Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1931. / Caption title. Thesis note on label mounted on cover. "Abdruck aus Zoologische jahrbücher ... Band 52, Heft 2." "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 213-215.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1931. / Caption title. Thesis note on label mounted on cover. "Abdruck aus Zoologische jahrbücher ... Band 52, Heft 2." "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 213-215.

No description available.

The grain-size dependences of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline nickel were measured by the flash method and four-point probe method, respectively. Nanocrystalline nickel was made by the pulsed-current electrodeposition process, while polycrystalline nickel was commercially available Ni 200 in annealed condition. The grain sizes of the materials examined ranged from 28 nanometers to 57 micrometers. Noticeable changes in thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity with grain size were observed in particular for samples with grain sizes less than 100 nm. These results can be explained on the basis of the rapid increase in the intercrystalline grain boundary and triple junction volume fractions at very small grain sizes. The relationship between thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of nanocrystalline nickel follows the classic Wiedemann-Franz law.

The grain-size dependences of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline nickel were measured by the flash method and four-point probe method, respectively. Nanocrystalline nickel was made by the pulsed-current electrodeposition process, while polycrystalline nickel was commercially available Ni 200 in annealed condition. The grain sizes of the materials examined ranged from 28 nanometers to 57 micrometers. Noticeable changes in thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity with grain size were observed in particular for samples with grain sizes less than 100 nm. These results can be explained on the basis of the rapid increase in the intercrystalline grain boundary and triple junction volume fractions at very small grain sizes. The relationship between thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of nanocrystalline nickel follows the classic Wiedemann-Franz law.

There is a link between the thermal and electrical properties of metal. The equation which links these two properties is called the Wiedemann-Franz Law. Also there is an emerging technology within Additive Manufacturing called Binder Jet Printing which can print high purity copper without heat stress within the material. Due to the Binder Jet Printings ability to print high resolution prints without any print through, this makes future use of this technology a necessity for future electrical and thermal components within computers . However a thermal and electrical conductivity analysis of binder jetted copper has never been performed, and needs to be for simulation with this material. Therefore within this thesis the relationship of the thermal and electrical properties of printed binder jetted copper part will be researched. To find the electrical resistivity of binder jetted copper, three sets of 2mm diameter rods where printed and then placed within a modified four wire resistance method test. For the thermal conductivity measurements a laser flash diffusivity machine was used, and three sets of 11 copper disks of approximately 1cm diameter by 1mm where printed. The data shows a strong linear trend linking electrical resistivity to the density ratio of the copper. Within the thermal conductance measurement, a lot more variability was seen within the three different prints. The 70% density ratio prints saw a large 13% spread in density ratios throughout the prints, which is believed to be caused by improper sintering due to temperature gradients near the door of the kiln. The 82% density prints saw better grouping of density ratios by placing the specimens in the back of the kiln. Lastly, the 92% prints saw the best density ratio grouping but the largest thermal conductivity variance. Even though the scatter plot for the thermal conductivity measurements are not as precise as the electrical resistivity measurements, it still shows a linear trend which matches the NASA data from 1971. Overall, these linear trends can be modeled and compiled into a new form of the Wiedemann-Franz law, which accounts for the density ratio of the binder jetted print. / Master of Science

This research effort aims to compare car-following models when the models are calibrated to individual drivers with the naturalistic data. The models used are the GHR, Gipps, Intelligent Driver, Velocity Difference, Wiedemann, and the Fritzsche model. This research effort also analyzes the Wiedemann car-following model using car-following periods that occur at different speeds. The Wiedemann car-following model uses thresholds to define the different regimes in car following. Some of these thresholds use a speed parameter, but others rely solely upon the difference in speed between the subject vehicle and the lead vehicle. This research effort also reconstructs the Wiedemann car-following model for truck driver behavior using the Naturalistic Truck Driving Study's (NTDS) conducted by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. This Naturalistic data was collected by equipping 9 trucks with various sensors and a data acquisition system. This research effort also combines the Wiedemann car-following model with the GHR car-following model for trucks using The Naturalistic Truck Driving Study's (NTDS) data. / Master of Science

O imprinting genômico é um processo regulado epigeneticamente que faz com que os alelos sejam expressos de acordo com a sua origem parental. No cromossomo 11 (11p15.5), existem duas regiões controladoras de imprinting (ICR1 e ICR2), que controlam a expressão de genes marcados (imprinted). Os padrões de metilação dessas regiões podem ser alterados pela dissomia uniparental (DUP), que ocorre quando parte de ou um cromossomo inteiro do mesmo par de homólogos é herdado de somente um genitor. Erros mitóticos podem gerar mosaicismo com uma linhagem de células com DUP e a outra biparental. As síndromes de Silver-Russell (SSR) e Beckwith-Wiedemann (SBW) são doenças de alterações do imprinting genômico, envolvendo os cromossomos 7 (SSR) e 11 (SSR e SBW). A Hemihiperplasia Isolada (HHI) parece corresponder a uma forma mais leve da SBW.. No presente trabalho, foi realizada uma varredura in silico para busca de novos microssatélites nos cromossomos 7 e 11, e selecionados seis do tipo tetra ou pentanucleotídeos, no cromossomo 7, e 12, no cromossomo 11. O perfil de metilação nas ICRs foi verificado por três técnicas distintas: MS-MLPA, DESM-RT e por uma nova estratégia desenvolvida neste trabalho denominada DESM-QFPCR. Foram avaliados 32 pacientes com SBW, 16 HHI, 20 com SSR e seus pais, quando disponíveis, além de um paciente com fenótipo aparentemente normal com cariótipo 46,XX/46,XY e cuja placenta apresentou displasia mesenquimal placentária (DMP) a qual está associada à SBW. Os novos marcadores apresentaram alta taxa de heterozigose (média de 70%), e ausência das características indesejáveis dos dinucleotídeos predominantemente utilizados para detecção de DUP. Seis marcadores estão entre genes controlados pelas ICRs 1 e 2. A DUP paterna do cromossomo 11 (DUPpat Cr11), sempre restrita a 11p15.5, foi responsável por 13% dos casos de HHI e 19% dos de SBW. As alterações estruturais foram confirmadas por minissequenciamento quantitativo de SNPs e por MS-MLPA. Um paciente apresentou duplicação paterna abrangendo ambas as ICRs. Uma deleção não descrita anteriormente no gene CDKN1C foi observada em uma paciente e sua mãe. Para os pacientes com DUPpat Cr11, foram investigados microssatélites em 13 autossomos e nos cromossomos sexuais para detecção de mosaicismo global. Apenas o paciente com DMP apresentou mosaicismo [células androgenéticas (25-30%) e biparentais], sugerindo evento de dupla fertilização. Nos pacientes com SSR, foi observada hipometilação na ICR1 em 25% dos casos. Para a SBW, foi observada hipermetilação na ICR1 e hipometilação na ICR2 em 6% e 42% dos casos, respectivamente. Os casos com DUPpat Cr11 apresentaram alteração de metilação em ambas as ICRs. As frequências de alterações (epi) genéticas encontradas foram semelhantes às previamente descritas na literatura para as SBW, SSR e HHI. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma nova técnica para estudo de metilação do DNA de ICRs e testados marcadores microssatélites inéditos na região 11p15, que quando comparados com metodologias mais tradicionais de avaliação, como DESM-RT e MS-MLPA, mostraram elevada correlação dos resultados. Os achados mostram a complexidade da etiologia das doenças estudadas no presente trabalho e os dados moleculares serão imprescindíveis para o aconselhamento genético adequado para cada caso em particular e suas famílias. / Genomic imprinting is a epigenetically regulated process where the alleles are expressed in terms of their parental origin. On chromosome 11 (11p15.5) there are two regions controlling imprinting (ICR1 and ICR2), which control imprinted gene expression. The methylation patterns in these regions may be altered by uniparental disomy (UPD), which occurs when part or whole chromose is inherited from only one parent. Mitotic errors can lead to mosaicism with a cell line with DUP and other, biparental. The Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are diseases of abnormal genomic imprinting, involving chromosomes 7 (SSR) and 11 (SRS and BWS). The Isolated Hemihiperplasia (IHH) seems to correspond to a milder form of the SBW. In the present study, we performed an in silico scan to search for new microsatellites on chromosomes 7 and 11, and selected six tetra- and/or pentanucleotides on chromosome 7, and 12 on chromosome 11. The pattern of methylation in ICRs was verified by three different techniques: MS-MLPA, DESM-RT and a new strategy developed in this work called DESM-QFPCR. We evaluated 32 patients with BWS, HHI 16, with 20 SSR and their parents, when available, and one patient with apparently normal phenotype with karyotype 46, XX/46, XY and whose placenta showed placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) which is associated with SBW. The new markers showed a high heterozygosity rate (average 70%), and absence of undesirable characteristics of dinucleotides, predominantly used for detection of DUP. Six markers spans genes controlled by the ICRs 1 and 2. The paternal UPD for chromosome 11 (UPDpat Cr11), all restricted to 11p15.5, was responsible for 13% of cases of HHI and 19% of the SBW. Structural changes were confirmed by quantitative SNaPshot sequencing of SNPs and MS-MLPA. One patient had paternal duplication encompassing both ICRs. A not previously described deletion in the gene CDKN1C was observed in one patient and her mother. For patients with DUPpat Cr11, microsatellites were investigated in 13 autosomes and sex chromosomes to detect wide mosaicism. Only patients with DMP showed mosaicism [androgenetic cells (25-30%) and biparental], suggesting double fertilization. In patients with SRS, ICR1 hypomethylation was observed in 25% of cases. For BWS, ICR1 hypermethylation and in ICR2 hypomethylation were observed 6% and 42% of cases, respectively. All cases with UPDpat Cr11 presented abnormal methylation in both ICRs. The (epi) genetic change frequencies were similar to those previously described in the literature for BWS, SRR andIHH. In the present work, we developed a new technique to study DNA methylation of ICRs and tested novel microsatellite markers in the 11p15 region, which showed high correlation of results, when compared with more traditional methods such as RT-DESM and MS-MLPA. The results show the complex etiology of these diseases and the molecular data are essential for appropriate patient and families genetic counseling.

