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This thesis examines aspects of the work of American writer and social critic, Lewis Mumford, and the domestic buildings of architect William Wurster. It reveals parallels in their careers, particularly evident in an Arts and Crafts influence and the regional emphasis both men combined with an otherwise overtly Modernist outlook. Several chapters are devoted to the background of, and influences on, Mumford???s regionalism and Wurster???s architecture. Mumford, a spiritual descendent of John Ruskin, admired Wurster???s work for its reflection of his own regionalist ideas, which are traced to Arts and Crafts figures Patrick Geddes, William Morris, William Lethaby and Ruskin. These figures are important to this study, firstly because the influence of their philosophical perspective allowed Mumford, almost uniquely, to position himself as a spokesman for both Romanticism and Modernism with equal validity, and secondly because of their influence upon early Californian architects such as Bernard Maybeck, and subsequently upon Wurster and his colleagues. Throughout the thesis, an important architectural distinction is highlighted between regional Modernism and the International Style. This distinction polarised the American architectural community after Mumford published an article in 1947 suggesting that the ???Bay Region Style??? represented a regionally appropriate alternative to the abstract formulas of International Style architecture and nominated Wurster as its most significant representative. Wurster???s regional Modernism was distinct from the bulk of American Modernism because of its regional influences and its indebtedness to vernacular forms, apparent in buildings such as his Gregory Farmhouse. In 1948, Henry-Russel Hitchcock organised a symposium at New York???s Museum of Modern Art to refute Mumford???s article. Its participants acrimoniously rejected a regionalist alternative to the International Style, and architectural historians have suggested that authentic regional development in the Bay Region largely ceased because of such adverse theoretical and academic scrutiny. After examining the influences on Mumford and Wurster, the thesis concludes that twentieth century regional architectural development in the San Francisco Bay Region has influenced subsequent Western domestic architecture. Wurster suggested that architects should employ the regional and vernacular rather than emulate historical styles or follow theoretical models in their buildings and Mumford, upon whose work Critical Regionalism was later founded, is central to any understanding of the importance of the vernacular, regional and historical in modern architecture.

This thesis examines aspects of the work of American writer and social critic, Lewis Mumford, and the domestic buildings of architect William Wurster. It reveals parallels in their careers, particularly evident in an Arts and Crafts influence and the regional emphasis both men combined with an otherwise overtly Modernist outlook. Several chapters are devoted to the background of, and influences on, Mumford???s regionalism and Wurster???s architecture. Mumford, a spiritual descendent of John Ruskin, admired Wurster???s work for its reflection of his own regionalist ideas, which are traced to Arts and Crafts figures Patrick Geddes, William Morris, William Lethaby and Ruskin. These figures are important to this study, firstly because the influence of their philosophical perspective allowed Mumford, almost uniquely, to position himself as a spokesman for both Romanticism and Modernism with equal validity, and secondly because of their influence upon early Californian architects such as Bernard Maybeck, and subsequently upon Wurster and his colleagues. Throughout the thesis, an important architectural distinction is highlighted between regional Modernism and the International Style. This distinction polarised the American architectural community after Mumford published an article in 1947 suggesting that the ???Bay Region Style??? represented a regionally appropriate alternative to the abstract formulas of International Style architecture and nominated Wurster as its most significant representative. Wurster???s regional Modernism was distinct from the bulk of American Modernism because of its regional influences and its indebtedness to vernacular forms, apparent in buildings such as his Gregory Farmhouse. In 1948, Henry-Russel Hitchcock organised a symposium at New York???s Museum of Modern Art to refute Mumford???s article. Its participants acrimoniously rejected a regionalist alternative to the International Style, and architectural historians have suggested that authentic regional development in the Bay Region largely ceased because of such adverse theoretical and academic scrutiny. After examining the influences on Mumford and Wurster, the thesis concludes that twentieth century regional architectural development in the San Francisco Bay Region has influenced subsequent Western domestic architecture. Wurster suggested that architects should employ the regional and vernacular rather than emulate historical styles or follow theoretical models in their buildings and Mumford, upon whose work Critical Regionalism was later founded, is central to any understanding of the importance of the vernacular, regional and historical in modern architecture.

