Architectures of matched filter in packet detector, CFO corrector, FFT output reorder buffer and phase tracking block are optimized for low complexity. Implemented in O.13-mum CMOS technology, the proposed baseband receiver system has the core area of 2.5 mm2 and the estimated power consumption is 170 mW, which is equivalent to the energy efficiency of 88 pJ/b at 480 Mbps data rate. The implementation results verify the robustness, low complexity and power efficiency of the proposed MB-OFDM UWB baseband receiver. / As an OFDM-based system, MB-OFDM UWB is vulnerable and sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO). We employ multipartite table method (MTM) to implement arctangent and sin/cos functions for frequency synchronization. Compared with traditional algorithms, MTM has the advantages of low cost, low power consumption and higher processing speed. Residual phase distortion is corrected by a highly simplified phase tracking method, which also has better performance compared with traditional phase tracking scheme. / Synchronization plays the key role for the performance of the whole baseband receiver system. In this dissertation, a dual-threshold (DT) packet detection scheme is proposed for timing synchronization. Compared with traditional cross-correlation algorithm, DT has much better detection performance, especially in high noise environment. / Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, targeting at wireless personal area networks (WPANs),brings the convenience of high-speed and short-range wireless interconnects. As a novel communication technique, multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) UWB has the features of high spectrum efficiency, multiple access capability and robustness against narrow band interference. However, its inherent high complexity and the requirement of powerful processing for good performance are the obstacles for practical application. / Fan, Wen. / Adviser: Choy Chiu-Sing. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-112). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Advances in Multimedia communications have shown the need for high data rate wireless links over short distances. This is to enhance flexibility, accessibility, portability and mobility of devices in home and enterprise environment thereby making users more productive. In 2004, the WiMedia group proposed the Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Ultra Wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) system with a target of delivering data rate of 480Mbps over 3 metres. However, by now no existing commercial UWB product can meet this proposed specification. The project aims to investigate the reason why UWB technology has failed to realise its potential by carrying out detailed analysis and to seek ways of solving the technical problems. Detailed system analyses were carried out on the UWB technology using a commercial UWB product and a MB-OFDM UWB Evaluation kit. UWB channel measurements of different scenarios were carried out in order to characterise both time varying and time invariant channels. The scenarios are the realistic environments where UWB devices are operating with human subjects in various movement patterns. It gives insight into the effects of human object blocking on the MB-OFDM system performance and estimates an acceptable feedback rate in a UWB time varying channel when implementing an adaptive modulation. The adaptive modulation was proposed and implemented in the MB-OFDM system model to demonstrate the improved Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Modulating bits are varied across the sub-channels depending on the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Sub-channels experiencing severe fading employ lower or no bit-loading while sub-channels with little or no fading utilise higher bit-loading to maintain a constant system data rate. Spatial diversity was employed to exploit different properties of the radio channel to improve performance. Good diversity gain of two receiving diversity systems using maximal ratio combining and antenna selection techniques is demonstrated in the measurements with the different antenna orientations. An antenna selection circuit is designed and implemented working together with AT90CAP9 UWB Evaluation kit, verifying an improved performance of the UWB system in an indoor environment. The maximal ratio combining technique is also implemented and demonstrated to give a better system performance on a test bed after post-processing.

In this thesis the focus was on the design, fabrication, and tests of the feeding networks individually and within an array system. The array feeding network is a corporate-fed type utilizing equal-split, stepped-multiple sections of the conventional Wilkinson power divider in microstrip form with a unique topology. The feeding network was specifically designed for a broadside relatively small linearly-polarized wideband UHF non-scanning array for directed power applications that uses an array radiator with a new volumetric ribcage dipole configuration. The array has a large impedance bandwidth and consistent front lobe gain over the wide frequency band. Theoretical and experimental results describing the performance of the array feeding network and the array are presented and discussed.

Spectrum scarcity is an important challenge faced by high-speed wireless communications. Meanwhile, caused by current spectrum assignment policy, a large portion of spectrum is underutilized. Motivated by this, cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as one of the most promising candidate solutions to improve spectrum utilization, by allowing secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access the temporarily unused spectrum, without introducing harmful interference to primary users. Moreover, opening of TV white space (TVWS) gives us the con dence to enable CR for TVWS spectrum. A crucial requirement in CR networks (CRNs) is wideband spectrum sensing, in which SUs should detect spectral opportunities across a wide frequency range. However, wideband spectrum sensing could lead to una ordably high sampling rates at energy-constrained SUs. Compressive sensing (CS) was developed to overcome this issue, which enables sub-Nyquist sampling by exploiting sparse property. As the spectrum utilization is low, spectral signals exhibit a natural sparsity in frequency domain, which motivates the promising application of CS in wideband CRNs. This thesis proposes several e ective algorithms for invoking CS in wideband CRNs. Speci cally, a robust compressive spectrum sensing algorithm is proposed for reducing computational complexity of signal recovery. Additionally, a low-complexity algorithm is designed, in which original signals are recovered with fewer measurements, as geolocation database is invoked to provide prior information. Moreover, security enhancement issue of CRNs is addressed by proposing a malicious user detection algorithm, in which data corrupted by malicious users are removed during the process of matrix completion (MC). One key spotlight feature of this thesis is that both real-world signals and simulated signals over TVWS are invoked for evaluating network performance. Besides invoking CS and MC to reduce energy consumption, each SU is supposed to harvest energy from radio frequency. The proposed algorithm is capable of o ering higher throughput by performing signal recovery at a remote fusion center.

Finally, we extend the threshold optimization algorithm to solve a more general N-state distributed estimation problem. We combine multiple observations of a signal process via the maximum function for decision-making and find out that the optimal decision function can be implemented by means of thresholds under suitable technical conditions. We propose here a training sequence based algorithm for threshold adjustment. The algorithm is a variation of the Kiefer-Wolfowitz algorithm with expending truncations and randomized differences. Convergence of this algorithm is also established. / Prior to timing jitter robust receiver design, a measurement campaign was carried out on indoor UWB signal propagation in order to characterize the UWB indoor channel and provide a simulation platform. Channel parameters are analyzed based on measurement data, including path loss, RMS delay spread, amplitude distribution and correlation properties. / Ultra-wideband (UWB) technique has been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to its unique capabilities and potential applications, particularly in short-range multiple access wireless communications. Despite of many advantages over traditional narrow band systems, UWB impulse radio is sensitive to timing jitter effect. In this thesis, we devote to design a high speed UWB receiver which is robust under timing jitter. The basic idea is that the received signal is over-sampled within the sampling window and its maximum value or maximum absolute value is selected as the decision variable and to be compared with a threshold. A main advantage of this scheme is that its performance will not degrade if the timing jitter is shorter than half of the window length. Therefore, the proposed scheme is robust against timing jitter and no precise synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is required. However, how to determine the optimal threshold value is a critical issue for this new scheme. In this thesis, we propose a simple stochastic approximation (SA) approach to adjust the threshold recursively. The approach is based on a version of SA known as the Kiefer-Wolfowitz (KW) algorithm with expanding truncations and randomized differences. Corresponding to two different decision-making structures, two SA algorithms are presented and their convergence properties are analyzed, respectively. The proposed algorithms are effective in threshold optimization and the convergence rate is fast, as demonstrated by the numerical results. / Li Qiang. / "June 2005." / Adviser: Wing Shing Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0440. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Falls are a cause of concern for the elderly since it can render a person immobile. A monitoring system can summon immediate aid by the automatic detection of fall events. The application of ultra-wideband (UWB) signals for a monitoring system was chosen due to its unique characteristics such as wide spectrum, immunity to interference, penetrability, and application for the detection of people. Part of this monitoring system is boundary detection with the purpose of isolating the location of fall events and to function as a mask to define an area of interest. A study of various localizing methods using measurements such as power, distance, and angle with ultra-wideband is presented. A frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) based system is an acceptable solution for boundary detection. A FMCW system measures distance with UWB signals. With the addition of a unique reflector, the system is able to identify the reflector via the return frequency-spectrum fingerprint. With distance and the addition angle measurements, the system can determine the boundary with a sensor located at a single location.

This thesis documents the design and analysis of a low-power integrated ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver that is well suited for usage in medium to low rate, location aware communication systems. For the first time, this receiver design explores and exploits the unique properties of UWB pulse technology. By exploiting low emission power limit and pulse based communication, RF circuits have been designed with reduced linearity to achieve low-power operation and better circuit performance. The receiver design in this thesis follows a top-down approach which begins by focusing on UWB-specific issues such as signal characteristics, modulation schemes, potential advantages, and design challenges. Next, different receiver architectures are evaluated in terms of their circuit complexity, power consumption, and levels of integration. The impact of various analog non-idealities on the performance of UWB systems is also analysed in detail. After evaluating the performance of UWB systems operating with non-linear frontends, the use of pulse doublets is introduced, for the first time, to mitigate nonlinearityinduced distortion. Simulation results demonstrate that under non-linear operating conditions, significant BER improvements can be achieved by using filtering, pulse doublet, and direct sequence spread spectrum techniques. When ADC quantization effects are included in the receiver, analysis shows that quantization noise dominates distortion-induced BER degradation when two or three bits ADCs are employed. Consequently, reduced front-end linearity requirements can be tolerated in exchange for improvements in the more critical circuit parameters of the UWB receiver. By adopting the sub-linear circuit design approach, a direct-conversion receiver prototype is implemented in the 0.5 um SOS CMOS technology according to specifications determined from system-level Simulink simulations. This highly integrated receiver prototype contains a low-noise amplifier, a 4-GHz frequency synthesizer, mixers, baseband amplifiers and filters, and 2-GSps two-bit analog-to-digital converters. The receiver prototype consumes 75-mW of power, the lowest amount for reported UWB receivers operating in the 3.1 to 10.6-GHz band. Complete end-to-end simulations of the system are performed in Simulink, revealing an achievable BER of approximately 8x10e-4 Finally, a novel 79-uW 5.6-GHz CMOS frequency divider with on-chip temperature and processing compensation have been designed. The divider, designed in a 0.25 um SOS-CMOS technology, occupies 35 x 25 um2 and achieves an operating frequency of 5.6-GHz while consuming 79-uW at a supply voltage of 0.8V. The power efficiency of 143-GHz/mW is one of the highest achieved among conventional CMOS dividers. When combined with a simple and effective compensation submodule, the proposed divider is shown to achieve process and temperature-insensitive operation in a 5-GHz UNII band frequency synthesizer.

