<p> Sexual Violence is a major problem in America, particularly on college campuses, and following an event of this kind, survivors are likely to turn to peers for support. This study examined the possibility that media-induced self-objectification may affect the ways that women perceive, and therefore react to, victims of rape.</p><p> We pilot tested media images that were grouped into those representing high-objectification, low-objectification, and control images without people in them. These differed in level of objectification, but were similar in other areas, such as visual appeal. Our main study sought to elicit differential self-objectification processes in women through the use of these images. We expected that heightened self-objectification would lead to less sympathy and support and more blame for a victim of rape. We also expected that these relationships would be moderated by rape myth acceptance and body dissatisfaction. </p><p> Our manipulation of sexually objectifying media did not elicit differential self-objectification processes in our sample. However, self-objectification, regardless of media exposure, was related to higher levels of sympathy and support for a rape victim. We also found evidence that self-objectification was related to victim-blaming attitudes, when controlling for rape myth acceptance. </p>

<p> Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death and the leading cause of premature death of women in the United States (US). It was estimated that 231,840 women were expected to develop breast cancer in the US in 2015 and approximately 40,290 women were estimated to die of the disease. Even though most breast cancers are sporadic, 5-10% of women are at an increased risk for developing breast cancer due to a hereditary risk. Too few healthcare providers are identifying women with family histories suggestive of hereditary cancer syndromes. An efficient way to identify high risk women in the primary care setting is through an easy to understand, self-administered family history risk assessment tool. The Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT) family history questionnaire was offered to women age 18 and over at a primary care clinic in northern Louisiana. A PAT score of 8 or above prompted a cancer family history discussion by the physician or nurse practitioner and was followed by a genetic counseling referral. A total of 428 women completed the risk assessment tool during a 4 month period, 32 were high risk as evidenced by scoring 8 or higher on the PAT. Fourteen women were referred for genetic counseling. Twelve declined testing due to lack of insurance coverage, previous completion of genetic testing or felt the information would not improve their health. Six of the thirteen women completed genetic counseling and genetic testing. Lack of insurance coverage was identified as a major barrier to genetic counseling referrals. Utilization of the PAT identifies high risk women who would benefit from a genetic counseling referral. Genetic testing provides information that allows the patient and primary care provider to make informed decisions regarding surveillance protocols or prophylactic surgeries to diagnose cancer at an early stage or prevent cancer from developing.</p>

This thesis investigates two of the most important themes concerning women’s problems that have been tackled by Saudi female novelists between 1958-2011 with special attention to the development of their thoughts about the issues from stage to stage. To investigate the two powers over women explored in Saudi women’s novels, the works have been divided into four separate and important stages and each stage has its own thematic and stylistic charactersics. The thesis consists of seven chapters starting with an Introduction, in which the importance of studying the subject is detailed; the theortical framework and the methodology of this study is also discussed. A section is devoted to reviewing previous studies of the Saudi novel in general, as well as studies published on the women’s novel. The status of women in Saudi society is discussed in Chapter Two which covers the structure of Saudi society, women’s education, women’s employment and the effects on the status of women in Saudi Arabia of the events of September 11th, 2001. The other four chapters are divided according to the stages of development of Saudi women’s novels. In each chapter, two novels are analysed: the first novel represents the first theme examined in the thesis, which is the authority of society over women. The second novel represents the second theme, which is the Saudi novelists’ vision regarding the relationships between the sexes in Saudi society. In addition, a section in each chapter is devoted to an examination of the characteristic of the themes in each stage by comparing and contrasting sample novels with the case study novels. The conclusion summarises the most important points of this research with reference to the findings of this study. It also suggests some further research in the field of Saudi literature.

Just as themes are important in the analysis of a movement, the means used to promote those themes are just as significant and that is the purpose of this paper. More specifically, the purposes are (1) to describe the sub-groups and report their goals, [2) to describe the numerous rhetorical devices extant in the movement, (3) to classify the subgroups into conservative or liberal categories: conservative, liberal, and those devices used by both conservatives and liberals, and (5) to suggest any trend of device usage which is apparent.

Between 1880 and 1914 women's industrial employment in Leeds was transformed by the introduction of the factory system in the consumer-goods trades. Women came to predominate in ready-made tailoring, but have been neglected in histories of the city. Recent studies have argued that a. focus on the sex division of labour in social production challenges conventional interpretations of working-class history. This thesis contributes to current debates by examining women's work in Leeds. It argues that the sex division of labour and the tensions between sex and class had a critical impact on the development of the local labour movement. Studies of women's work have shown the importance of regional variations in the pattern of female employment. Leeds provides the opportunity to study a hitherto neglected group, - female factory workers employed outside cotton textiles. Wonen's subordinate role within industry and their attitudes to work were structured by the experience of work itself as well as by their early socialisatjon and role in the family. The first section examines the conditions of women's industrial employment. It suggests that job segregation by sex structured the specific features of women's work in Leeds. Section two locates the extent and type of womens work in Leeds in the context of the social conditions of family life and contemporary expectations of appropriate sex roles. The varied family backgrounds, age and marital status affected the attitudes of individual women to paid employment and modified its effects. The final section examines the attitudes of the Leeds labour movement towards women workers and the tensions between sex and class. The labour movement failed to address women's needs and to offer a real challenge to their subordinate industrial position. This weakened union organisation and independent labour politics in the city.

