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Mikroproduktion innebar att kunden sjalv kan producera och anvanda sin el. I Sverige finns ett okat intresse for att tillverka sin egen el och har under den senaste tiden okat markant. Denna uppsatsen har jag skrivit for att underlatta vid installation av vindkraft respektive solceller, jag har aven gjort en ekonomisk analys av dessa for att fa en battre bild over det ekonomiska av att producera egen el, darfor finner man nagra olika analys aspekter och kostnadskalkyler i denna uppsats. Genom dessa analyser har jag kunnat dra nagra slutsatser betraffande de bada och om ifall att det ar ett bra kop pa lang sikt. Det visar sig vara sa att en storre anlaggning ar en battre investering an en mindre da det ar installationen av anlaggningen som ar kostsam.

In the last couple of decades, there has been an increased awareness of the effects that electricity generation has on the environment through the emission of greenhouse gases and the depletion of natural resources. This realisation, coupled with an increased drive towards ensuring the sustainability of the energy supply system, has lead many, including the United Kingdom government to investigate the options for moving away from traditional fossil fuel-burning generation methods towards “lowcarbon” generators, such as renewables and nuclear power. Specifically, wind power, the more mature systems (with the exception of hydro power) of the available renewable energy supply, and nuclear power, a technology seen as producing large amounts of electricity with very few associated greenhouse emissions, have been promoted but also pitted against each other by analysts and policy makers. This work aims to provide a balanced analysis of wind power and nuclear power with respect to their effects on the natural environment. As such, modeling has been undertaken of a Generation III+ nuclear reactor, an onshore wind farm located in southern Scotland and an offshore wind farm near the Thames estuary while environmental indicators have been created to permit the comparative assessment of these three electricity generation technologies, in a U.K. context. These indicators thus facilitate an assessment of the energy requirements, the associated greenhouse gas emissions, the natural resource requirements, as well as the displaced carbon dioxide emissions from operation of each power plant. A parametric analysis has also been conducted to show the range of likely variations in each indicator’s values. The results of this research show that all three technologies demonstrate similar performance with respect to their energetic and environmental impacts. More specifically, the wind farms demonstrate better energy gain ratios than the nuclear power plant when they are credited for not depleting non-renewable fuel sources. The wind farms also are shown to pay back their energy investments faster than the nuclear power plant. On the other hand, the nuclear power plant is found to produce slightly lower greenhouse gas emissions than either onshore or offshore wind farms. With respect to the assessment of natural resource depletion, it is estimated that both wind farms need more land per unit of electricity produced than the nuclear power plant, but all three power plants permanently sequester similar amounts of water. The wind farms and the nuclear power plant are found to have similar performance with respect to their material requirements, while the calculation of the avoided emissions factors for all technologies are of similar orders of magnitude. All results are shown to be highly sensitive to the assumptions made about the prospective lifecycles, and as such caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions about any comparative advantages. Nethertheless both technologies are clearly shown to have lower environmental impacts than traditional electricity generation technologies.

<p>Electrical production in Sweden today is mainly from nuclear and hydro power. However, there is large increase in renewable energy like wind power and the installed new capacity goals are large. Several electrical production sources are important for the sustainability of the energy system. Maintenance is an approach for keeping a system sustainable. The importance of structured maintenance for reliable electrical production systems triggers the development of qualitative and quantitative maintenance management methods. Examples of these methods are Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) which is a structured qualitative approach that focuses on reliability when planning maintenance, and Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) which is a development of RCM into a quantitative approach with the aim to relate preventive maintenance to total maintenance cost and system reliability.</p><p>This thesis presents models, as applications of RCAM, based on the methods of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and mathematical optimization, applied to wind and nuclear power plants. Both deterministic and stochastic approaches have been used and the proposed models are based on the <em>Total Cost</em> model, which summarizes costs for maintenance and production loss, and the <em>Aircraft </em>model, which is an opportunistic maintenance optimization model. Opportunistic maintenance is preventive maintenance performed at opportunities. The wind power applications in this study show on different ways to cover costs of condition monitoring systems (CMS) and further on economic benefits of these when uncertainties of times to failure are included in the model. The nuclear power applications show on that the optimization model is dependent on the discount rate and that a high discount rate gives more motivation for opportunistic replacements. When put into a stochastic framework and compared to other maintenance strategies it is shown that an extended opportunistic maintenance optimization model has a good overall performance, and that it, for high values of the constant cost of performing maintenance, is preferable to perform opportunistic maintenance. The proposed models, applied to wind and nuclear power plants, could be extended and adapted to fit other components and systems.</p> / Reliability and cost centered maintenance methods