O imprinting genômico é um processo regulado epigeneticamente que faz com que os alelos sejam expressos de acordo com a sua origem parental. No cromossomo 11 (11p15.5), existem duas regiões controladoras de imprinting (ICR1 e ICR2), que controlam a expressão de genes marcados (imprinted). Os padrões de metilação dessas regiões podem ser alterados pela dissomia uniparental (DUP), que ocorre quando parte de ou um cromossomo inteiro do mesmo par de homólogos é herdado de somente um genitor. Erros mitóticos podem gerar mosaicismo com uma linhagem de células com DUP e a outra biparental. As síndromes de Silver-Russell (SSR) e Beckwith-Wiedemann (SBW) são doenças de alterações do imprinting genômico, envolvendo os cromossomos 7 (SSR) e 11 (SSR e SBW). A Hemihiperplasia Isolada (HHI) parece corresponder a uma forma mais leve da SBW.. No presente trabalho, foi realizada uma varredura in silico para busca de novos microssatélites nos cromossomos 7 e 11, e selecionados seis do tipo tetra ou pentanucleotídeos, no cromossomo 7, e 12, no cromossomo 11. O perfil de metilação nas ICRs foi verificado por três técnicas distintas: MS-MLPA, DESM-RT e por uma nova estratégia desenvolvida neste trabalho denominada DESM-QFPCR. Foram avaliados 32 pacientes com SBW, 16 HHI, 20 com SSR e seus pais, quando disponíveis, além de um paciente com fenótipo aparentemente normal com cariótipo 46,XX/46,XY e cuja placenta apresentou displasia mesenquimal placentária (DMP) a qual está associada à SBW. Os novos marcadores apresentaram alta taxa de heterozigose (média de 70%), e ausência das características indesejáveis dos dinucleotídeos predominantemente utilizados para detecção de DUP. Seis marcadores estão entre genes controlados pelas ICRs 1 e 2. A DUP paterna do cromossomo 11 (DUPpat Cr11), sempre restrita a 11p15.5, foi responsável por 13% dos casos de HHI e 19% dos de SBW. As alterações estruturais foram confirmadas por minissequenciamento quantitativo de SNPs e por MS-MLPA. Um paciente apresentou duplicação paterna abrangendo ambas as ICRs. Uma deleção não descrita anteriormente no gene CDKN1C foi observada em uma paciente e sua mãe. Para os pacientes com DUPpat Cr11, foram investigados microssatélites em 13 autossomos e nos cromossomos sexuais para detecção de mosaicismo global. Apenas o paciente com DMP apresentou mosaicismo [células androgenéticas (25-30%) e biparentais], sugerindo evento de dupla fertilização. Nos pacientes com SSR, foi observada hipometilação na ICR1 em 25% dos casos. Para a SBW, foi observada hipermetilação na ICR1 e hipometilação na ICR2 em 6% e 42% dos casos, respectivamente. Os casos com DUPpat Cr11 apresentaram alteração de metilação em ambas as ICRs. As frequências de alterações (epi) genéticas encontradas foram semelhantes às previamente descritas na literatura para as SBW, SSR e HHI. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma nova técnica para estudo de metilação do DNA de ICRs e testados marcadores microssatélites inéditos na região 11p15, que quando comparados com metodologias mais tradicionais de avaliação, como DESM-RT e MS-MLPA, mostraram elevada correlação dos resultados. Os achados mostram a complexidade da etiologia das doenças estudadas no presente trabalho e os dados moleculares serão imprescindíveis para o aconselhamento genético adequado para cada caso em particular e suas famílias. / Genomic imprinting is a epigenetically regulated process where the alleles are expressed in terms of their parental origin. On chromosome 11 (11p15.5) there are two regions controlling imprinting (ICR1 and ICR2), which control imprinted gene expression. The methylation patterns in these regions may be altered by uniparental disomy (UPD), which occurs when part or whole chromose is inherited from only one parent. Mitotic errors can lead to mosaicism with a cell line with DUP and other, biparental. The Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are diseases of abnormal genomic imprinting, involving chromosomes 7 (SSR) and 11 (SRS and BWS). The Isolated Hemihiperplasia (IHH) seems to correspond to a milder form of the SBW. In the present study, we performed an in silico scan to search for new microsatellites on chromosomes 7 and 11, and selected six tetra- and/or pentanucleotides on chromosome 7, and 12 on chromosome 11. The pattern of methylation in ICRs was verified by three different techniques: MS-MLPA, DESM-RT and a new strategy developed in this work called DESM-QFPCR. We evaluated 32 patients with BWS, HHI 16, with 20 SSR and their parents, when available, and one patient with apparently normal phenotype with karyotype 46, XX/46, XY and whose placenta showed placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) which is associated with SBW. The new markers showed a high heterozygosity rate (average 70%), and absence of undesirable characteristics of dinucleotides, predominantly used for detection of DUP. Six markers spans genes controlled by the ICRs 1 and 2. The paternal UPD for chromosome 11 (UPDpat Cr11), all restricted to 11p15.5, was responsible for 13% of cases of HHI and 19% of the SBW. Structural changes were confirmed by quantitative SNaPshot sequencing of SNPs and MS-MLPA. One patient had paternal duplication encompassing both ICRs. A not previously described deletion in the gene CDKN1C was observed in one patient and her mother. For patients with DUPpat Cr11, microsatellites were investigated in 13 autosomes and sex chromosomes to detect wide mosaicism. Only patients with DMP showed mosaicism [androgenetic cells (25-30%) and biparental], suggesting double fertilization. In patients with SRS, ICR1 hypomethylation was observed in 25% of cases. For BWS, ICR1 hypermethylation and in ICR2 hypomethylation were observed 6% and 42% of cases, respectively. All cases with UPDpat Cr11 presented abnormal methylation in both ICRs. The (epi) genetic change frequencies were similar to those previously described in the literature for BWS, SRR andIHH. In the present work, we developed a new technique to study DNA methylation of ICRs and tested novel microsatellite markers in the 11p15 region, which showed high correlation of results, when compared with more traditional methods such as RT-DESM and MS-MLPA. The results show the complex etiology of these diseases and the molecular data are essential for appropriate patient and families genetic counseling.