Un des enjeux majeurs dans l'intégration de nouveaux systèmes de guerre électronique (GE) dans les avions d'armes est notamment la réduction de l'encombrement des antennes. En GE, La bande passante des antennes peut être de l'ordre de la décade et la fréquence basse peut être voisine de la centaine de MHz, ce qui rend l'intégration des antennes difficile voire impossible selon les cas. Les antennes de GE font habituellement appel à des antennes dites "indépendantes de la fréquence" placées au-dessus d'une cavité absorbante. La fabrication des matériaux absorbants est à ce jour encore "artisanale" et donc onéreuse. De plus, ces matériaux sont lourds et ils ne présentent pas les mêmes caractéristiques électriques d'une fabrication à l'autre. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont dédiés à la réalisation d'antennes à très large bande passante de très faible épaisseur et sans absorbant. Nous avons proposé et validé une nouvelle structure basée sur les matériaux à bandes interdites électromagnétiques (BIE). Le nouveau dispositif permet de remplacer les matériaux absorbants, de réduire l'épaisseur des antennes large bande et de réduire les coûts de fabrication grâce à un procédé industriel de fabrication. La nouvelle structure présente contrairement à toutes les autres structures BIE l'avantage d'être ultra large bande et compacte (de l'ordre de 1/100ième de longueur d'onde d'épaisseur). Nous avons montré l'intérêt d'utiliser un tel dispositif pour réduire l'épaisseur et améliorer les performances des antennes planaires de forme et de polarisation quelconque.

<p>This master thesis is as a final project in the Division of Computer Engineering at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköpings University, Sweden. </p><p>The purpose of the project is to design a wide frequency range programmable frequency divider used in a PLL circuit for ultra wide band system. 0.18 um tsmc CMOS technology is used in this project. </p><p>A brief introduction of PLL circuits and UWB specifications are given in the report and the circuit design issue is presented. Post-layout simulation results are shown in the later part of the report. </p><p>The focus of this project is to make the frequency divider work well in wide range and high speed. Therefore, how to shorten feedback circuits’ latency and how to reduce complexity of the circuits are the main problems. Logic gate merged technique is used to reduce transistor number and carefully drawing layout makes the circuit work well in post-layout simulation.</p>

<p>Closed loop fuel injection have been in use for two decades but it's not until the recent five years that the wide band lambda sensor have been utilized. The goal is to explain wide band and discrete lambda sensors in a simple but powerful way. Both sensors are modeled by simple mathematics and accounts for Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide influences. The focus is not just on the output from the sensors, but also on the underlying function. This means that all explanations are thorough and methodical. The function of a wide band lambda sensor is more complicated than a discrete type lambda sensor, therefore it's harder to get correct readings. The model of the wide band lambda sensor is used to evaluate different problems in preparation for the development of an observer. Several potential problem sources are tested and investigated, these include calibration error, pressure error, air leak error, gas sensitivity and fuel errors. To evaluate the potential problems and their ability to explain differences between actual lambda and sensor output, two sensors with differing outputs have been used. The final result is implemented in an ECU.</p><p>The models indicate that the difference between the two sensors is most likely explained by different sensitivity for CO, O2 and H2. This can in turn have one or several explanations. It is suggested that different ability to pump oxygen, different nernst cells or even different controllers can cause this. The reason is not investigated further as this would require a very deep research on the two sensors. Because no usable explanation is found an observer that estimates the offset at stoichiometric conditions, where lambda equals one, is constructed. The observer uses the fact that the switch point of a discrete lambda sensor is insensitive to disturbances. The offset calculation is performed in real time on an ECU. Tools for calibration of the observer are also developed. With the observer the error for the two sensors is roughly halved over the whole spectrum and at stoichiometric conditions, which is the normal operation for an engine, the error was too small to measure.</p><p>Although the wide band lambda sensor is a very complex sensor it is shown that it can be understood with simple mathematics and basic knowledge in chemistry. The developed model agrees well with the real sensor for steady state conditions. For transient conditions, however, the model needs to be refined further. The question why the two sensors differ is discussed but the true origin of the cause remains unsolved. The conclusion is that the error can be drastically reduced with just an offset. It is also shown that when building a lambda sensing device the controller is of equal importance as the sensor element itself. This is due to the sensitivity of surrounding factors that the controller must be able to handle. These effects are specially important for engines running at lambda not equal to 1, for example diesel engines.</p>