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-10T22:09:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 9759239 bytes, checksum: c746ad4900e2b62f84bdaeef1d4d2625 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:07:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 9759239 bytes, checksum: c746ad4900e2b62f84bdaeef1d4d2625 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:08:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 9759239 bytes, checksum: c746ad4900e2b62f84bdaeef1d4d2625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T15:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielCCC_DISSERT.pdf: 9759239 bytes, checksum: c746ad4900e2b62f84bdaeef1d4d2625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Good use of technology for education becomes a very viable alternative in the improvement of teaching methods. In a world where information is exchanged at high speed, learning - teaching processes also demand quickly and efficiencce. One of the options to ensure these requirements in education modernization is the use of virtual reality tools, such as simulators, adding factors immersion and interactivity in the student learning process. Combine these benefits to the context of wind energy education, which has been disseminated every year in the country and mainly in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, makes the consolidation of this highly relevant technology. Thus, this work deals with the construction of a 3D simulation tool on a free platform that will bring in its structure the key concepts inherent in wind energy portrayed in an interactive and immersive way to the user. The simulator, 5 different modules, in which will be allowed the analysis of thematics of power control and its strategies; energy annual production and grid connection. In the simulator, the user may move in an environment similar to the wind farm and know its structure, as well as options such as choose the power of the incident wind, view the control of the execution of the blades and monitor the power generated according to your decisions, beyond others The simulator was developed on the Unity 3D software, which is originally developed for creating games, but in this work were used all the graphics and interactivity available for educational purposes on the subject of acquisition and energy use through the winds / O bom uso da tecnologia a favor da educação torna-se uma alternativa bastante viável no aperfeiçoamento dos métodos de ensino. Em um mundo onde as informações são trocadas em alta velocidade, os processos de ensino-aprendizado também demandam rapidez e eficiência. Uma das opções que garantem estes requisitos na modernização do ensino está no uso de ferramentas de realidade virtual, como simuladores, que adicionam os fatores imersão e interatividade no processo de aprendizado do aluno. Aliar esses benefícios ao contexto do ensino de energia eólica, que vem se difundindo ano a ano no país e principalmente no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, torna a consolidação dessa tecnologia bastante relevante. Desta forma, este trabalho trata da construção de uma ferramenta de simulação 3D em uma plataforma gratuita que trará em sua estrutura os principais conceitos inerentes à energia eólica retratadas de uma forma interativa e imersiva para o usuário. O simulador, terá 5 módulos distintos, que permitirão a análise das temáticas de controle de potência e suas estratégias; produção anual de energia e conexão à rede. Usando o simulador, é possível transitar em um ambiente similar ao parque eólico e conhecer sua estrutura, além de opções como: escolher a força do vento incidente, visualizar a execução do controle das pás e acompanhar a energia gerada de acordo com suas decisões, entre outros. O simulador foi desenvolvido majoritariamente no software Unity 3D, que é, originalmente desenvolvido para criação de jogos, mas que, nesse trabalho, foram aproveitados todos os recursos gráficos e interatividade disponíveis para fins didáticos na temática da aquisição e aproveitamento de energia através dos ventos / 2017-07-10

Electrical production in Sweden today is mainly from nuclear and hydro power. However, there is large increase in renewable energy like wind power and the installed new capacity goals are large. Several electrical production sources are important for the sustainability of the energy system. Maintenance is an approach for keeping a system sustainable. The importance of structured maintenance for reliable electrical production systems triggers the development of qualitative and quantitative maintenance management methods. Examples of these methods are Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) which is a structured qualitative approach that focuses on reliability when planning maintenance, and Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) which is a development of RCM into a quantitative approach with the aim to relate preventive maintenance to total maintenance cost and system reliability. This thesis presents models, as applications of RCAM, based on the methods of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and mathematical optimization, applied to wind and nuclear power plants. Both deterministic and stochastic approaches have been used and the proposed models are based on the Total Cost model, which summarizes costs for maintenance and production loss, and the Aircraft model, which is an opportunistic maintenance optimization model. Opportunistic maintenance is preventive maintenance performed at opportunities. The wind power applications in this study show on different ways to cover costs of condition monitoring systems (CMS) and further on economic benefits of these when uncertainties of times to failure are included in the model. The nuclear power applications show on that the optimization model is dependent on the discount rate and that a high discount rate gives more motivation for opportunistic replacements. When put into a stochastic framework and compared to other maintenance strategies it is shown that an extended opportunistic maintenance optimization model has a good overall performance, and that it, for high values of the constant cost of performing maintenance, is preferable to perform opportunistic maintenance. The proposed models, applied to wind and nuclear power plants, could be extended and adapted to fit other components and systems. / Reliability and cost centered maintenance methods

För att en kvalitativ och driftsäker kraftomvandling från vind till elkraft skall erhållas ställs krav på en mängd olika faktorer. Klimatologiska och tekniska faktorer kräver korrekt dimensionering och anpassning av omvandlingstekniken för att största möjliga energimängd skall kunna omvandlas på ett driftsäkert och energieffektivt vis som vindkraftsägare, nätägare kräver. Vinden är som bekant en oberäknelig kraftkälla. Variationerna i styrka och tid kan innebära en hel del driftoptimeringsproblematik med efterverkningar för vindkraftsverket, nätet och belastningen. Konsekvenserna kan bero på vilken typ av teknik som är installerad i de olika delarna av energisystemet och i områdets elnät. Varierande effektbehov och effektfaktor i tiden har också en signifikant betydelse för elnätets stabilitet.  Anpassning av drift i elnätet mot den turbulenta vinden ger ofta avvikelser på spänning och effektflöden, speciellt i extrema situationer där svaga elnät existerar. God samverkan med vindkraftverket och nätets varierande aktiva och reaktiva effektbehov till energianvändaren kan ge förutsättningar för god elkvalitet och därmed optimerad och säker drift med få avbrott över tiden. Ofta kan och är det mekaniska, elektrotekniska val i vindkraftverket och tillhörande elsystem som spelar en avgörande roll för hur lönsam investeringen blir under verkets tekniska livslängd. Nätägaren eftersträvar en god interagering mellan elnät och elproduktion som ger upphov till få medeltalsfel mellan avbrott och elfel, detta kallas i branschen för ”Mean time between failures” MTBF.  Enligt Svensk energi skall långsamma och snabba spänningsvariationer samt övertoner och erforderlig kortslutningseffekt utredas och jämföras mot de krav och villkor som råder vid elektrisk integrering av elproduktion i elnätet. Förstudien har kommit fram till två lämpliga anslutningsförslag med vindkraftsprojektering. Det beskrivs senare i rapporten förslag på två tillhörande Smart Grid varianter med energilagring för anslutningsförslagen i det befintligt svaga lokala elnätet. / To achieve a reliable and qualitative power conversion from the wind into electric power, a variety of factors and demands need to be obtained. Climatological and technological factors requires proper dimensioning and adjustment of the conversion technology, to harvest the greatest possible amount of energy and to be converted in a reliable and energy efficient way, that windmill owners, power grid owners require. The wind is as familiar an unpredictable power supply. The variations in intensity over time could mean a number of drive optimization problems with after-effects of the wind turbine, power grid and load. The consequences may depend on which type of technology that is installed in the different parts of the energy system. The area's power grid and varying power needs with characteristics over time, also has a significant importance. The turbulent wind gives deviations of voltage and power flow, especially in various extreme situations in weak power grids. Good interaction between the wind turbine and power grid with varying active and reactive power demand for the energy users, provides conditions for a good power quality and thus, an optimal and safe operation with few interruptions over time. It can be, and often is the mechanics, electro-technical choices in the wind turbine and associated electrical systems that play a critical role in how profitable installation is during the wind turbines technological life. The power grid owner strives for a good interaction between the power grid and electrical generation which rise for few faults between interruptions and errors. In the branch this is known as "Mean time between failures" MTBF.  According to the Swedenergy, harmonics, slow and fast voltage variations including required short-circuit power should be investigated and compared with those requirements and terms that prevails with electrical integration of power into the grid. The feasibility study has concluded two suitable power connection proposals including wind mapping research, later in this report it is described and suggested two related Smart Grid variants with energy storage for the two power connection proposals in the existing weak local grid. / Judith Saari var betygsättare på muntlig presentation.

