CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Devido ao rÃpido crescimento e os agressivos requisitos de vazÃo nas atuais redes sem fio, como os sistemas celulares de 4 a GeraÃÃo, a interferÃncia se tornou um problema que nÃo pode mais ser negligenciado. Neste contexto, o Alinhamento de InterferÃncia (IA) tem surgido como uma tÃcnica promissora que possibilita transmissÃes livres de interferÃncia com elevada eficiÃncia espectral. No entanto, trabalhos recentes tÃm focado principalmente nos ganhos teÃricos que esta tÃcnica pode prover, enquanto esta dissertaÃÃo visa dar um passo na direÃÃo de esclarecer alguns dos problemas prÃticos de implementaÃÃo da tÃcnica em redes celulares, bem como comparÃ-la com outras tÃcnicas bem estabelecidas. Uma rede composta por trÃs cÃlulas foi escolhida como cenÃrio inicial de avaliaÃÃo, para o qual diversos fatores realistas foram considerados de modo a realizar diferentes anÃlises. A primeira anÃlise foi baseada em imperfeiÃÃes de canal, cujos resultados mostraram que o IA à mais robusto aos erros de estimaÃÃo de canal que o BD (do inglÃs, Block Diagonalization), enquanto as duas abordagens sÃo igualmente afetadas pela correlaÃÃo entre as antenas. O impacto de uma interferÃncia externa nÃo-coordenada, que foi modelada por diferentes matrizes de covariÃncia de modo a emular vÃrios cenÃrios, tambÃm foi avaliado. Os resultados mostraram que as modificaÃÃes feitas nos algoritmos de IA podem melhorar bastante seus desempenho, com uma vantagem para o algoritmo que suprime um Ãnico fluxo de dados, quando sÃo comparadas as taxas de erro de bit alcanÃadas por cada um. Para combinar os fatores das anÃlises anteriores, as variaÃÃes temporais de canal foram consideradas. Neste conjunto de simulaÃÃes, alÃm da presenÃa da interferÃncia externa, os prÃ-codificadores sÃo calculados atravÃs de medidas atrasadas de canal, levando a resultados que corroboraram com as anÃlises anteriores. Um fato recorrente percebido em todas as anÃlises anteriores à o dilema entre aplicar os algoritmos baseados em BD, para que se consiga alcanÃar maiores capacidades, ou enviar a informaÃÃo atravÃs de um enlace mais confiÃvel utilizando o IA. Uma maneira de esclarecer este dilema à efetivamente realizar simulaÃÃes a nÃvel sistÃmico, para isto foi aplicado um simulador sistÃmico composto por um grande nÃmero de setores. Como resultado, todas as anÃlises realizadas neste simulador mostraram que a tÃcnica de IA atinge desempenhos intermediÃrios entre a nÃo cooperaÃÃo e os algoritmos baseados na prÃ-codificaÃÃo conjunta. Uma das principais contribuiÃÃes deste trabalho foi mostrar alguns cenÃrios em que a tÃcnica do IA pode ser aplicada. Por exemplo, quando as estimaÃÃes dos canais nÃo sÃo tÃo confiÃveis à melhor aplicar o IA do que os esquemas baseados no processamento conjunto. TambÃm mostrou-se que as modificaÃÃes nos algoritmos de IA, que levam em consideraÃÃo a interferÃncia externa, podem melhorar consideravelmente o desempenho dos algoritmos. Finalmente, o IA se mostrou uma tÃcnica adequada para ser aplicada em cenÃrios em que a interferÃncia à alta e nÃo à possÃvel ter um alto grau de cooperaÃÃo entre os setores vizinhos. / Due to the rapid growth and the aggressive throughput requirements of current wireless networks, such as the 4th Generation (4G) cellular systems, the interference has become an issue that cannot be neglected anymore. In this context, the Interference Alignment (IA) arises as a promising technique that enables transmissions free of interference with high-spectral efficiency. However, while recent works have focused mainly on the theoretical gains that the technique could provide, this dissertation aims to go a step further and clarify some of the practical issues on the implementation of this technique in a cellular network, as well as compare it to other well-established techniques. As an initial evaluation scenario, a 3-cell network was considered, for which several realistic factors were taken into account in order to perform different analyses. The first analysis was based on channel imperfections, for which the results showed that IA is more robust than Block Diagonalization (BD) regarding the Channel State Information (CSI) errors, but both are similarly affected by the correlation among transmit antennas. The impact of uncoordinated interference was also evaluated, by modeling this interference with different covariance matrices in order to mimic several scenarios. The results showed that modifications on the IA algorithms can boost their performance, with an advantage to the approach that suppresses one stream, when the Bit Error Rate (BER) is compared. To combine both factors, the temporal channel variations were taken into account. At these set of simulations, besides the presence of an external interference, the precoders were calculated using a delayed CSI, leading to results that corroborate with the previous analyses. A recurring fact on the herein considered analyses was the dilemma of weather to apply the Joint Processing (JP)-based algorithms in order to achieve higher sum capacities or to send the information through a more reliable link by using IA. A reasonable step towards solving this dilemma is to actually perform the packet transmissions, which was accomplished by employing a system-level simulator composed by a large number of Transmission Points (TPs). As a result, all analyses conducted with this simulator showed that the IA technique can provide an intermediate performance between the non-cooperation and the full cooperation scheme. Concluding, one of the main contributions of this work has been to show some scenarios/cases where the IA technique can be applied. For instance, when the CSI is not reliable it can be better to use IA than a JP-based scheme. Also, the modifications on the algorithms to take into account the external interference can boost their performance. Finally, the IA technique finds itself in-between the conventional transmissions and Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP). IA achieves an intermediate performance, while requiring a certain degree of cooperation among the neighboring sectors, but demanding less infrastructure than the JP-based schemes.

Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Engineering, in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2017 / The continuous evolution of wireless communications technologies has increasingly imposed a burden on the use of radio spectrum. Due to the proliferation of new wireless networks applications and services, the radio spectrum is getting saturated and becoming a limited resource. To a large extent, spectrum scarcity may be a result of deficient spectrum allocation and management policies, rather than of the physical shortage of radio frequencies. The conventional static spectrum allocation has been found to be ineffective, leading to overcrowding and inefficient use. Cognitive radio (CR) has therefore emerged as an enabling technology that facilitates dynamic spectrum access (DSA), with a great potential to address the issue of spectrum scarcity and inefficient use. However, provisioning of reliable and robust communication with seamless operation in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is a challenging task. The underlying challenges include development of non-intrusive dynamic resource allocation (DRA) and optimization techniques. The main focus of this thesis is development of adaptive channel assembling (ChA) and DRA schemes, with the aim to maximize performance of secondary user (SU) nodes in CRNs, without degrading performance of primary user (PU) nodes in a primary network (PN). The key objectives are therefore four-fold. Firstly, to optimize ChA and DRA schemes in overlay CRNs. Secondly, to develop analytical models for quantifying performance of ChA schemes over fading channels in overlay CRNs. Thirdly, to extend the overlay ChA schemes into hybrid overlay and underlay architectures, subject to power control and interference mitigation; and finally, to extend the adaptive ChA and DRA schemes for multiuser multichannel access CRNs. Performance analysis and evaluation of the developed ChA and DRA is presented, mainly through extensive simulations and analytical models. Further, the cross validation has been performed between simulations and analytical results to confirm the accuracy and preciseness of the novel analytical models developed in this thesis. In general, the presented results demonstrate improved performance of SU nodes in terms of capacity, collision probability, outage probability and forced termination probability when employing the adaptive ChA and DRA in CRNs. / CK2018

In wireless communications systems, it is well known that the instantaneous received signal is a random variable that follows a given distribution. The randomness mainly stems from e ects such as multipath fading, shadowing, and interference. The received signal is a relevant metric, such that several distributions have been used in the literature to characterize it. However, as new radio technologies emerge, the known distributions are deemed insu cient to t simulated and measure data. Subsequently, as the wireless industry moves onto the fth generation (5G), newer distributions are proposed to well represent the received signal for new wireless technologies, including those operating in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band. These are mainly application speci c and may not be adequate to model complex 5G devices performance. Therefore, there is a need to unify and generalize the received signal distributions used for performance analysis of wireless systems. Secondly, an explosion of new radio technologies and devices operating in the same limited radio spectrum to collect and share data at alarming rates is expected. Such an explosion coupled with the 5G promise of ubiquitous connectivity and network densi cation, will thrust interference modeling in dense networks to the fore-front. Thus, interference characterization is essential when analyzing such wireless networks. Thirdly, the classical distributions used to model the received signal do not account for the inherent mobility feature for emerging radio technologies, such as avionics systems (e.g. drones), which may make the distributions inadequate as mobility e ects can no longer be ignored. Consequently, in this dissertation, we propose the use of a unifying distribution, the Fox's H-function distribution, with subsume ability to represent several traditional and future distributions, as a statistical tool to evaluate the performance of wireless communications systems. Additionally, two interference models, one with a xed number and the other with a random number of interferers, are considered to derive interference statistics, and further utilize the results to analyze system performance under the e ect of interference. Finally, we extend the classical distributions to include the mobility regime for several wireless network topologies, and perform network analysis. The analytical results are validated using computer Monte Carlo simulations. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Constantly, antenna plays an important role in expanding the wireless communication systems in different technology applications for example, but not limited to, IoT communications and automotive radar systems. On the other hand, the Bluetooth-Low-Energy (BLE) benefits different sorts of applications, as it offers (i) a very low power consumption, (ii) a very fast data transfer, (iii) and an inexpensive/efficient solution as well. This research is a part of AES-Nordic AB projects, which intends to improve the connection between remote vibration sensors and the measurement device. The vibration sensor sends the captured data to the receiver via a wired connection which, in turn, creates a lot of complications, in terms of access limitation and a connection loss vulnerability. The aim of this thesis is to remove these limitations and improve the overall performance using a wireless connection over BLE. This thesis project presents a novel and an efficient system that eliminates the wired-connections shortcomings by involving a new inverted F-antenna design which transfers data from remote sensors to the measurement device. The produced antenna needs to satisfy the following conditions: (i) resonant frequency of 2.44GHz, (ii) isotropic directivity, (iii) minimum coverage of 20-meters. The other goal of this thesis is to compare the presented antenna with commercially available solutions, such as helical and monopole antennas for the purpose of showing the efficiency of the presented solution. The produced antennas were tested in the anechoic chamber and the measurement results show that the designed inverted F-antenna has a comparatively better performance than its peers.

