of LPS and in the reduction of endotoxic activity, there was a low yield in the CT process. The wPlow produced by CFC was immunogenic indicating its potential as a vaccine and that this industrial scale production is a viable process. The characterization of the vaccine strain of Bordetella pertussis by complete genome sequencing was also presented here as part of this work (genbank - number CP010323).

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo sintetizar espumas flexíveis de poliuretano e estudar seu desempenho como matriz para imobilização de células íntegras de micro-organismo com elevada atividade lipolítica (glicerol éster hidrolase - E.C. 3.1.1.3). A biomassa imobilizada foi empregada como catalisador na síntese de biodiesel a partir do óleo de babaçu e etanol. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram avaliadas as condições de síntese das espumas de poliuretano e verificado a necessidade do uso dos catalisadores e surfactantes na formulação para se obter espumas com resistência a solventes e com poros bem distribuídos. Com o objetivo de controlar o diâmetro dos poros das espumas, foram sintetizadas sete espumas. Em três formulações foram utilizados poliois poliéter de diferentes massas moleculares, 1100g/mol, 3000g/mol e 6000g/mol com mesma agitação (2500RPM) e os produtos apresentaram poros de menores dimensões. Em outras três, duas utilizando o poliol com massa molecular de 3000g/mol e agitações de 500 RPM e 1500RPM, foram obtidas espumas com tamanho de poros diferentes e maiores que as anteriores; em outra formulação foi utilizado poliol de menor massa molecular (1100g/mol) e agitação de 500RPM, quando foi obtida espuma com tamanhos de poros diferentes das três primeiras formulações. Na ultima formulação foi utilizado um poliol poliéster e agitação de 2500RPM na qual o diâmetro de poros foi semelhante ao das três primeiras formulações. Todas as espumas foram caracterizadas quanto à densidade aparente, tamanho de poros, permeabilidade ao ar, grau de inchamento, quantidade de solvente absorvida pelo polímero e sorção de água. Nesta etapa foi verificada a eficiência da agitação para o controle da dimensão dos poros. Na etapa seguinte, as espumas sintetizadas e uma espuma comercial pré-selecionada e utilizada como controle, foram empregadas nas imobilizações das células íntegras de Mucor circinelloides. Foram avaliadas as atividades de hidrólise das biomassas imobilizadas e a quantidade de micélio adsorvido nas espumas. Na seqüência as células foram empregadas na etanólise de óleo de babaçu em meio contendo terc-butanol como solvente. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma influencia do tamanho de poros e do tipo de poliol no rendimento da bioconversão. Elevados rendimentos foram obtidos com as espumas com poros de menores dimensões, sendo estas utilizadas em bateladas consecutivas com o objetivo de comparar as respectivas estabilidades operacionais. Ao se utilizar espuma com diâmetros de poros maiores, houve um aumento das conversões nas primeiras 24 horas, porém um comprometimento dos rendimentos finais na transesterificação. As espumas com poliol poliéter apresentaram boa biocompatibilidade com o fungo, destacando as espumas sintetizada com os poliois de massa molecular de 1100g/mol, por apresentar boa estabilidade operacional e a espuma com poliol de massa molecular de 6000g/mol, por apresentar o maior rendimento, cerca de 87%. Entre as espumas testadas aquela sintetizada a partir de poliéster não apresentou uma boa biocompatibilidade devido à inibição da produção da lipase intracelular na biomassa imobilizada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as espumas de poliuretano apresentaramm boas características para a imobilização de células de M. circinelloides e que as biomassas imobilizadas nestas matrizes apresentaram boas propriedades catalíticas. / This study aimed to synthesize flexible polyurethane foams and to study their performance as matrix for immobilization of whole cell micro-organism with high lipolytic activity (glycerol ester hydrolase - EC 3.1.1.3). Each system consisted of polyurethane matrix and whole cell, called immobilized biomass, was used as catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel from babassu oil and ethanol. In the first stage of the research were evaluated the conditions of synthesis of polyurethane foams and verified the utilization of catalysts and surfactants in the formulation to obtain foams with resistance to solvents and welldistributed pores. In order to control the pore diameter of the foams, seven foams were synthesized. In three formulations were used polyether polyols with different molecular weight, 1100g/mol, 3000g/mol and 6000g/mol with same agitation (2500rpm) and the foams exhibited pores of small dimensions. In other three synthesis, two of them using the polyols with molecular weight of 3000g/mol and agitations of 500 rpm, 1500 rpm, the foams showed the different and bigger pore dimensions when compared with the first three formulations; in other using polyol with lower molecular weight on agitation (1100g/mol) and 500rpm, resulting in foams with different pore sizes. The last foam with polyester polyol and agitation of 2500rpm showed the same pores sizes of the first three formulatios. All foams were characterized in terms of apparent density, pore size, air permeability, degree of swelling, amount of absorbed solvent by the polymer and water sorption. This step was verified the influence of the agitation speed in the control of pore size. In the next step, the synthesized foams and a pre-selected foam used as control, were used in immobilization of whole cells of Mucor circinelloides. The hydrolytic activity of immobilized biomass and the amount of adsorbed mycelium foams were evaluated. In the following step, the whole cells immobilized in the matrixes of polyurethane were employed in the ethanolysis of babassu oil using tert-butanol as solvent. The results indicated the influence of pore size and the type of polyol in the bioconversion yield. High yields were obtained with foams with smaller pores sizes, which were used in consecutive batches in order of evaluate the operational stability. When using foam with larger pore diameters, there was an increase in conversions in the first 24 hours, but a commitment of final earnings in the transesterification. Although the polyether polyol foams showed good biocompatibility with the fungus, highlighting the foam polyols synthesized with a molecular mass of 1100g/mol by presenting good operational stability and foam polyol with a molecular mass of 6000g/mol by presenting the highest yield (87%). Between the tested foams the one synthesized with polyester did not show good biocompatibility due to inhibition of intracellular production of biomass immobilized lipase. The results indicated that the polyurethane foams had good characteristics for immobilization of whole cells of M. circinelloides as well as the immobilized biomass showed good catalytic properties.