Using case studies from Australia, Sweden and Finland, and also drawing on examples from parts of Asia, including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Thailand, the thesis explores how state and market actors respond to Indigenous claims and how Indigenous claims are themselves reconstituted through those particular responses. While the duty of protecting Indigenous rights might nominally fall upon the state, we are increasingly witness to the enfolding of market actors and market rationalities in debates concerning Indigenous claims. The research contained in the thesis highlights how a practice of 'passing the buck', or passing of responsibility onto others, is constituted through both market and government relations whereby responsibility for addressing Indigenous claims is shifted from states to corporations, from corporations to states, and from states back to Indigenous peoples themselves. The thesis consists of four articles. Article 1, titled 'Obliging Indigenous Citizens: Shared Responsibility Agreements in Australian Aboriginal Communities' provides a critique of the governmental provision of services to remote Australian Aboriginal communities through quasi-market arrangements. Article 2, titled 'Corporate Social Responsibility, Supply-chains and Saami Claims: Tracing the Political in the Finnish Forestry Industry' explores conflicts over state logging in Saami territories and the construction of the state/market divide in CSR debates over the rights of Indigenous peoples. Article 3, titled 'NGO Campaigns and Banks: Constituting Risk and Uncertainty' studies the negotiated and contested boundaries of markets through debates over the governance of social and environmental risks in the investment banking sector. Article 4, titled 'The Last Frontier? Windpower developments on traditional Saami lands' considers how colonial rationalities constituting the state-Saami relationship are reproduced in new debates over windpower developments in Saami mountain areas. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In progress.</p>

Since the 19th century the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere hasincreased by 40 percent as an effect of the use of fossil energy sources.Increased concentration of CO2 will likely lead to increased temperature,changes in precipitation, rising sea level and increased frequency of extremeweather like storm events. A step to reduce emissions of CO2 and mitigateclimate change, for the property of Tagel, can be to adopt new silviculturalstrategies and analyse which is the most effective. As a result of that, threescenarios was produced, business-as-usual (BAU), increased set aside landand energy. An introduction of windpower at Tagels estate (property) andeffects on carbon balance was also examined. By using the Heureka systemand LCA-analysis in this study, it showed that the scenario of increased setaside land was the most efficient way to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions for the analysed period of 100 years. The effect of substitution(replacing for example fossil fuel or energy consuming building materials,with renewable raw material such as biomass) didn’t give the result that waspredicted. It appears that the use of pulpwood is very important, if it goes tothe pulp industry no substitution effect occurs, but if all pulp will be used forbioenergy purposes, the energy scenario will be the best in terms of overallcarbon balance. The stored carbon in tree biomass over and in roots wasaffected by all scenarios. The soil carbon was almost the same for allscenarios. In the future the property of Tagel can still use the alternativeBAU as an effective way to mitigate climate change but then explore thepossibilities to use the pulp for bioenergy purposes instead and to set asidemore land at the property. This study considered to have high credibilitybecause the Heureka-analyses, LCA and the substitution model were carriedout by experts in area of research.

This degree thesis investigates the possibilities of producing food inside a container at Svalbard, using renewable energy and energy storage. The idea was to be able to place the container at remote places without the need of being connected to the grid. We chose Svalbard, where it is cold and the sun is shining 24 hours a day at summertime. In the winter the opposite occurs and the sun is absent from the sky. The work is divided into theoretical studies and results based on different calculations. Such as economical evaluations (LCOE), and simulations using the computer programs Matlab and PVsyst. We have investigated if solar power and wind power is suitable as energy sources. Options for storage were batteries, grid and hydrogen storage. Different cases with Photovoltaics- and wind power plants, with batteries or grid, were compared against each other. It is not possible to use the grid as storage. This resulted in different sizing of our cases, with no excess energy production. The result showed that a 5 kWp photvoltaic plant with dual axis tracking system, was the most profitable. The Pay off would be 14 years and the total profit 63 453 SEK. If it will become possible in the future to use the grid at Svalbard as storage, it will open up opportunites for bigger systems. This will lead to higher profit than with smaller ones. Our results show that it is now most profitable with solar power.