In this report, an optical wireless multiple-input multiple-output communication system employing intensity-modulation direct-detection is considered. The performance of direct current offset space-time block codes (DC-STBC) is studied in terms of pairwise error probability (PEP). It is shown that among the class of DC-STBCs, the worst case PEP corresponding to the minimum distance between two codewords is minimized by repetition coding (RC), under both electrical and optical individual power constraints. It follows that among all DC-STBCs, RC is optimal in terms of worst-case PEP for static channels and also for varying channels under any turbulence statistics. This result agrees with previously published numerical results showing the superiority of RC in such systems. It also agrees with previously published analytic results on this topic under log-normal turbulence and further extends it to arbitrary turbulence statistics. This shows the redundancy of the time-dimension of the DCSTBC in this system. This result is further extended to sum power constraints with static and turbulent channels, where it is also shown that the time dimension is redundant, and the optimal DC-STBC has a spatial beamforming structure. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the difference in performance for systems with different numbers of receiving apertures and different throughput.

This thesis analyzes the wireless propagation modeling of a 2.6 GHz band channel around the Tampa Bay area. Different empirical models are compared against measured data, and an adapted model, specific for the Tampa Bay area, is presented that builds on the accuracy of existing models. The effects of the propagation characteristics along bridges are also discussed, and a two-slope model is presented. The proposed models are based on a simple linear regression method, and statistical tests are evaluated for reliability thereof. The analysis also investigates the statistical properties of shadowing effects imposed on the wireless channel. The spatial correlation properties of shadowing effects are investigated in detail, and an extension of existing correlation models for shadowing effects is suggested where the correlation properties are studied in different distance ranges rather than the whole service coverage area.

Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent tous dans la thématique " traitement du signal pour les réseaux de communications distribués ". Le réseau est dit distribué au sens de la décision. Dans ce cadre, le problème générique et important que nous avons approfondi est le suivant. Comment un terminal, qui a accès à plusieurs canaux de communications, doit-il répartir (de manière autonome) sa puissance d'émission entre ses canaux et l'adapter dans le temps en fonction de la variabilité des conditions de communications ? C'est le problème de l'allocation de ressources adaptative et distribuée. Nous avons développé 4 axes de travail qui ont tous conduits à des réponses originales à ce problème ; la forte corrélation entre ces axes est expliquée dans le manuscrit de thèse. Le premier axe a été l'alignement opportuniste d'interférence. Un des scénarios de référence est le cas où deux couples émetteur-récepteur communiquent en interférant (sur la même bande, en même temps, au même endroit, ...), où les 4 terminaux sont équipés de plusieurs antennes et où un émetteur est contraint de ne pas (ou peu) interférer sur l'autre (canal à interférence dit MIMO). Nous avons conçu une technique d'émission de signal multi-antennaire qui exploite l'observation-clé suivante et jamais exploitée auparavant: même lorsqu'un émetteur est égoïste au sens de ses performances individuelles, celui-ci laisse des ressources spatiales (dans le bon espace de signal et que nous avons identifié) vacantes pour l'autre émetteur. L'apport en performances en termes de débit par rapport aux meilleurs algorithmes existants a été quantifié grâce à la théorie des matrices aléatoires et des simulations Monte Carlo. Ces résultats sont particulièrement importants pour le scénario de la radio cognitive en milieu dense. Dans un second temps, nous avons supposé que tous les émetteurs d'un réseau sont libres d'utiliser leurs ressources de manière égoïste. Les ressources sont données ici par les canaux fréquentiels et la métrique individuelle de performance est le débit. Ce problème peut être modélisé par un jeu dont les joueurs sont les émetteurs. Une de nos contributions a été de montrer que ce jeu est un jeu de potentiel, ce qui est fondamental pour la convergence des algorithmes distribués et l'existence d'équilibre de Nash. De plus, nous avons montré l'existence d'un paradoxe de Braess : si l'espace d'optimisation d'un joueur grandit, les performances individuelles et globales peuvent s'en trouver réduites. Cette conclusion a une conséquence pratique immédiate : il peut y a voir intérêt de restreindre le nombre de canaux fréquentiels utilisables dans un réseau à interférence distribué. Dans le jeu précédent, nous avions constaté que les algorithmes distribués d'allocation de ressources (les algorithmes d'apprentissage par renforcement typiquement) demandent un grand nombre d'itérations pour converger vers un état stable tel qu'un équilibre de Nash. Nous avons ainsi proposé un nouveau concept de solution d'un jeu, à savoir l'équilibre de satisfaction ; les joueurs ne modifient pas leur action, même si celle-ci ne maximise pas leur gain, pourvu qu'un niveau minimal de performance soit atteint. Nous avons alors développé une méthodologie d'étude de cette solution (existence, unicité, convergence, ...). Une de nos contributions a aussi été de donner des algorithmes d'apprentissage qui convergent vers cette solution en un temps fini (et même court génériquement). De nombreux résultats numériques réalisés dans des scénarios imposés par Orange ont confirmé la pertinence de cette nouvelle approche. Le quatrième axe de travail a été la conception de nouveaux algorithmes d'apprentissage qui convergent vers des solutions de type équilibre logit, epsilon-équilibre ou équilibre de Nash. Notre apport a été de montrer comment modifier les algorithmes existants pour que ceux-ci évitent les phénomènes de cycles et convergent vers un équilibre présélectionné au départ de la dynamique. Une idée importante a été d'introduire une dynamique d'apprentissage de la fonction métrique de performances en couplage avec la dynamique principale qui régit l'évolution de la distribution de probabilité sur les actions possibles d'un joueur. Le cadre de ces travaux est parfaitement réaliste d'un point de vue informatif au niveau des terminaux en pratique. Il est montré une voie possible pour améliorer l'efficacité des points de convergence, ce qui constitue un problème encore ouvert dans ce domaine.

<p>The research in wireless communications and in-vehicle computing systems has opened up new fields of applications for transportation systems. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) emerge as a contribution to the solution of providing safer and more efficient roads and to increase passenger safety. This thesis treats different issues that influence the performance of wireless vehicle communication systems and it proposes a general design procedure for the construction of a test environment for VANETs.</p><p>A comprehensive survey of the different parameters that affect the system performance in the field of wireless vehicle communications is provided. These parameters are then analysed and quantified to serve as guidelines when identifying and designing the different components of the test environment. One such component is a simulator that enables VANET performance evaluation and allows identification of bottlenecks in the network functionality. In addition, suggestions for a hardware platform and an operating system for the development of a suitable on-board test-bed for performance measurements are presented.</p><p>The design procedure of such a test environment is intended to be used by researchers and engineers working in the field of wireless communications and ad hoc networking with special regard to the automotive sector.</p>

<p>Basic properties and new design principles of ultra wideband Vivaldi antennas are presentedand discussed in this paper. The focus will be on the modeling of Vivaldi antenna design curves, by which it is constructed; its simulation results, realization and the measurements.</p><p>According to the aim of this research the discussion starts with the review of the previous researches done for Vivaldi antennas. Introductory part of the report also contains the problem description for the current project and the classification of the goals to be achieved. As a theoretical review, the discussion initiates with the definitions anddescription of basic parameters of the antennas and covers a short presentation of UWBpulse-based radar system. The attention will be focused on UWB signals behavior and characterization, their propagation principles and basic troubles stands nowadays. As anapplication the wall penetrating Radar systems will be considered. The major part of thereport holds on the investigation of the design principles of Vivaldi Antenna andoptimization of the key parameters for achieving the best performance for radar. Theending part of the report shows the simulations and measurement results and theircomparisons following with conclusions/discussions.</p><p>The report will be supportive for the antenna designers, who work for UWB systems andparticularly for Vivaldi antennas, as long as there are showing up detailed descriptions ofVivaldi antenna characteristics depending on its shape and substrate properties. The modelfor designing Vivaldi antennas, given in this project, can successfully be applied for almostall the cases used in practice nowadays.</p>

Graduation date: 1999