Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1994. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-254).

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Würzburg.

Th.--Chim. org., agrochim.--Toulouse--I.N.P., 1984. N°: 79.

Phytosterols are major components of food and are structurally related to cholesterol, but differ from it by virtue of a carbon substituent at the C-24 position and in some cases, a double bond between C-22 and C-23 (Figure i). Furthermore, phytosterols are shown to have protective actions against colon, breast, and prostate cancer1; further investigation is required as their mode of action is unknown. Thus, reported herein is the design and synthetic implementation required to construct these naturally occurring compounds. Figure i : Cholesterol Construction towards a double bond flanked by two asymmetric carbon atoms, observed in the phytosterol side chain, will be synthesised using an asymmetric Horner-Wittig (H-W) reaction, involving a chiral α-substituted aldehyde and a chiral β-substituted phosphine oxide. In addition to the synthesis, the stereochemical outcomes of these H-W reactions were probed. The results demonstrated, that by varying the steric bulk, electronic nature, and aromatic properties of the groups β to the phosphorus and α to the aldehyde can control the cis/trans selectivity in alkene formation. Finally, to display the utility of this methodology, the phytosterol compounds will be synthesised and tested in MD-MBA-231 cancer cell lines, allowing further investigation into the phytosterol mechanism of action.

The Wittig reaction has constantly evolved during the last half-century and is one of the most strategic, reliable, widely-applicable carbon-carbon olefin bond forming processes available in organic synthesis. The reaction allows for olefination with complete positional selectivity, relatively high chemoselectivity and may be conducted in many cases with predictable stereocontrol. Triphenylphosphoranylides are ubiquitously employed and despite the myriad benefits these reagents bestow there are known disadvantages to their use—most prominently related to issues surrounding stereoselectivity and phosphine oxide removal which is notoriously problematic. Trialkylphosphoranylides, by contrast, undergo olefination in the presence of carbonyls with high (E)-stereoselectivity and the corresponding short chain trialkylphosphine oxides are water soluble. Previous work in our group has shown that semi-stabilised ylids of this type readily undergo olefination with a broad range of aldehydes under mild aqueous conditions. This aqueous Wittig reaction was then extended to the synthesis of substituted styrenes using aqueous formalin. In the search for ever milder conditions for the Wittig reaction we were also able to develop an organocatalytic Wittig reaction which was amenable to a bioorthogonal process. Thus, we were able to perform the first Wittig reaction in vivo by feeding the two reactants to Castylegia sepium. Alkenals (colloquially enals) are strategic intermediates in organic synthesis; their importance is growing each year due to the expanding breadth of iminium and vinylogous enamine organocatalysis. Unfortunately their preparation remains problematic requiring labour and reagent intensive multi-step sequences. A new pincolacetal-phosphonium salt (DualPhos) for the stereoselective two-carbon homologation of aldehydes has been developed which allows for the one-pot homologation of aldehydes to enals under aqueous and/or anhydrous conditions; its application to the total synthesis and stereochemical reassignment of phomolides G & H is discussed. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