Genomic imprinting refers to the parent-of-origin specific monoallelic expression of a gene. Imprinted genes are often clustered in the genome and their expression is regulated by an imprinting centre (IC). ICs are regions of DNA that propagate the parental specific regulation of gene expression, which are usually characterized by differential DNA methylation, histone marks and the presence of non-coding RNAs. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with the dysregulation of imprinted gene expression on human chromosome band 11p15.5. The 11p15.5 imprinted region has two imprinting centres, IC1 and IC2. IC1 is telomeric and regulates the imprinted expression of the genes H19 and IGF2. IC2 is ~700kb centromeric and is associated with a cluster of nine imprinted genes including CDKN1C, KCNQ1 and an imprinted non-coding RNA associated with IC2, KCNQ1OT1. Loss of differential DNA methylation at IC2 is seen in 50% of patients with BWS with loss of imprint of the non-coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 and associated with a decreased expression of the putative tumour suppressor CDKN1C. Patients with BWS also have a thousand-fold increased risk of pediatric cancer. The focus of this thesis involves investigation of dysregulation of imprinting in three groups of BWS patients. Firstly, I show that BWS patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma have constitutional loss of methylation at IC2 and biallelic expression of KCNQ1OT1. Secondly, loss of methylation at IC2 has been previously associated with female monozygotic twins discordant for BWS. In male monozygotic twins with BWS, however, the molecular lesions reflect the molecular heterogeneity seen in BWS singletons. Thirdly, BWS patients associated with translocations and inversions that have breakpoints within the KCNQ1 gene near IC2 show regional gain of DNA methylation around the breakpoint and decreased expression of CDKN1C. Therefore, using a rare collection of BWS patients, I have attempted to determine the various roles of the imprinting centres IC1 and IC2 and their involvement in tumourigenesis, monozygotic twinning and structural chromosomal rearrangements causing BWS.