The Schrödinger equation ... is considered. The solution of this equation is reduced to the problem of finding the eigenvectors of an infinite matrix. The infinite matrix is truncated to a finite matrix. The approximation due to the truncation is carefully studied. The band structure of the eigenvalues is shown. The eigenvectors of the multiwells potential are presented. The solutions of Schrödinger equation are calculated. The results are very sensitive to the value of the parameter y. Localized solutions, in the case that the energy is slightly greater than the maximum value of the potential, are presented. Wigner and Weyl functions, corresponding to the solutions of Schrödinger equation, are also studied. It is also shown that they are very sensitive to the value of the parameter y. / Garyounis University and Libyan Cultural Affairs

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The need to model the quantum effects in semiconductor devices such as resonance tunneling diodes and quantum dots has lead to an intense study of the Wigner-Poisson (WP) and Schroedinger-Poisson (SP) systems. In this work we present the mathematical analysis of several related models for these systems. These include: a time-dependent model of dissipation in (SP), a quasi-linear (SP) system, a study of the stationary (WP)-(SP) problem with a discussion of the quantum analogue of classical BGK modes and a proof of existence of eigenfunctions for (SP) with periodic boundary conditions, and an examination of the stationary Wigner equations with inflow" boundary conditions. Finally, a proposed numerical scheme for the stationary (SP) system with Boltzmann distribution functions is shown along with its corresponding Bloch equation. / Ph. D.

Le positionnement d'un engin sous-marin s'appuie sur des systèmes dits "acoustiques". Ces derniers renseignent la position relative de l'engin immergé par rapport au navire support. Les performances de ces systèmes sont définies en termes de limite de portée et de précision. Le principe de ces systèmes repose sur les notions de distance-métrie et de goniométrie, qui s'appuient toutes deux sur l'estimation du temps de propagation et donc de la date d'arrivée du signal utile. Cela est classiquement réalisé par une opération de Compression d'Impulsion. Cette technique qui est largement utilisée dans les domaines du SONAR, RADAR et imagerie bio-médicale, repose sur une application sous-optimale du Filtrage Adapté. En effet, le Filtrage Adapté est une technique d’estimation ou de détection optimale lorsque le bruit et blanc et gaussien et lorsque le signal utile est déterministe, c’est-à-dire que le signal reçu est bien connu. Cependant, il est bien connu que dans le monde sous-marin, le bruit n’est pas blanc, et pas toujours gaussien. Aussi, le signal utile étant déformé soit par le milieu de propagation soit par des phénomènes physiques tels que l’effet Doppler, celui-ci n’est pas déterministe. On peut alors considérer que le bruit est coloré et que le signal utile est une réalisation d’un processus aléatoire. Ainsi, en vue d’étendre les hypothèse d’application de la Compression d’Impulsion classique, nous proposons de construire une nouvelle forme de Compression d’Impulsion basée sur l’utilisation du Filtrage Adapté Stochastique. En effet, ce dernier est une extension naturelle du Filtrage Adapté pour des bruits colorés et des signaux déterministes. Toutefois, le Filtrage Adapté Stochastique suppose que les signaux sont stationnaires au second ordre. Or, cela n’est pas toujours le cas pour le bruit en milieu marin, et cela n’est jamais le cas pour un signal modulé en fréquence tel que ceux utilisés par les systèmes de positionnement acoustiques. Ainsi, nous proposons une nouvelle technique de Compression d’Impulsion alliant les qualités du Filtrage Adapté Stochastique et celle des techniques Temps-Fréquence. Ces dernières, et en particulier la transformée de Wigner-Ville, permettent de contourner l’hypothèse de stationnarité imposée par le Filtrage Adapté Stochastique. D’autre part, en vue de contrer l’apparition d’interférences générées par ces techniques, nous développons ici une approche par « décomposition atomique » sur une base de DCT. Ainsi donc, ces trois années de thèse, ont donné naissance à de nouvelles méthodes de Compression d'Impulsion qui permettent d'améliorer les performances des systèmes de positionnement sous-marin. / The underwater vehicules positioning is based on acoustic systems. These systems provide us the relative position of the immersed submarine to the carrier ship. The systems performances are defined in terms of precision and slant range. The positioning systems use concepts like distance measurement and goniometry, both based on the Time Of Arrival estimation of the useful signal, which is classically performed by a Pulse Compression. This technique, widely applied on SONAR, RADAR and bio-medical imaging, is a sub-optimal application of the Matched Filtering. After these three years of work, we had obtained new methods of Pulse Compression that allow to improve the performances of the acoustic positioning systems. These new techniques are based on an expension of the application assumptions of the Pulse Compression to reach, as well as possible, the optimality.