<p> This thesis describes the development of the Wittig olefination reaction of stabilized, semistabilized allylic trialkylphosphorus ylides with various aldehydes to afford E olefins mainly (E>89%). Since the steric demand of trialkylphosphorus ylides was decreased, aldehydes achieved high E selectivity. On the other hand, predominant or exclusive formation of Z olefms was achieved by using allylic triphenylphosphorus ylides and aromatic aldehydes like benzylaldehyde, while the combination of allylic triphenylphosphorus ylides and such sterically hindered aldehydes as cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde led to E olefm formation upon ylide formation with LiHMDS. In the case of olefination reactions of aldehydes with dimethyl thiazole ylide, it was shown that among the aromatic aldehydes only 4-nitrobenzaldehyde reacted with this ylide and provided a pure E olefin product (41% yield). Dimethylmalonyltributylphosphorane (DMTP) reacted with aromatic aldehydes in toluene at 125 °C to give the corresponding alkenes. 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde· gave the alkene in a much higher yield (81%), followed by 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (31%). With benzaldehyde, the corresponding olefin was isolated in only 14% yield under these conditions. Clearly, this highly stabilized ylide only enters into reaction with electron deficient aldehydes. A possible approach to Z-a, P-unsaturated aldehydes was investigated through the olefination of an acetal-ylide followed by hydrolysis. However, E acetal olefins were in fact isolated from this 2'-(1,3-dioxolanyl)-triethylphosphorus ylide with aromatic aldehydes in good yields (62%-76%). This result is still mechanistically interesting in view of the chemoselective formation of such an ylide in the presence ofthree ethyl substituents on phosphorus. </p> <p> Class of flavonoids: Sakuranetin, Naringenin and (28)-7-methoxy-6hydroxyflavanone, have been isolated from the diseased bark of Prunus sp. The structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data. Locations of 4-keto, 5-0H and 7-methoxy were deduced from COSY and HMBC spectra. Such compounds are of interest for their potential antibiotic activity against vancomycin-resistant strains of microbes. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Les études épidémiologiques ont montré qu'une consommation régulière en tomate et ses produits dérivés de tomate permet de lutter contre diverses pathologies dégénératives associées notamment au stress oxydant (maladies cardiovasculaires, cancers etc..). Les effets bénéfiques pourraient être dus au lycopène pigment rouge de la tomate et/ou à ses métabolites qui interviendraient dans ce processus soit de part leurs capacités antioxydantes, soit au travers de la régulation de l’expression de gènes. Dans ce contexte, quatre familles de molécules dérivées du lycopène, pouvant être des métabolites potentiels, ont été ciblées pour la synthèse organique : les apo-11-lycopénoïdes, les apo- 14’-lycopénoïdes, les apo-12’-lycopénoïdes et les apo-10’-lycopénoïdes. Chacune des familles a été synthétisée, via des réactions de couplages tels que Wittig et Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, avec quatre fonctions chimiques terminales : ester, acide carboxylique, alcool et aldéhyde. Par la suite deux types de propriétés physico-chimiques des composés synthétisés ont été étudiés : mesure du pouvoir antioxydant dans des conditions expérimentales mimant un stress oxydant dans le compartiment gastro-intestinal (inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique initiée par la metmyoglobine en milieu micellaire) et une étude d’interaction avec l'albumine de sérum humain, protéine impliquée dans le transport des acides gras dans le plasma. / Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of tomatoes and its derived products participate to the prevention of degenerative pathologies associated with oxidative stress (cardiovascular disease, cancers). The beneficial effects could come from lycopene and/or its metabolites. In this context four families of lycopene derived compounds, mimicking possible metabolites, were targeted to be synthesized: the apo-11- lycopenoids, the apo-14’- lycopenoids, the apo-12’- lycopenoids and the apo-10’-lycopenoids. For each family, Wittig and Horner- Wadsworth-Emmons coupling reaction were used and four different ending functions were obtained: ester, carboxylic acid, alcohol and aldehyde. Then two physico-chemical properties were studied: antioxidant effect mimicking oxidative stress in the gastro-intestinal tract (inhibition of lipidic peroxidation initiated by metmyoglobin protein in micellar medium) and study of the interaction with human serum albumin, a protein involved in the transport of fatty acid in the plasma.

La synthèse stéréosélective d'une nouvelle classe d'amino acides boronatés est réalisée par réaction de Wittig, puis borylation catalysée par un complexe d'iridium. Des amino esters portant un noyau aromatique en position δ de la chaîne latérale, sont tout d'abord préparés par réaction de Wittig d'un sel de phosphonium dérivé d'amino acide avec l'aldéhyde aromatique correspondant, puis estérification et hydrogénation. La borylation de ces amino esters avec le bis(pinacolato)diborane (B2Pin2) en présence d'un complexe d'iridium comme catalyseur, conduit aux dérivés correspondants boronatés avec des rendements atteignant 74% . Enfin, des dérivés iodés ou trifluoroboratés sont facilement obtenus à partir des amino acides boronatés, par réaction avec Nal ou avec KHF2. L'hydrolyse des trifluoroborates d'amino acides en solution tampon a été étudiée par RMN 19F. Dans le cas des amino esters difluorophényle et thiophényle, ces composés montrent une très bonne stabilité à l'hydrolyse. D'un autre côté, la synthèse stéréosélective d'amino acides silylés est également obtenue par réaction de Wittig du sel de phosphonium dérivé d'amino acide avec le 4-di-t-butylsilanobenzaldéhyde. L'amino acide silylé a été utilisé pour la préparation d'un dipeptide avec un rendement de 80%, puis son dérivé fluorosilane sans racémisation, par réaction avec KF. Le dipeptide fluorosilylé obtenu montre une excellente stabilité à l'hydrolyse après 10 jours. Finalement, la méthode de synthèse mise au point, se révèle très efficace pour la préparation d'amino acides boronatés et silylés, et pour leur application au marquage par l'iode ou les fluorures / The stereoselective synthesis of new boronato amino acid derivatives, using Wittig and C-H iridium-catalyzed borylation as key step reactions, is described. Firstly, the synthesis of amino ester precursors bearing an aromatic moiety in -position of the lateral chain, was achieved by Wittig reaction of a phosphonium salt derived from amino acid with the corresponding aromatic aldehyde, then esterification and hydrogenation. The reaction of the amino esters with the bis(pinacolato)diborane reagent (B2Pin2) in presence of an iridium complex as catalyst, leads to the corresponding boronato derivatives in yields up to 74 %. Finally, the iodo- or trifluoroborato derivatives were easily prepared from the boronato amino acid by reaction either with NaI or with KHF2. The hydrolysis of the trifluoroborato amino acid derivatives was studied in buffer solution using 19F NMR monitoring. In the case of the difluorophenyl and thiophenyl amino esters, the corresponding trifluoroborates derivatives show good to excellent stability toward hydrolysis. In addition, the stereoselective synthesis of silano amino acid has been developped by Wittig reaction of the phosphonium salt derived from amino acid with the 4-di-t-butylsilanobenzaldehyde. The silano amino acid was used to prepare a dipeptide with 80% yield, and the corresponding fluorosilane derivative without racemization, by reaction with KF. The hydrolysis of the fluorosilylated dipeptide in aqueous media shows an excellent stability, up to 10 days. Finally, this stereoselective synthesis of hetero substituted amino acids, offers a promising tool for the application of the boronated and silyled derivatives to the fluoride labeling

