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Cal Poly San Luis Obispo’s Electrical Engineering Department and the Power Energy Institute have developed a microgrid laboratory with various generators, loads, and protection systems over the past several years. To improve and make the Cal Poly microgrid laboratory more realistic, this thesis outlines the process of improving the EE microgrid setup by adding a wind energy generation system via an induction generator, excitation capacitors, and a protection relay. By adding an induction generator, the microgrid system becomes more resilient to sudden power fluctuations by maintaining a stable voltage and frequency when the microgrid is islanded. To test this, a disturbance was introduced to the islanded microgrid by turning on and off the pump motor load for one second and by adding a torque load. Without the wind energy system, the system frequency drops below 59.7Hz causing the microgrid to collapse. However, with the wind energy system, the microgrid frequency is kept above 59.7Hz and can remain operational even if the pump motor is loaded to 2 lb•in. This is due to the large inertia the induction generator contains. This is further investigated by creating a Simulink model that models a wind turbine system with wind fluctuations. The model shows that by having a large rotating mass, the inertia keeps the output power stable even if there are rapid wind speed fluctuations.

While wind energy has emerged as a popular source of renewable energy, the traditional wind turbine has an inherent limitation, namely that it only generates power in the presence of sufficiently high and consistent wind speeds. As a result, wind farms are typically built in areas with a high probability of the required wind speeds, which are geographically sparse. One way of overcoming this drawback is to tap into the energy available in winds at high altitudes which are not only consistent and of high magnitude, but also globally pervasive. An airborne wind energy device based upon the phenomenon of autorotation could potentially be used to exploit the abundance of wind of energy present at high altitudes. The work in this thesis first presents our study of a tethered-airfoil system as a candidate airborne wind energy (AWE) system. A mathematical model was used to show the feasibility of energy capture and the stability of the device in a wind field. Subsequently, the research identified the principle of autorotation to be better suited for high altitude energy harvesting. To this end, the thesis first presents a theoretical basis of the principle of autorotation, which is developed from existing models in literature. The model was adapted to predict aerodynamic conditions when used for harvesting energy. Encouraging simulation results prompted the main emphasis of this thesis, namely design of an experimental framework to corroborate the theory. Several experiments were devised to determine basic performance characteristics of an autogyro rotor and the data from each experiment is presented. A lab-scale experimental setup was developed as part of this thesis. The setup, consisting of a flapping-blade autogyro rotor and sensors, was used to acquire preliminary aerodynamic performance data. It is envisioned that refinements to this setup will ultimately provide a means of directly comparing analytical and experimental data. In this regard, we provide conclusions and make comments on improvements for future experiments.

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In one of the largest renewable energy sectors, the Wind, research on maintenance on windturbines is surprisingly nearly nonexistent. No meaningful work has been made on optimizingthe scheduled maintenance process. Filling this gap this thesis stems.Unplanned maintenance is commonly synonym to large energy loss since the wind turbine mustbe stopped nearly throughout the whole duration of the maintenance procedure. All partiesevolved in the sector are hindered by this fact. It is therefore not only in all the sectors’ playersbut also the general publics’ interest to optimize this process for a more sustainable world.Responsible for all the calculations is a model, which was fully developed for this thesis and ispart of it. Having considered several programming languages the choice was Excel (VBA); beingthis software spread worldwide it encourages the models’ global implementation. Easy to use,versatility and accurate and prompt results were the guidelines for its developments. A weatherforecast is the fundamental input.Running the model on two different wind farms gave conclusive results. The energy loss wasreduced up to 71%. Also in some cases the time frame was cut up to 62%.Even with these promising figures energy loss must be significant in order to have a realeconomical impact. Nevertheless the model unveils the most convenient schedule formaintenance and its implementation is exclusively beneficial.

This dissertation focuses on the modeling and control of WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) in a multi-machine system. As one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources, the trend of wind energy changes to variable speed wind turbines. The concept of the variable speed is based on the variable speed according to the instantaneous wind speed of wind turbines. Since the utility grid requires the stable frequency and magnitude voltages, there must be grid interconnection of the wind farm and the utility grid. The grid interconnection must support the concept of the variable speed wind turbines. Since each wind turbine locates in a different location in a wind site, it receives the different wind speed. Hence the grid interconnection must convert the variable frequency and magnitude output voltages of the wind turbines to a synchronous frequency and magnitude voltages associated to the grid. With the new technologies of power semiconductor devices, the power converter can operate with high voltage, high current, and high switching frequency. This results in a higher power capacity of a wind farm. Nonetheless, the power converters generate harmonic distortions to the utility grid. The harmonic distortions components in the voltages and currents of the grid degrade the power quality. This results in the damage of electrical components in the power system such as capacitor banks, inductors, protection devices, etc. The harmonic distortions can be reduced with the technology of the multi-level inverter. It is required that the wind energy provides the real and reactive power control for frequency and voltage stability. In order to achieve the power control, the modeling and control of the power electronic grid interconnection is presented in this dissertation. The grid interconnection is modeled with linearization techniques. The models in frequency domain in the form of transfer functions are used to design the compensators in the control system. The model is considered as a SISO (Single Input Single Output) system to design the compensators in SISO tool of MATLAB. The selected control system is current control that can control the real and reactive powers independently. Furthermore, since the grid interconnection is modeled separately for each sub-system, the control system is verified with integration of the sub-systems. The grid interconnection is modeled in Simulink and simulated in the PSCAD. In reality, the power system is comprised of multi-machines. They affect the power system stability, reliability, and quality. The dynamic modeling of an aggregated wind farm with synchronous generator and grid interconnection in a multi-machine system is presented. The test system is a 10-bus system with three generators and three loads. The dynamic modeling involves the power flow calculations that determine the equilibrium points of the system. The system is modeled with differential equations of wind turbines, synchronous generators, and grid interconnection. The system is modeled in the time domain in state space form. The system characteristics can be determined by poles or eigen values obtained from the characteristic equations. Since the system is MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) system, the optimal control theory is used to reduce the deviation of system behaviors during disturbances. The LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) is utilized to control the system with eigen value assignment method. Simulation results in Simulink are illustrated. / Ph. D.

Surface coal mining in West Virginia has supplied energy to the eastern coast of the United States for over a century. Over the years, the coal mining industry has been forced to adapt as societal demands regarding health, safety, and environmental impacts have changed. More recent pressure has called for another iteration of change: long-term post-mining sustainability. The research presented in this thesis investigates one potential solution—or component of a solution—to improve the sustainability of surface coal mining in West Virginia: post-mining wind power. This thesis intends to demonstrate and explain the feasibility of synergistic mine closure and wind development. Wind conditions at three reclaimed mine sites in West Virginia were monitored in order to develop representative case studies for post-mining wind power. This report contains a summary of the literature consulted to plan the site assessments, the methodology employed to execute them, the analysis steps undertaken to derive conclusions, and a discussion of all findings. This research has found that significant cost savings can be yielded from synergistic mine closure and wind development, as compared to greenfield wind development. Though wind conditions themselves remain the primary driver for site feasibility, post-mining wind power is a practice with significant promise for improving project economics, contributing to renewable energy development, enhancing company-community relations, providing local employment opportunities, and exemplifying sustainable business practices in Appalachia. / Master of Science

High renewable energy penetration is a goal for many countries to increase energy security and reduce carbon emissions from conventional power plants. Wind energy is one of leading sources among different renewable resources. However, high wind energy penetration in the system brings new challenges to the electric power system due to its variable and stochastic nature, and non-correlation between wind and load profiles. The term non-correlation is used in this research refers to the fact that wind or any other renewable generation, which is nature driven, does not follow the load like conventional power plants. Wind spill is a challenge to utilities with high wind energy penetration levels. This occurs from situations mentioned above and the fact that wind generation sometimes exceeds the servable load minus must-run generation. In these cases there is no option but to curtail non-usable wind generation. This dissertation presents grid-scale energy storage and demand response options as an optimization problem to minimize spilled wind energy. Even after managing this spilled wind energy, there is still a challenge in a system with high wind energy penetration coming from wind power forecast error. Wind power forecast error is handled by having more back-up energy and spilling the non-usable wind power. This research offers a way to use the grid-scale energy storage units to mitigate impacts of wind power forecast error by. A signal processing method is proposed to decompose the fluctuating wind power forecast error signal, based on the fact that each energy storage or conventional unit is more efficient to operate within specific cycling regimes. Finally, an algorithm is proposed schedule energy storage for mitigating both impacts. / Ph. D.