The main purpose of this study is to aerodynamically design and optimize winglet, twist angle distribution and pitch angle for a wind turbine blade using CFD to produce more power. The RANS solver of Numeca Fine/Turbo was validated by two test cases, the NREL II and NREL VI blades. The results have shown a considerable agreement with measurements for both cases. Two different preconditioners have been implemented for the low Mach number flow. The results have shown the superiority of Merkle preconditioner over Hakimi one and Merkle was selected for further simulations. In addition to that, different turbulence models have been compared and the Launder &ndash / Sharma has shown the best agreement with measurements. Launder &ndash / Sharma was chosen for further simulations and for the design process. Before starting the design and optimization, different winglet configurations were studied. The winglets pointing towards the suction side of the blade have yielded higher power output. Genetic algorithm and artificial neural network were implemented in the design and optimization process. The optimized winglet has shown an increase in power of about 9.5 % where the optimized twist has yielded to an increase of 4%. Then the stall regulated blade has been converted into pitch regulated blade to yield more power output. The final design was produced by a combination of the optimized winglet, optimized twist andbest pitch angle for every wind speed. The final design has shown an increase in power output of about 38%.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2006.

This diploma thesis describes the design of winglets for LS-3 glider. The method for determination of main winglet parameters based on selected criterion is presented as well as comparation of performace of original wing and final modification. It also includes analysis of wing loading and resetting of speed and weight limits for flying with winglets.

There are several different types of compact heat exchangers used in applications where small size and weight are required. One particular type of compact heat exchanger, the louvered fin heat exchanger, has been used heavily in the automotive and air conditioning industries. Over the last several decades, the majority of the work towards improving louvered fin exchanger efficiency has focused on designing more efficient fins by optimizing fin parameters like louver angle, fin pitch, louver pitch, and louver length. At this point in time, many improvements to standard louver geometry have been made, so other surfaces and methods of enhancing exchanger performance need to be studied if any significant future efficiency gains are to be expected. This thesis presents a detailed experimental study that has two major foci relative to the performance of the louvered fin compact heat exchanger. The first is to determine the effect of louver length on pressure drop and tube wall heat transfer, which is the primary heat transfer surface in the heat exchanger. The second is to augment tube wall heat transfer with the use of delta winglets placed on the fins near the tube wall. These studies were completed on a 20X scale model of a louvered fin exchanger with a fin pitch to louver pitch ratio of 0.76 and a louver angle of 27°, over a Reynolds number range based on louver pitch of 230 < ReLp < 1016. The three louver lengths evaluated were 100%, 82%, and 70% of the fin height and delta winglet experiments were performed for louver length to fin pitch ratios of 100% and 70%. Heat transfer results for the louver length tests show that decreasing louver length leads to increases in tube wall heat transfer of 0% to 50% depending on Reynolds number. Also, delta winglets placed on the fins near the tube wall have been shown to produce average tube wall heat transfer augmentations of up to 52%. / Master of Science

Compact heat exchangers are widely used by the automotive industry in systems that cool engine components. Louvered fin heat exchangers are used over their continuous fin counterparts because of the significant advantages they provide in heat transfer efficiency, while only causing small increases in overall pressure losses. With the recent emphasis that has been placed on reducing fuel consumption, decreasing the size of the compact heat exchanger has become an important concern. With reduction in size comes not only weight savings, but also a decrease in frontal area in a vehicle that must be dedicated to the heat exchanger, allowing for more aerodynamic vehicle designs. Air-side resistance on the tube wall and louvered fin surfaces comprises over 85% of total resistance to heat transfer in louvered fin heat exchangers. The tube wall surface is considered the primary surface for heat transfer, where the temperature between the working fluid and convecting air is at a maximum. Recent studies have shown that implementing delta winglets on louvered fins along the tube wall is an effective method of augmenting tube wall heat transfer. In this thesis, the effect of delta winglets is investigated in both two- and three-dimensional louvered fin arrays. For both geometries, winglets are simulated in a manufacturable configuration, where piercings in the louvered fins that would result from the winglet manufacturing process are modeled. Using the two-dimensional geometry to model tube wall heat transfer was shown not to accurately predict heat transfer coefficients. In a two-dimensional geometry, winglets were found not to be an effective means for augmenting tube wall heat transfer and caused only 8% augmentation. Using the three-dimensional geometry, winglets with simulated piercings were observed to cause up to 24% tube wall heat transfer augmentation, with a corresponding increase in pressure losses of only 10%. / Master of Science