The present dissertation covers the total synthesis of viridiofungin triesters and studies toward the total synthesis of xeniolide F. In both cases, sigmatropic rearrangements of α-allyloxy substituted α,β-unsaturated esters are employed: for the viridiofungin ester synthesis a [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement and for the xeniolide F synthesis a catalytic asymmetric Claisen rearrangement CAC. For both rearrangement reactions the historical development, main characteristic and important variations are discussed. The viridiofungin triester synthesis represents a convergent and highly flexible route toward these natural products. The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement allowed the diastereoselective synthesis of the polar head group with two adjacent stereogenic centers. The E-configured double bond was formed by a Julia-Kocienski olefination. During the studies toward the total synthesis of xeniolide F a new, diastereoselective strategy for the generation of allyl vinyl ethers with E-configured vinyl ether double bond was established employing rhodium catalyzed OH-insertion and an E-selective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. Under the conditions of the catalytic asymmetric Claisen rearrangement (CAC) this highly substituted allyl vinyl ether rearranged diastero- and enantioselectively to the corresponding a-keto ester. This example clearly illustrates the high potential of the CAC as synthetic tool for natural product synthesis. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Totalsynthese von Tirestern der Viridiofungine A, A2 und A4 sowie die Synthese eines Schlüsselintermediates für die Totalsynthese von Xeniolid F dargestellt. In beiden Fällen wird ausgehend von einem α-allyloxysubstituierten α,β-ungesättigten Ester eine Umlagerungsreaktion als Schlüsselschritt eingesetzt: im Falle der Viridiofunginester eine diastereoselektive [2,3]-Wittig-Umlagerung, bei den Arbeiten zur Totalsynthese von Xeniolid F eine diastero- und enantioselektive, katalytische Claisenumlagerung. Für beide Umlagerungsreaktionen werden ausführlich die theoretischen Hintergründe sowie die historische Entwicklung und wichtige Varianten besprochen. Mit der Viridiofungintriestersynthese wird eine konvergente und bezüglich der lipophilen Seitenkette sehr flexible Syntheseroute vorgestellt. Die [2,3]-Wittig-Umlagerung konnte dabei erfolgreich für die diastereoselektive Synthese der hochsubstituierten, polaren Kopfgruppe der Viridiofunginester mit zwei benachbarten stereogenen Zentren (davon eines quartär) eingesetzt werden. Zur Bildung der E-konfigurierten Doppelbindung wurde die Julia-Kocienskie-Olefinierung ausgenutzt. Bei den Arbeiten zur Totalsynthese von Xeniolid F wurde eine neuartige Strategie zur diastereoselektiven Synthese eines Allylvinylethers mit E-konfigurierter Vinyletherdoppelbindung eingesetzt. Die Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons-Olefinierung (HWE-Olefinierung) generierte dabei E-selektiv die Vinyletherdoppelbindung. Das für die HWE-Olefinierung benötigte Phosphonat wurde durch rhodiumkatalysierte OH-Insertion aus einem Allylalkohol und einem Diazaphosphonoacetat hergestellt. Der hochsubstituierte Allylvinylether wurde unter den Bedingungen der katalytisch asymmetrischen Claisenumlagerung umgesetzt und führte mit exzellenter Diastereo- und Enantioselektivität zum entsprechenden α-Ketoester. Anhand dieses Beispiels konnte das Potential der katalytisch asymmetrischen Claisenumlagerung zum Aufbau von hochfunktionalisierten Bausteinen für die Naturstoffsynthese verdeutlicht werden.