This paper applies both the Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration test procedures to determine the existence of market linkage among high-valued ( Scomberomorus commerson, milkfish ) and low-valued (cod, Taiwan Tilapia ) fish species using monthly average wholesale price data recorded on the Taipei fisheries wholesale market. If the markets for high-valued and low-valued species are linked, say through commodities arbitrage, individual fish prices cannot diverge ¡§too far¡¨ from other fish prices before market forces to operate to restore equilibrium. From the empirical results, it indicates the existence of only one cointegrating vector involving the prices of these species in Taipei fisheries wholesale market, and that a long-run and stable substitute relationship may exist for the Scomberomorus commerson and other low-valued and high-valued species.

The feature of Yiwu economy lies in the commodity wholesale market, which was founded in 1982. After over-20 years¡¦ development, Yiwu has formed a market system characterized by China Small Commodity City as the centre, as well as a range of supplementary factor markets such as transportation,property right, labor force, etc.. This thesis primarily concentrates on studying the economic development of Yiwu. How does the process of transforming form a traditional market fair to an international wholesale market city? Why does the wholesale industrial clusters in this city? What is the advantage of wholesale industry in Yiwu? The local government of Yiwu plays a considerable role in the process of developing economic by means of appropriate policy and privatized The Zhejiang China Small Commodities City Group, cultivating an environment for wholesale commodities trading center.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes special report study entitled: Vegetable handling for wholesale vegetable market at Cheung Sha Wan. Includes bibliographical references.

The U.S. electric power sector is in the early stages of transitioning from a reliance on carbon intensive generation sources to a system based on low-carbon sources. In this thesis, I present analyses of four different aspects of this transition, with an emphasis on the PJM Interconnection. The effects of bulk electricity storage on the PJM market I analyze the value of three storage technologies in the PJM day-ahead energy market, using a reduced-form unit commitment model with 2010 data. I find that large-scale storage would increase overall social welfare in PJM. However, the annualized capital costs of storage would exceed social welfare gains. Consumers would save up to $4 billion annually, largely at the expense of generator surplus. Storage modestly increases emissions of CO2 and other pollutants. The external costs and benefits of wind energy in PJM Large deployments of wind create external costs and benefits that are not fully captured in power purchase agreements. I find that wind’s external costs in the PJM market are uncertain but significant when compared to levelized PPA prices. Pollution reduction benefits are very uncertain but exceed external costs with high probability. The climate and health effects of a USA switch from coal to gas electricity generation I analyze the emission benefits created by a hypothetical scenario in which all U.S. coal plants are switched to natural gas plants in 2016. The net effect on warming is unclear; results are highly sensitive to the rate of fugitive methane emissions and the efficiency of replacement gas plants. However, the human health benefits of such a switch are substantial. The costs of building and operating new gas plants likely exceed the health benefits. Robust resource adequacy planning in the face of coal retirements Over the next decade, many U.S. coal-fired power plants are expected to retire, posing a challenge to system planners. I investigate the resource adequacy requirements of the PJM Interconnection, and how procuring less capacity may affect reliability. I find that PJM’s 2010 reserve margin of 20.5% was sufficient to achieve the stated reliability standard with 90% confidence. PJM could reduce reserve margins to 13% and still achieve levels of reliability accepted by other power systems.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes special report study entitled : Vegetable handling for wholesale vegetable market at Cheung Sha Wan. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