Arbetet syftar till att ta fram en hållbar infästning för virveldämpare till SSRS drönare av modell flygande vinge. Drönaren är specifikt framtagen för att användas till maritima sök och räddningsuppdrag och för att bidra till att utöka den svenska kustens säkerhet. Arbetet studerar ett landningsscenario för drönaren och utifrån detta tas en ny infästning fram. Infästningen av virveldämparen skall vara lätt att hantera för personalen, kräva minimalt med reparation och hålla för 50 landningar. Infästningen skall kunna utlösa och separera virveldämparen från vingen om det under landningen uppstår så stora krafter att dessa komponenter riskerar att ta skada. Arbetet följer DRM-struktur och syftar till att ta fram en prototyp med hjälp av en uttömmande idégenerering utförd med metoderna Speedstorming, Brainstorming och SCAMPER. Konceptsållningen sker med hjälp av anpassade poängsättningsmetoder och Pugh-analys. Det resulterande konceptet bestämmer vilka dimensioner som krävs för att kunna utföra hållfasthetsberäkningar på den valda infästningen, därefter skapas en prototyp vilken används för att utföra hållfasthetstester. De utförda beräkningarna och testerna gav olika resultat och den därav dragna slutsatsen medförde att materialegenskaper rörande elastisk deformation och variabler på hållfasthetstestet ej har beaktas. Testerna visade att den framtagna prototypen av expanderad polypropen hanterade de förutsedda krafterna väl även om testerna inte kunde utföras under helt verklighetstrogna landningsförhållanden. Slutresultatet av projektarbetet är att den framtagna infästningen av virveldämparen har, utifrån tillgängliga testningsmetoder, påvisat önskade egenskaper och att utförligare tester behöver genomföras för att avgöra om den uppfyller samtliga produktkrav. / This work is aimed at producing durable attachments for winglets on a drone, model flying wing, owned by the SSRS. The drone is specifically developed to be used for maritime search and rescue missions and to contribute to increasing the security along the Swedish coast and major inland lakes. During this work only one landing scenario by the drone was studied while creating the attachments, which required to be easy to handle, minimal to no repair work and a durability for 50 landings. The attachments also need to be able to release in case of excessive force during landing which risks jeopardizing the integrity of the wing or winglet. The work followed the DRM-structure and aimed to create a prototype through an exhaustive idea generation technique in three steps using the methods Speedstorming, Brainstorming and SCAMPER. All of these methods go through voting, Pugh analysis and concept screening. After one concept had been singled out its dimensions were decided on and used in calculations to determine its strength. From this information a physical winglet attachment prototype made of expanded polypropylene was created and used in strength and durability tests. Calculations and tests were found to have varying results and the conclusion was made that the material properties regarding elastic deformation and test variables most likely had not fully been taken into account. The tests failed to generate a realistic landing scenario given the requirements but still gave a positive result concerning the prototype's ability to absorb shock loads at landing. This work has resulted in a preliminary winglet attachment prototype which through testing has shown satisfying shock absorbing abilities, and that further testing is required to decide whether the attachment can meet all of the set product requirements.

<p>This work is a five-article-based collection of published and to-be-published research articles that explore a novel combination of inlet conditions, wind turbine design, and non-flat topography by performing scaled-down experiments in a wind tunnel.</p>

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