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In Paraguay's rural northeast, small-scale farmers, called campesinos, are targeted by the military as sympathizers for El ejército del pueblo paraguayo (EPP), an alleged terrorist group comprising only 15 - 80 members nationwide. Since 2013, President Cartes' administration has used a threat of rural insecurity to militarize campesino settlements that are peacefully resisting displacement from foreign agroindustry. This thesis considers perspectives from campesinos both living in the countryside and imprisoned in the national penitentiary to examine effects of increased militarization. Testimonies demonstrate that a discourse of rural terrorism serves as a legitimizing mechanism to criminalize and eliminate campesino movements as obstacles to agroindustrial expansion.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsatsarbete är att beskriva erfarenheter av psykofarmaka och psykoterapi. Studien är kvalitativ till sin karaktär och utgår från intervjuer med fyra psykoterapeuter och en läkare. Uppsatsen tar utgångspunkt i ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Intervjuerna har analyserats så förutsättningslöst som möjligt utifrån EPP-metoden. Arbetet har haft sin grund utifrån fem övergripande frågeställningar; Hur uppfattar vi lidandets mening i relation till psykofarmaka? Påverkas en individs möjlighet att känna och tänka om denne regelbundet brukar psykofarmaka? Kan den som lider förvänta sig vägledning i de olika enskilda, respektive kombinationsbehandlingar som finns? Minskar det egna lidandet genom att sätta ord på sin ångest i psykoterapi? Hur resonerar läkemedelsindustrin i frågan kring individens psykiska lidande? Dessa frågeställningar har vilat mot en filosofisk fond som ställer frågan: Är medikaliseringen ett sätt att medicinera mot livet självt, att göra samhällets tillkorta-kommanden till ett individuellt problem? Resultaten presenteras i fem synopsis som visar på att; lidande kan ses som kraft till förändring. Antidepressiva läkemedel har en tendens att döva tankar och känslor. Patientens egen vilja är viktig. Mediciner tenderar att bli till substitut för mötet med människor och att relationen till läkemedelföretagen är problematiskt för behandlare då den också är en vinstmaskin. / The purpose of the study is to describe experiences gained from the use of psychotropic drugs and/or psychotherapy. The study is qualitative in nature and based on interviews with four psychotherapists and physicians. The study takes as its basis a phenomenological perspective. The interviews were analyzed as unprejudiced as possible using the EPP method. The work was based on five overreaching issues; How do we perceive suffering, meaning in relation to psychotropic drugs? Is an individual's ability to feel and think affected by regular use of psychotropic drugs? Can an individual who suffers expect guidance via individual treatment or via available combined treatments? Is an individuals suffering reduced by setting words to the anxiety in psychotherapy? How does the pharmaceutical industry discuss the issue of individual mental suffering? These issues have been tested against a philosophical background that asks the question: Is medicalisation a way of medicating against life itself, a way of making society's shortcomings the individual`s problem? The results are presented in five synopsis which say that suffering can be seen as force for change. Antidepressants have a tendency to numb thoughts and feelings. The patient's own will is important. Medication tends to be a substitute for meeting people and the relationship to pharmaceutical companies problematic for therapists as the industry is also a profit machine.

Vad är avgörande vändpunkter i psykoterapi? Detta är en kvalitativ studie av konfidenters upplevelser av avgörande ögonblick/vändpunkter. Studien utgår från konfidenternas upplevelser och beskrivning av dessa vändpunkter. Metoden är fenomenologisk och utgår ifrån EPP- metoden. Samtliga sex informanter har gått i terapi över 25 timmar och alla har gått i en psykodynamisk terapi. Resultatet visade inte på några avgörande ögonblick/vändpunkter i form av aha-upplevelser. Konfidenterna lyfte istället fram vändpunkter i form av insikter över tid. Två gemensamma drag trädde fram i materialet. Konfidenterna framhöll hur de med terapins hjälp fick syn på hur de suttit fast i mönster och försvar i sina tidiga objektrelationer. Konfidenterna framhöll också vikten av ett "eget rum" att möta sig själv tillsammans med terapeuten. / What is the crucial turning point in psychotherapy? This is a qualitative study of patients' experiences of the crucial moments/ turning points in their psychotherapy. This study examined patients' experiences and their description of these. The method is phenomenological and is called the EPP- method. The six informants have all attended more than 25 hours of therapy they have all attended psychodynamic therapy. The results revealed no crucial moments/ turning points such as "aha moment". Instead the patients emphasized turning points and insights over time. Two common features emerged in the material. The patients emphasized how they due to the therapy became aware of how they have been stuck in patterns and defense systems due to their early object relations. The patients also emphasized the importance of a "private room" of their own where they could meet themselves together with the therapist.

I denna kvalitativa studie ombads 5 psykodynamiskt inriktade terapeuter att i skrift beskriva sin upplevelse av journalskrivning. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av EPP-(Empirical Phenomenological Psychological) metoden. Resultatet lyfter fram generella kännetecken och särskiljande drag inom upplevelsen av journalskrivning. Gemensamt för terapeuternas upplevelse är att journalskrivandet har olika funktioner. Det är ett arbetsverktyg för att kommunicera med andra vårdgivare, det omfattas av vissa styrfaktorer och en upplevd osäkerhet om journalskrivandets regelverk. Det egna journalskrivandet uppvisar en hög värdering av den personliga upplevelsen och känslan av att utlämna patienten i journalen. Däremot skiljer sig terapeuterna åt i sättet att hantera känslor av konflikt inom journalskrivandet vilket påverkar den egna upplevelsen av journalskrivning. Två upplevda alternativ att hantera konflikt presenteras. I den ena gruppen försöker terapeuterna att omforma journalen så att den bättre passar den egna terapeutiska identiteten. När det inte längre är möjligt uttrycks en känsla av att något som inte går att ersätta försvinner. I den andra gruppen ökar terapeuterna sin reflektion och bearbetning av de delar inom journalskrivningen som terapeuten upplever orsakar konflikt, vilket bidrar till en känsla av att något positivt tillförts den terapeutiska identiteten. / In this qualitative study 5 psychotherapists with psychodynamic specialization were asked to reflect on their experiences concerning the writing of patient records. This material was analyzed using the so-called EPP-method (empirical phenomenological psychological method). The results show both general and distinctive features in how different therapists feel about their patient records routines. All agree that the process of writing patient records contains a number of different functions. It is a tool to communicate with other medical staff and facilities; it is influenced by certain control factors and also by experienced uncertainty concerning the formal rules related to the routines of patient records. Record routines show a high degree of evaluation of personal emotions and experiences together with a fear of revealing too much information about a patient. On the other hand, there is a substantial distinction in how different therapists handle their feelings of conflict related to medical records. The study presents two different possible ways of handling such conflicts. One group of therapists try to reshape the medical journal to make it better adjusted to their personal therapeutic identity. When that becomes impossible they express a feeling of something being lost. In the second group the therapists work harder with those parts in patient record routines that are causing them problems. This results in a feeling that something valuable is being added to their therapeutic identity.

The English language is taught for a variety of professional purposes, including business and medicine, yet to date there is no scholarly research investigating the potential necessity of teaching English for environmental purposes. Given that tourism constitutes one of the largest global industries, that ecotourism is the fasting growing segment of the field, that English is the lingua franca of tourism worldwide, that the majority of ecotourism operations are located in the developing world, and that significant levels of unemployment persist within many of these areas, the relationship between knowledge of the English language and employment opportunities within the field of ecotourism warrants consideration. Consequently, the present exploratory study of the relationship between English and ecotourism in Latin America is a first attempt to determine whether or not English language training programs for ecotourism guides in Latin America are a relevant endeavor worthy of further investigation and whether or not the field of teaching English for Professional Purposes (EPP) should consider this area a new sub-discipline. / text

European integration has resulted in the emergence of political parties at the European transnational level. These parties are primarily consisting of members of the European parliament from various EU-member states. Thereby a substantial number of the MEPs today have two party memberships to adhere. This study aims to analyse the differences and similarities in the election manifestos of the Swedish party Moderaterna and the European People’s Party, examine the prevalence of the two concepts europeanization and eurocentrism between the two parties manifestos and investigate possible explanations stemming from the different concepts and the empirical study The europeanization of national political parties. Therefore said study consists of a comparative analysis of the manifestos in the categories energy, environment, integration and defense in order to highlight the differences and similarities. The result reveals that there are examples of both europeanization and eurocentrism in each manifesto in all categories. The results also made it clear that the two concepts and the empirical study could explain some of the differences and similarities pointed out between the two manifestos, but not all of them.

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