Garden histories since the mid 1990s have increasingly turned to studies of vernacular gardens as sites of identity formation. More recently, the development of environmental history and specifically urban environmental history has started to show how vernacular gardening in suburban and urban spaces has contributed to changes in urban environments. Relatively little work on home gardening history in this sense has been undertaken in the New Zealand context, while in Australia such work is well underway. This study augments knowledge of home gardening history in New Zealand by focussing on one urban area, Christchurch, known both as the 'Garden City' and as 'one of the most English cities outside of England'. An examination of gardening literature over the period from European colonisation in 1850 to the first visit to the city by a reigning monarch in 1954 highlights changes in gardening tropes rather than particular garden fashions or elements. The four principal tropes of abundance, beauty, protection and sustenance, each supported with a particular kind of ritual-like garden competition, show how gardening discourses related to ideas about the maintenance of the social and cultural order. A more objective measure of attitudes to gardens is gained by examining 1823 property advertisements across the period. Categorised by suburb this analysis shows a level of gardening variation across the city. Following this analysis, case studies of four suburbs in three areas were undertaken. These were based primarily on oral histories and reveal the extent of gardening variation across the city, and the limited but significant effect that gardening discourses had on gardens. This suggests methodological problems with many studies of vernacular gardens, as well as opportunities for further studies. This thesis also demonstrates the value of home gardening histories to urban environmental history, particularly with regard to the former colonies of the British Empire.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao protegida.pdf: 485470 bytes, checksum: 735f19742a5105b8edf06e0232846991 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work is to study the myth of the double as character in the novel The Double, of Jose Saramago, published in 2002. To explain the form of this myth in the Contemporarity we cover the trajectory of the myth since the sprouting of the reason and the conscience of itself in the beginning of the man. As hypothesis, we understand the myth of the double as non-separable part of the nature human being who will follow the evolution of the artistic phenomena, since the first representations in the walls of the caves until the fragmentary art contemporary, being its literary construction impregnated by the historical and social-cultural modifications, transforming the literary language into instrument of critical and metalanguage. To justify the study of the myth to be the primordial form of narration, oral in principle, suffering to a mutation to be registered for the writing, losing the sacred character and acquiring literary contours. It is in this aspect that we observe the transformation of the myth, more specifically, from the work of Edgar Allan Poe, the short story William Wilson, chosen for its importance in the formatting of a double modern, fruit of a society that entries for the Modern Age for the Industrial Revolution and its consequences, such as the growth of the cities and the massification of the population; until the romance The Double, presenting a double in search of an identity that if presents unstable. Analyzing the double while character, we verify the influences of the historical and social-cultural factors in its composition, beyond its relation with the author and the narrator of the literary text, the some voices that if face in the narrative and propitiate to look at intent disclosing the double that if it projects in these relations and it constructs a multifaceted text / O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar o mito do duplo como personagem na obra O homem duplicado, de José Saramago, publicada em 2002. Para entender a forma desse mito na contemporaneidade percorremos sua trajetória desde o surgimento da razão e da consciência de si nos primórdios do homem. Como hipótese, entendemos o mito do duplo como parte inseparável da natureza humana que acompanhará a evolução dos fenômenos artísticos, desde as primeiras representações nas paredes das cavernas até a fragmentária arte contemporânea, sendo sua construção literária impregnada pelas modificações históricas e sócio-culturais, transformando a linguagem literária em instrumento de crítica e de metalinguagem. Justifica-se o estudo do mito por ser essa a forma primordial de narração, a princípio oral, sofrendo uma mutação ao ser registrado pela escrita, perdendo o caráter sagrado e adquirindo contornos literários. É nesse aspecto que observamos a transformação do mito do duplo, mais especificamente a partir da obra de Edgar Allan Poe, o conto William Wilson, escolhido pela sua importância na formatação de um duplo moderno, fruto de uma sociedade que adentra a Era Moderna pela Revolução Industrial e suas conseqüências, tais como o crescimento das cidades e a massificação da população; até o romance O homem duplicado, apresentando um duplo em busca de uma identidade que se apresenta instável. Analisando o duplo enquanto personagem, verificamos as influências dos fatores históricos e sócio-culturais na sua composição, além de sua relação com o autor e o narrador do texto literário, as várias vozes que se enfrentam na narrativa e propiciam um olhar atento revelando o duplo que se projeta nessas relações e constrói um texto multifacetado