Clinical studies reported side effects of muscular spasms and muscle stiffness following the administration of clofibrate, a drug once used to treat hyperlipidaemia in patients. Experiments with clofibrate and its analogues in animal models showed it produced these myotonic symptoms in muscle by reducing the chloride conductance of the muscle membrane. The effects of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, an analogue of clofibric acid, was assessed on the rat ClC-1 channel (rClC-1). Racemic 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid shifted the voltage dependence of rClC-1 activation to more depolarising potentials, a mechanism accounting for myotonic symptoms previously reported. Experiments with resolved enantiomers revealed that the effects recorded were due exclusively to S-(–) 2-(4- chlorophenoxy)propionic acid. The R-(+) enantiomer was ineffective at the concentrations tested. Further experiments with the compound at differing Cl- concentrations in the extracellular solution suggested that S-(–) 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid altered the gating of ClC-1 by decreasing the affinity of the binding site where Cl- normally acts to ‘gate’ the channel. Similarities in the effects reported for most dominant mutations in the CLCN1 gene that lead to myotonia congenita and 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid prompted experiments that introduced these point mutations in the human ClC-1 (hClC-1) gene to compare their mode of action to that of the drug. These mutations, F307S and A313T, predominantly altered the slow, or common, gate of the channel. Conversely, the effect of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid was predominantly on the fast gating process of hClC-1. A macroscopically similar effect therefore, can be produced by two different modes of action. Results suggested that both drug and mutations exert their action by affecting the transition of the channel from its closed to open state subsequent to Cl- binding. Investigation of the interaction between rClC-1 gating and a further 25 compounds structurally related to clofibric acid identified a number of compounds effective at shifting the open probability of fast gating to depolarising potentials. Fewer were identified that influence slow gating. Some compounds affected both gating processes, however, none were identified which influenced slow gating alone. Ability to displace the voltage dependent activation of the fast gate appeared to depend largely on the lipophilicity of the molecules tested, indicating the importance of hydrophobic interactions between drug and channel protein. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1474724 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2009

Pannexins are vertebrate proteins with limited sequence homology to the invertebrate gap junction proteins, the innexins. However, in contrast to innexins and the vertebrate connexins, pannexins do not form gap junction channels. Instead they appear to solely function as unpaired membrane channels allowing the flux of molecules, including ATP, across the plasma membrane. We provided additional evidence for their ATP release function by demonstrating that the connexin mimetic peptides, which were thought to inhibit ATP release through connexin channels, do not inhibit their host connexin channels but instead inhibit pannexin1 channels by a mechanism of steric block. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of mimetic peptides on ATP release may represent supporting evidence for a role of pannexin1 in ATP release. We also analyzed the pore structure of pannexin1 channels with the Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method. The thiol reagents MBB and MTSET reacted with several positions in the external portion of the first transmembrane segment and the first extracellular loop. In addition, MTSET reactivity was found in the internal portion of TM3. These data suggest that portions of TM1, E1 and TM3 line the pore of pannexin1 channels. Thus, the pore structure of pannexin1 is similar to that of connexin channels.