The aim of this thesis is the analysis of logistic systems of two different wholesale food business operators, with the focus on material and information flows in singular processes. The thesis also compares the reached levels of logistic services provided to retailers, explores the possibilities of optimization of a chosen wholesale business and suggests concrete changes leading to increase in effectiveness of its particular processes.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the possibility of transferring the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) model developed in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector into the pharmaceutical sector and to propose an adapted model for the German market. The German pharmaceutical market is consolidating distribution channels and demand power is shifting towards pharmacies (Hofmann, 2013a). The manufacturers` aim for differentiation requires being closer to patients and pharmacists. Therefore, they increasingly do business directly with pharmacies (Insight Health, 2013). Wholesalers are caught between the strong supply power of manufacturers and increasing demand power of pharmacies (Hofmann, 2013b). Exploratory research was undertaken using the case study method to consider how the ECR model from FMCG can be adapted for the pharmaceutical wholesale business. A single case study was considered as different wholesalers would not participate due to their competitive market and because I am an employee of the case company (Celesio AG). The study was conducted in the German subsidiary (GEHE Pharma). Semi structured interviews with key account managers from FMCG and pharmaceutical manufacturers, Celesio AG management board, GEHE Pharma management and retail pharmacists were conducted. Additional data were generated linked to participative observation during manufacturer meetings between GEHE Pharma and pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as from secondary and internal documentary material. Findings suggest that several similarities between the FMCG market and the pharmaceutical market exist. No aspect was found which would not allow implementing ECR principles into the pharmaceutical market in Germany. The model is adapted according to the research findings. The adjusted model considers that the pharmaceutical market shows more complexity in terms of the market actors. In this market three main participants exist: pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical wholesalers and retail pharmacists. Whereas in the FMCG market the ECR model incorporates the relationship directly between FMCG manufacturers and grocery retailers; no wholesaler is considered in that model. Therefore, the adapted model needs some adjustments for the pharmaceutical wholesale market, which are presented in the research. Furthermore, the research delivers evidence that the ECR model is not static and can be adjusted in terms of the number of participants, content and different dimensions in the relationship between different stakeholders and can, therefore, also be implemented in other industries. exist: pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical wholesalers and retail pharmacists. Whereas in the FMCG market the ECR model incorporates the relationship directly between FMCG manufacturers and grocery retailers; no wholesaler is considered in that model. Therefore, the adapted model needs some adjustments for the pharmaceutical wholesale market, which are presented in the research. Furthermore, the research delivers evidence that the ECR model is not static and can be adjusted in terms of the number of participants, content and different dimensions in the relationship between different stakeholders and can, therefore, also be implemented in other industries.

Thesis (M.B.A)--Boston University

6 pp. / The plant nursery business is complex and requires knowledge about the technical aspects of growing plants and managing a business. This publication is an introduction for those interested in starting their own wholesale nursery business. Different types of production systems - container and field production- are discussed as well as the types of plants typically grown in Southwest nurseries. Starting a business involves many decisions that will culminate in the development of a business plan. Resources for new producers include national, regional, and local trade organizations. A worksheet with questions is included to help future operators consider whether they want to start a new wholesale production nursery. Publication AZ1393 Revised 07/2017. Originally published 2006

In recent years distribution has undergone dramatic changes. Some industries have experienced revolutionary changes, others minor, but in all industries distribution has become an extremely vital area. One of the reasons for the recent prominence of distribution is the increasingly competitive environment experienced by many industries. As competition increases within an industry, manufacturers often find it necessary to improve their efficiency, and distribution is an area with vast potential. The wholesaler is one of the most important institutions in a distribution system. He has also been confronted with more competition than many other institutions. The wholesaler will be the focus of attention in this study of the British Columbia Building Materials Industry. It is the objective of the thesis to study the competitive environment of the independent wholesaler in British Columbia, and to determine whether or not he will continue to perform a function in future years. To accomplish the objective, it is necessary to determine the nature of competition with which the wholesaler is confronted, why it exists, and whether or not it is unique to this industry. It is also necessary to determine distribution trends in other industries and whether there exist patterns that are common to this industry. The analysis of changing patterns of distribution focused on United States industries, with particular attention devoted to the Building Materials Industry. The conclusion was that certain trends pre-dominate distribution patterns, including integration, franchising, direct selling and the formation of buying groups for direct buying. Many of these trends are common to the B.C. building materials industry. There are two main types of competition that all wholesalers, (including the building materials wholesaler) are confronted with. The first is the tendency for manufacturers to sell direct to retailers and final users. The second is the desire of retailers to form buying groups and through bulk purchasing establish direct contacts with manufacturers, thereby circumventing the wholesaler. Aside from these two types of competition there are other pressures the building materials wholesaler faces that appear to be unique to this industry, one of these being an allowable margin of operation that is more historical than relevant to costs of operation. There are two primary reasons why the building materials wholesaler is confronted with this competition. The first reason is the wholesalers failure to give manufacturers and retailers the service they require and desire. The second reason is the feeling of manufacturers and retailers that they can perform the functions of distribution more efficiently than the wholesaler, and in the case of manufacturers, they can also attain more control of the marketing of their products. It has been proven to wholesalers that they are dispensable, and this has brought forth a self assessment of their functions in many industries. Those that realize they must be flexible to the changing environment have attained a new and prominent position in the distribution system, by offering the services their customers desire. Those that have remained static have been phased out. This study concludes that the Building Materials Industry will always have need of the wholesaler. However, to have a successful operation the wholesaler must be flexible to the dynamic environment, and offer the service manufacturers and retailers desire. This must also be accomplished at a reasonable level of cost. It is argued that this can best be attained through implementation of the physical distribution concept, (offering efficiency in operating methods) and a sound merchandising program. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate