Tree-ring based climate reconstructions have been critical for understanding past variability and recent trends in climate worldwide, but they are scarce in Australia. This is particularly the case for temperature: only one tree-ring width based temperature reconstruction – based on Huon Pine trees from Mt Read, Tasmania – exists for Australia. Here, we investigate whether additional tree- ring parameters derived from Athrotaxis cupressoides trees growing in the same region have potential to provide robust proxy records of past temperature variability. We measured wood properties, including tree-ring width (TRW), mean density, mean cell wall thickness (CWT), and tracheid radial diameter (TRD) of annual growth rings in Athrotaxis cupressoides, a long-lived, high-elevation conifer in central Tasmania, Australia. Mean density and CWT were strongly and negatively correlated with summer temperatures. In contrast, the summer temperature signal in TRW was weakly positive. The strongest climate signal in any of the tree-ring parameters was maximum temperature in January (mid-summer; JanTmax) and we chose this as the target climate variable for reconstruction. The model that explained most of the variance in JanTmax was based on TRW and mean density as predictors. TRW and mean density provided complementary proxies with mean density showing greater high-frequency (inter-annual to multi-year) variability and TRW showing more low-frequency (decadal to centennial-scale) variability. The final reconstruction model is robust, explaining 55% of the variance in JanTmax, and was used to reconstruct JanTmax for the last five centuries (1530–2010 C.E.). The reconstruction suggests that the most recent 60 years have been warmer than average in the context of the last ca. 500 years. This unusually warm period is likely linked to a coincident increase in the intensity of the subtropical ridge and dominance of the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode in summer, which weaken the influence of the band of prevailing westerly winds and storms on Tasmanian climate. Our findings indicate that wood properties, such as mean density, are likely to provide significant contributions toward the development of robust climate reconstructions in the Southern Hemisphere and thus toward an improved understanding of past climate in Australasia.

Classification of airborne laser scanning data using information about intensity and width of the recorded signal Abstract One of the basic tasks in analysing airborne laser scanning (ALS) data is filtration of mass 3D point cloud with purpose to create digital terrain model and digital surface model. New scanner generation (so called Full-waveform LiDAR) allows analysing the whole recorded signal. The recorded value of amplitude and signal width accordant with reflectance of different objects differs according to geometry of the objects. Objective of this thesis is to create a methodology for classification of ALS data in settled areas. This methodology will be based on number of reflections, amplitude of reflected signal, recorded signal width and on spatial attributes. At the same time it will be analysed how the parameters of amplitude and signal width are affected by characteristics of estate surface. It means which radiometrical characteristics (e.g. different roof materials) and geometrical characteristics (e.g. different roof inclination) belong to which amplitude and signal width. Basic question of this thesis is if amplitude and signal width are good attributes to improve the quality of filtration of mass 3D point cloud in chosen area and if so, how. Key words: classification, segmentation, LiDAR,...

Female and male plants often differ in reproductive effort and habitat requirements. The aim of this study was to analyze these differences between the sexes and the effect of climate on tree-ring width in European yew (Taxus baccata). The study was conducted in five yew populations in western Poland. Wood samples were taken from 196 trees (98 females and 98 males) and subjected to the standard procedure of dendrochronological dating. Mean tree-ring width was significantly higher in males since about the beginning of sexual maturity. No such relationship was observed in the youngest population, which is the most distant from the current geographic limit for this species. In most of the analyzed populations, width of tree rings in female individuals, in contrast to males, was negatively correlated with high temperatures in August and September in the year prior to the formation of the tree ring, and correlated positively with precipitation in June and July in the current year. The differentiation of tree-ring width between males and females likely began when the yew trees reached sexual maturity, probably because of the assumed greater reproductive effort of females in comparison with males. The lack of difference in the youngest population may result from a short time since the beginning of sexual maturity or from a milder climate in that region. Different reactions of the two sexes to climate indicate that this may affect the range and viability of populations at the limits of the range.

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The facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is a measure of the cheekbone width divided by the height of the face from the upper lip to the brows. The metric is hypothesised to have evolved as an intra-sexual competition mechanism in males, where large fWHRs are thought to signal both threat and aggression. The fWHR is suggested to subtly resemble angry facial expressions, which, in turn, also signal threat. The late positive potential (LPP) and the vertex positive potential (VPP) are two event-related potentials (ERPs) especially sensitive to emotional content. Studies have also found that viewing angry compared to neutral facial expressions elicit a stronger response on the LPP. However, no study has tested how responses to the fWHR and angry facial expressions elicit changes in the LPP or VPP. In this study, participants firstly rated how threatening faces were with either low or high fWHRs with neutral or angry facial expressions. Secondly, EEG-activity was recorded during a picture-viewing task of the same faces. In the first task, participants rated the faces with angry facial expressions as more threatening compared to all other faces, regardless of fWHR, although the high fWHRs were rated as more threatening than the low fWHRs. In the second task, LPP and VPP mean amplitudes were significantly higher for the angry, high fWHR face compared to all other faces tested. This suggests that an additive effect of both angry facial expressions and high fWHRs together creates the highest threat level in both subjective ratings as well as in ERP mean amplitudes. Further ERP research is needed on the relationship between fWHRs and anger to establish how the two features work both separately and together.

Este estudo avaliou o posicionamento de caninos superiores permanentes em relação à largura do arco dentário superior e ao espaço na região anterior em pacientes na fase da dentadura mista. Foram analisados radiografias panorâmicas e modelos de estudo pré-tratamento de pacientes sem caninos deslocados (n = 68; 34 do gênero masculino; 34 do gênero feminino). A amostra foi dividida em idade e gênero. A largura do arco dentário e o espaço na região anterior entre os incisivos permanentes foram medidos. A posição e a inclinação do canino na radiografia panorâmica foram avaliadas em relação à linha mediana. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que não houve diferenças no posicionamento dos caninos permanentes em relação às variáveis analisadas. A média da angulação do canino superior em relação à linha mediana foi 6,2o e 10o para o gênero feminino e 9,2o e 11o para o masculino, respectivamente para o lado direito e esquerdo. / This study investigated the correlation between maxillary dental arch width, anterior space and the position of canines in patients during the mixed-dentition stage. Pretreatment Panoramic radiographs and dental casts were evaluated of randomly selected patients in the mixed dentition without maxillary canines displaced (n = 68; male, 34; female, 34). This sample was matched according to sex and age. Arch widths between the maxillary canines deciduous and anterior space between permanent incisors were measured and recorded. The position and inclination of canine on panoramic radiography was investigated. The results of this study showed that there are similarities in the position of the permanent canines in all cases and in both gender. The average of the canine\'s angulation to the mid-sagital plane was 6,2o and 10o for female and 9,2o and 11o for male, respectively to the right and left side.

Estudou-se a largura dos dentes anteriores superiores de 121 jovens universitários brasileiros para determinar quais modelos e qual marca de dentes artificiais seriam os mais adequados para este grupo. As arcadas dentais completas foram moldadas com alginato e vazadas em gesso especial na parte oclusal e gesso pedra na base. Os dentes não apresentavam nenhum sinal de abrasões anormais, restaurações ou deformidades. A saúde periodontal era boa com mínima ou nenhuma retração gengival, inflamação ou hipertrofia. Os dentes dos modelos em gesso e os artificiais tiveram sua dimensão mesio-distal (largura) mensurada com um paquímetro digital. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os sexos e entre as hemi-arcadas direita e esquerda com relação à largura dos dentes anteriores superiores. Das marcas analisadas nenhuma foi considerada apropriada para o grupo em questão devido ao fato de possuírem poucas opções de modelos e estes serem fabricados em tamanhos predominantemente pequenos enquanto que os dentes naturais mostraram-se predominantemente maiores (mais largos), o que nos apontou à necessidade de se adaptar ou criar modelos que sejam mais adequados à realidade brasileira. / It was studied the width of upper anterior teeth in 121 Brazilian college students intending to determine which models and brands would be more adequate to such group. The whole dental arch was molded with alginate and stone type four was poured in the oclusal surface of teeth while stone type two was poured in the left parts. Those teeth did not present abnormal abrasions, fillings or deformities. Periodont was healthy presenting little or none gengival retraction, inflamation or hipertrophy. Both stone models and artificial teeth had their mesio-distal distance (width) measured by a digital caliper rule. It was not observed significant difference between genders or right and left hemi-arches when comparing to the upper anterior teeth’s width. Considering the analyzed brands none was considered appropriate to such group because there were little options besides sizes being considered too small when compared to natural teeth, which pointed to the necessity to adapt or to create models more adequate to the Brazilian reality.

Aproximadamente 70% do solos com potencial agrícola no Brasil são classificados como solos ácidos, e para sua correção realiza-se, normalmente, a aplicação do calcário em pó. Apesar de ser o insumo sólido mais consumido no país, nota-se uma baixa qualidade em suas aplicações além da inexistência de equipamentos dedicados à sua aplicação e de esforços em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos conceitos de máquinas nesse sentido. Atualmente a maior parte das aplicações a lanço de granulados (fertilizantes) e pós (corretivos) são realizadas através de distribuídores centrífugos. Provavelmente essa tenha sido a razão para os fabricantes optaram por investir mais nessas máquinas, estagnando assim a evolução dos distribuidores de princípio pendular, os quais realizam as aplicações através do movimento oscilatório horizontal de um tubo. Diante desse cenário, buscou-se adaptar e redimensionar um distribuidor de princípo pendular dedicados à fertilizantes para aplicação de grandes vazões de calcário em pó. Fabricou-se um protótipo com mecanismo dosador volumétrico e acionamento do pêndulo via motor elétrico conectado a um inversor de frequência. Utilizou-se pêndulos de policloreto de vinila (PVC) com diferentes comprimentos com e sem rampa em suas extremidades. Os ensaios foram realizados em sete diferentes frequências, e mensurou-se a largura máxima de lançamento das partículas. Notou-se que tanto o incremento da frequência e do comprimento do pêndulo, assim como a utilização de uma rampa na extremidade foram, na maioria dos casos, capazes de produzir um aumento na distância de lançamento da partícula. Este estudo demonstrou a capacidade do protótipo em realizar aplicações de calcário em pó em faixa com uma vazão superior (até 6,5 kg s-1) às convencionais (1,5 kg s-1) com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 3,14 %. Além disso, mostou-se que é possivel variar a largura da faixa de aplicação de 1,89 m até 5,69 m com a mudança do comprimento do pêndulo, frequência e utilização da rampa. / Approximately 70% of the soils with agricutural potential in Brazil are classified as acid, and, for their neutralization the application of lime powder is usually carried out. Despite of being the most used solid agricultural input in the country, it can be noticed a low quality in its application, besides the lack of equipament dedicated exclusively to its application and of efforts in research and development of new concepts of machines in that sense. Currently, most of the granulated and powder application carried out through centrifugal spreaders. Probably this was the reason why manufactures opted to invest more in these kind of spreader, stagnating the evolution of pendulum spreaders, which realize the distribution through the horizontal oscillatory moviment of a tube (spout). In this context, it was intended to adapt and resize a pendular spreader dedicated to fertilizers for application of large flows of lime powder. A prototype with volumetric measure mechanism and eletric motor drive, connected to a frequency inverter, was developed. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pendulums with different lengths were used, with and without a ramp at their ends.. The tests were perfomed at seven different frequencies, and the higher widht distance was measured. It was noted that the increase in frequency and length of the tube, as well as the addition of a ramp at the border were, in most cases, able to increase the flight distance of the particles. This study demonstrated the ability of the prototype to spread limestone with a higher flow rate (up to 6.5 kg s-1) than the conventional ones (1.5 kg s-1) with coefficient of variation lower than 3.14%. Furthermore, it has been shown that is possible to vary the width of the application range form 1.89 m to 5.69 m by modifying the length of the tube, frequency and use of the ramp.

PROPOSIÇÃO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as alterações das dimensões dos arcos dentários e das inclinações dos incisivos produzidas pelo Sistema Damon, durante a fase de alinhamento e nivelamento. Outro objetivo foi verificar a correlação destas alterações com o padrão de crescimento dos indivíduos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: modelos de estudo, telerradiografias convencionais e telerradiografias reconstruídas a partir de tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam de 22 casos tratados com o bráquetes Damon 3MXTM foram avaliados durante a fase de alinhamento e nivelamento. Os modelos de estudo foram obtidos ao início do tratamento (T0), após a primeira troca de fio (T1) e na inserção do fio de aço 0,019 x 0,025 (T2). Foram verificados os comprimentos de arco e as dimensões transversais nas regiões de caninos, primeiros e segundos pré-molares e primeiros molares mensuradas a partir das pontas de cúspides e margens gengivais linguais dos dentes, a cada etapa. Nas telerradiografias foram verificadas as alterações das inclinações dos incisivos inferiores e superiores, bem como o padrão de crescimento dos indivíduos. RESULTADOS: os comprimentos dos arcos e todas as distâncias transversais apresentaram aumentos significantes, com exceção da distância intercervical dos caninos superiores; houve aumento significante das inclinações vestibulares dos incisivos superiores e inferiores; o padrão de crescimento dos pacientes apresentou correlação significante com os aumentos transversais na região de pré-molares inferiores. CONCLUSÕES: o alinhamento e nivelamento de casos tratados sem extrações com o uso do Sistema Damon resultou no aumento significante das dimensões dos arcos dentários e das inclinações dos incisivos para vestibular. / OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the dental arch widths and incisor torque changes produced by the Damon System during leveling and alignment. Other objective was to verify the correlation between these changes and the growth pattern. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: study casts and lateral radiographs derived from cone-beam computed tomographies of 22 subjects treated with Damon 3MXTM brackets were evaluated. The study casts were obtained at the start of treatment (T0), the first archwire change (T1), and the placement of the final 0,019 x 0,025-in archwire (T2). Arch depth and widths (intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar) were assessed at each stage. The incisor torques changes and the growth pattern were measured on the cephalometric records at T0 and T2. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the arch depths and lateral expansion of the arches for all measures, except for the intercervical of maxillary canines. The maxillary and mandibular incisors were significantly tipped labially; the growth pattern showed significant correlation with the lateral increases in lower premolars region. CONCLUSIONS: nonextraction cases treated with Damon System show significant increases in arch dimensions and incisors proclination.

PROPOSIÇÃO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as alterações das dimensões dos arcos dentários e das inclinações dos incisivos produzidas pelo Sistema Damon, durante a fase de alinhamento e nivelamento. Outro objetivo foi verificar a correlação destas alterações com o padrão de crescimento dos indivíduos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: modelos de estudo, telerradiografias convencionais e telerradiografias reconstruídas a partir de tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam de 22 casos tratados com o bráquetes Damon 3MXTM foram avaliados durante a fase de alinhamento e nivelamento. Os modelos de estudo foram obtidos ao início do tratamento (T0), após a primeira troca de fio (T1) e na inserção do fio de aço 0,019 x 0,025 (T2). Foram verificados os comprimentos de arco e as dimensões transversais nas regiões de caninos, primeiros e segundos pré-molares e primeiros molares mensuradas a partir das pontas de cúspides e margens gengivais linguais dos dentes, a cada etapa. Nas telerradiografias foram verificadas as alterações das inclinações dos incisivos inferiores e superiores, bem como o padrão de crescimento dos indivíduos. RESULTADOS: os comprimentos dos arcos e todas as distâncias transversais apresentaram aumentos significantes, com exceção da distância intercervical dos caninos superiores; houve aumento significante das inclinações vestibulares dos incisivos superiores e inferiores; o padrão de crescimento dos pacientes apresentou correlação significante com os aumentos transversais na região de pré-molares inferiores. CONCLUSÕES: o alinhamento e nivelamento de casos tratados sem extrações com o uso do Sistema Damon resultou no aumento significante das dimensões dos arcos dentários e das inclinações dos incisivos para vestibular. / OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the dental arch widths and incisor torque changes produced by the Damon System during leveling and alignment. Other objective was to verify the correlation between these changes and the growth pattern. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: study casts and lateral radiographs derived from cone-beam computed tomographies of 22 subjects treated with Damon 3MXTM brackets were evaluated. The study casts were obtained at the start of treatment (T0), the first archwire change (T1), and the placement of the final 0,019 x 0,025-in archwire (T2). Arch depth and widths (intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar) were assessed at each stage. The incisor torques changes and the growth pattern were measured on the cephalometric records at T0 and T2. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the arch depths and lateral expansion of the arches for all measures, except for the intercervical of maxillary canines. The maxillary and mandibular incisors were significantly tipped labially; the growth pattern showed significant correlation with the lateral increases in lower premolars region. CONCLUSIONS: nonextraction cases treated with Damon System show significant increases in arch dimensions and incisors proclination.