Neste trabalho implementamos um programa computacional capaz de descrever passo-a-passo o processo de colisão entre dois átomos confinados numa armadilha magneto-óptica em regime frio. Para isso utilizamos o formalismo de Wigner, que é uma formulação equivalente à mecânica quântica, para encontrar-mos uma aproximação quase-clássica para as equações que descrevem o sistema. Este formalismo permite-nos separar os graus de liberdade externos dos átomos colidentes, que podem ser tratados de maneira quase-clássica, dos graus internos de liberdade, os quais não tem contraparte clássica e, portanto, são tratados quanticamente / In this work we implement a computer program that describes, step by step, the collision process between two atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap in the cold regime. Here we utilize the Wigner-function theory, which is a formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of a phase space, to find a quasi-classical approx¬imation of the dynamical equations that govern the time evolution of the system. This approach allows us to describe the dynamics in terms of external and internal degrees of freedom. The former degrees of freedom are treated quasi-classically, while the latter, because they do not have a classical counterpart, are treated quan¬tum mechanically

Neste trabalho implementamos um programa computacional capaz de descrever passo-a-passo o processo de colisão entre dois átomos confinados numa armadilha magneto-óptica em regime frio. Para isso utilizamos o formalismo de Wigner, que é uma formulação equivalente à mecânica quântica, para encontrar-mos uma aproximação quase-clássica para as equações que descrevem o sistema. Este formalismo permite-nos separar os graus de liberdade externos dos átomos colidentes, que podem ser tratados de maneira quase-clássica, dos graus internos de liberdade, os quais não tem contraparte clássica e, portanto, são tratados quanticamente / In this work we implement a computer program that describes, step by step, the collision process between two atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap in the cold regime. Here we utilize the Wigner-function theory, which is a formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of a phase space, to find a quasi-classical approx¬imation of the dynamical equations that govern the time evolution of the system. This approach allows us to describe the dynamics in terms of external and internal degrees of freedom. The former degrees of freedom are treated quasi-classically, while the latter, because they do not have a classical counterpart, are treated quan¬tum mechanically

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Estudamos as estruturas e as propriedades dinÃmicas de um cristal clÃssico bidimensional (2D) em bicamadas de partÃculas dipolares magnÃticas carregadas em um arranjo no qual os dipolos sÃo perpendiculares Ãs camadas e com mesma densidade de partÃculas em cada camada. A energia do sistema à devido à interaÃÃo carga - carga (interaÃÃo coulom- biana) e a interaÃÃo dipolo - dipolo. Devido ao fato dessas interaÃÃes serem de longo alcance, usamos o mÃtodo da soma de Ewald para obter uma expressÃo para a energia envolvendo somas que convergem rapidamente. Comparando as energias de possÃveis geometrias do cristal, determinamos o diagrama de fase do sistema em funÃÃo do parÃmetro η (que està relacionado com a distÃncia entre as camadas de dipolos magnÃticos carregados e a densidade de partÃculas) e da intensidade relativa das interaÃÃes elÃtrica e magnÃtica. Mudando a intensidade relativa da interacÃo dipolo - dipolo com respeito à interaÃÃo elÃtrica, podemos encontrar seis diferentes estruturas cristalinas estÃveis em funÃÃo de η. Uma caracterÃstica interessante desse sistema à a possibilidade de permanecer em arranjos nos quais as camadas sÃo ou nÃo deslocadas uma em relaÃÃo a outra, apenas variando a interaÃÃo magnÃtica entre os dipolos, por exemplo, atravÃs de um campo magnÃtico externo. As transiÃÃes entre as estruturas cristalinas podem ser contÃnuas e descontÃnuas. No intuito de investigar a estabilidade das configuraÃÃes de mÃnima energia, calculamos o espectro dos fÃnons do sistema usando a aproximaÃÃo harmÃnica. Para isto, recorremos novamente a tÃcnica de Ewald para obter somas que convergem rapidamente. A anÃlise da relaÃÃo de dispersÃo (fÃnons) revela caracterÃsticas do sistema que sÃo de grande utilidade no estudo da transiÃÃo sÃlido-lÃquido (fusÃo). / We study the structural and dynamical properties of a two-dimensional (2D) classical bi-layer crystal of charged magnetic dipolar particles in a setup where the dipoles are oriented perpendicular to the layers and equal density of charged dipolar particles in each layer. The energy of the system is due to the charge - charge interaction (Coulomb interaction) and the dipole - dipole interaction. Due to the long-range nature of the interactions, we use the Ewald summation method to obtain an expression for the energy involving rapidly convergent sums. By comparing the energies of a number of possible crystal geometries, we determine the phase diagram of the system as a function of the parameter η (which is related to the separation between the layers of charged magnetic dipoles and the particle density) and the relative intensity of the magnetic and electrical interactions. By changing the relative intensity of the dipole - dipole interaction with respect to electrical one, we are able to find six diferent stable crystalline structures as a function of η. An interesting feature of the present model system is the possibility to tune between the matched and staggered arrangements by varying the magnetic interaction between the dipoles, e.g. through an external magnetic field. The phase boundaries of the crystalline structures consist of both continuous and discontinuous transitions. In order to investigate the stability of the minimum energy arrangements we also calculate the phonon spectra of the system within the harmonic approximation. In this case, we resort again on the Ewald technique to obtain the rapidly convergent sums. The analysis of the phonon spectra reveals interesting features which are useful in the study of melting.

Une modélisation de rugosité de faible amplitude d’une rugosité d’interface, à l’aide de méthodes ultrasonores, est proposée. On examine le cas d’une plaque élastique immergée dont l’une des faces est rugueuse. L’étude de la rugosité dont la géométrie est triangulaire et périodique repose sur l’analyse du coefficient de transmission par la plaque. Une simulation numérique basée sur la Méthode des Éléments Finis est réalisée. D’un autre côté, la théorie de Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) de la plaque sans rugosité montre que le coefficient de transmission peut être compris comme une somme de résonances, chacune étant associée à un modèle de Breit et Wigner (BW). La position des pics de résonance, que ceux-ci soient relatifs aux modes symétriques ou antisymétriques sont peu affectées par la présence de la rugosité. Seules les largeurs et les amplitudes varient notablement. Les expériences numériques ont montré que ces pics sont interprétables comme des résonances BW. Une nouvelle modélisation basée sur un modèle rhéologique est établie pour le coefficient de transmission. A partir de celle-ci, un nouveau modèle BW a été développé et validé par la simulation numérique. Celui-ci modèle permet de remplacer avantageusement les simulations numériques coûteuses en temps, par un modèle analytique simple. / The modelling of roughness of small amplitude a rough interface, by using ultrasound methods is proposed. One investigates the case of an immersed elastic plate with only one corrugated face. The study of the roughness, the shape of which is triangular and periodic is based upon the analysis of the transmission coefficient. A numerical simulation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is carried out. On the other hand, the Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) theory of the flat plate shows that the transmission coefficient may be seen as a sum of resonances, each being associated with a Breit-Wigner (BW) resonance shape. The location of the resonance spikes peaks, which are related to either symmetric or antisymmetric modes, are not significantly affected by the roughness ; only the half widths and the magnitudes vary notably. The numerical experiments led with FEM on the corrugated plate showed that the spikes peaks can be interpreted as BW resonances.

A new method for the general application of quadratic spatial/spatial frequency domain filtering to imagery is presented in this dissertation. The major contribution of this research is the development of an original algorithm for approximating the inverse psuedo Wigner distribution through synthesis of an image in the spatial domain which approximates the result of filtering an original image in the DPWD domain.

[pt] Nessa dissertação vamos abordar a famosa lei do Semicírculo de Wigner, que dá uma descrição do comportamento do espectro de autovalores de matrizes aleatórias simétricas. A demonstração combina ideias e técnicas de Combinatória e Probabilidade, incluindo uma analise cautelosa dos momentos da distribuição de autovalores. / [en] In this dissertation we will approach the famous Wigner s Semicircle Law, which gives a description of the behavior of the eigenvalue spectrum of symmetric random matrices. The proof combines ideas and techniques from Combinatorics and Probability, including a careful analysis of the moments of the eigenvalue distribution.