Seasonal dynamics of unicellular diazotrophs were investigated in the upstream Kuroshio and the northern South China Sea (SCS). Unicellular diazotrophs had been postulated as an important N2-fixing contributor for the phenomenon of N* in the SCS where abundances of filamentous Trichodesmium and Richelia were scarced. Samples were collected during four cruises between August 2008 and August 2009 in summer (CR1310 and CR910), winter (CR886), and late spring (CR899), respectively. Sampling stations located between 21¢XN-22¢XN and 116¢XE-122¢XE in the upstream Kuroshio off southeast Taiwan and covering the shelf and basin waters of the northern SCS. The abundance of the unicellular diazotrophs was determined using whole-cell immunocytochemical method in which antibody of nitrogenase was used as the probe. Cells containing nitrogenase can be visualized and counted after the antigen-antibody reaction under microscope. Unicellular diazotrophs were classified to four types according to their sizes and shapes. For diameters of those with 1-3 £gm and in coccoid shape are called 1-3 £gm C, diameters of 1-3 £gm and in rod shape are called 1-3 £gm R, diameters of >3-10 £gm and in coccoid shape are called >3 £gm C, and diameters of >3-10 £gm and in rod shape are called >3 £gm R. Surface abundance of the unicellular diazotrophs was highest in winter in both the Kuroshio and the SCS, followed by summer, and was least in late spring. Among four cell types, 1-3 £gm C usually was the most abundant group, followed by 1-3 £gm R and >3 £gm R, and was least for the group of >3 £gm C. The abundances between groups of 1-3 £gm C and 1-3 £gm R were positively correlated. Likewise, the abundances between >3 £gm C and >3 £gm R were positively correlated. However, the total abundance of small cells (1-3 £gm C+R) was not significantly related to the large cells (>3 £gm C+R). During summer and late spring, the abundance of unicellular diazotrophs in the SCS was 1.3-2 times of that in the Kuroshio. However, in winter the abundance in the Kuroshio was 1.2 times of that in the SCS. Surface water temperature was found negatively correlated to the abundance of 1-3 £gm C, >3 £gm C, >3 £gm R, and large cells (>3 £gm C+R), respectively. Significant correlations among surface water temperature and surface chlorophyll a, [NO2+NO3], SRP and N:P ratio implicated that the dynamics of cell abundances could be attributed to the correlated ecological variables of surface water temperature. The dynamics for the abundances of >3 £gm C, >3 £gm R, and large cells (>3 £gm C+R) were suggested to relate with the fluctuation of SRP concentration. Unicellular diazotrophs accounted for 60-90 % of total unicellular cells in terms of cell number. Vertical distributions of unicellular diazotrophs in the Kuroshio and the SCS were in similar trends, with maximum abundance in deep water during summer and late spring, and on surface water during winter.

Chiral a -hydroxy ketones are important structural units in many natural products, biologically active compounds and the hydroxyl group has frequently been used as a reagent directing group, such as for the selective elaboration of aldol products. In this work, enzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of the a -hydroxy ketones (2-hydroxy indanone, 2-hydroxy tetralone) using Aspergillus niger by selective &amp / #945 / -oxidation of ketones (1-indanone, 1-tetralone) was studied. The &amp / #945 / -oxidation of ketones was carried out by using whole cells of Aspergillus niger in different growth media. A. niger whole cell catalyzed reactions afforded (S)-configurated 2- hydroxy-1-tetralone with %87 e.e. in DMSO at pH 5.0. In addition to this,while (S)-configurated 2-hydroxy-1-indanone with %33 e.e. in pH 8.0 (in DMSO) was synthesized, (R)-configurated-2-hyroxy-1-indanone with %32 e.e. in pH 7.0 ( in DMSO) was synthesized.