<p> The purpose of this experimental design was to analyze environmental factors influencing physical activity among low-income, minority mothers of young children participating in an intervention to increase physical activity. The women (n = 30) were randomized into experimental and control groups and were assessed at baseline and 3 months later. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and self-report measures. </p><p> Independent samples t-tests were conducted to examine the effects of dichotomous demographic variables and group status on physical activity levels. Correlations were used to assess the effects of Daily Hassles, Self-Efficacy: Barriers, and Social Support for Exercise (both friend and family). The results did not yield any significant differences or correlations. </p><p> Further research is needed with a larger sample. This line of research is important to social work as it reflects the person-in-environment theory, which can assist in the development of exercise enhancement interventions aimed at underrepresented populations.</p>

<p> Maternal and infant mortality rates in developing countries are significantly higher than rates in developed countries with sepsis contributing to mortality. Cleanliness at birth has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a key element to reducing the risk of maternal-infant morbidity and mortality. There is evidence to support the importance of clean birth practices and use of clean delivery kits (CDKs) to promote improved maternal-infant health outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative study was to evaluate an intervention providing CDKs and clean birth education to examine the effect on knowledge and understanding of clean birth practices among women in Grand Goave, Haiti. A total of 18 Haitian women of childbearing age were enrolled in the study. The hypothesis of the study stated that maternal education of clean birth practices and use of the CDK contributes to improved knowledge of clean birth practices. Evaluation of the intervention showed that provision of a CDK with the educational intervention was associated with improved mean scores of the pre-and post-test surveys (N=17, pre-test summary mean=6.35, post-test summary=7.71, p=0.000). The role play evaluation further indicated that there was a knowledge improvement of use of the CDK and clean birth practices. An educational intervention with use of a CDK can improve knowledge in relation to clean birth practices and use of CDKs are vital to improving maternal-infant outcomes in low resource settings.</p>

<p>"Facts and Fictions: Feminist Literary Criticism and Cultural Critique, 1968-2012" is a critical history of the unfolding of feminist literary study in the US academy. It contributes to current scholarly efforts to revisit the 1970s by reconsidering often-repeated narratives about the critical naivety of feminist literary criticism in its initial articulation. As the story now goes, many of the most prominent feminist thinkers of the period engaged in unsophisticated literary analysis by conflating lived social reality with textual representation when they read works of literature as documentary evidence of real life. As a result, the work of these "bad critics," particularly Kate Millett and Andrea Dworkin, has not been fully accounted for in literary critical terms.</p><p>This dissertation returns to Dworkin and Millett's work to argue for a different history of feminist literary criticism. Rather than dismiss their work for its conflation of fact and fiction, I pay attention to the complexity at the heart of it, yielding a new perspective on the history and persistence of the struggle to use literary texts for feminist political ends. Dworkin and Millett established the centrality of reality and representation to the feminist canon debates of "the long 1970s," the sex wars of the 1980s, and the more recent feminist turn to memoir. I read these productive periods in feminist literary criticism from 1968 to 2012 through their varied commitment to literary works.</p><p>Chapter One begins with Millett, who de-aestheticized male-authored texts to treat patriarchal literature in relation to culture and ideology. Her mode of literary interpretation was so far afield from the established methods of New Criticism that she was not understood as a literary critic. She was repudiated in the feminist literary criticism that followed her and sought sympathetic methods for reading women's writing. In that decade, the subject of Chapter Two, feminist literary critics began to judge texts on the basis of their ability to accurately depict the reality of women's experiences.</p><p>Their vision of the relationship between life and fiction shaped arguments about pornography during the sex wars of the 1980s, the subject of Chapter Three. In this context, Dworkin was feminism's "bad critic." I focus on the literary critical elements of Dworkin's theories of pornographic representation and align her with Millett as a miscategorized literary critic. In the decades following the sex wars, many of the key feminist literary critics of the founding generation (including Dworkin, Jane Gallop, Carolyn Heilbrun, and Millett) wrote memoirs that recounted, largely in experiential terms, the history this dissertation examines. Chapter Four considers the story these memoirists told about the rise and fall of feminist literary criticism. I close with an epilogue on the place of literature in a feminist critical enterprise that has shifted toward privileging theory.</p> / Dissertation

<p> Feminist artists during the second wave movement wanted to gain the same rights as men in a historically male-dominated art world, a world that was being influenced more and more by modernist ideals. It was during this precise moment that postmodernists helped transform art, in addition to the fields of literature, music, architecture, law, and philosophy. The synthesis between postmodernism and feminism helped art evolve in non-traditional ways. In this thesis, I seek to answer the question: &ldquo;How did postmodernism influence feminist artists from 1970-1982 to create the adaptation of new media?&rdquo; Evidence of this influence is seen in the evolution of new media such as performance, decorative arts, video, photography, femmage, and collage. As I examine the synthesis between postmodernism and feminist art, I will also show evidence of how second wave feminist movement influenced the evolution of postmodernism, and how the mixture of postmodern and feminist ideals influenced these women artists.</p>

<p> The success of women as athletic administrators in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has not been able to be researched because very few women have held positions in athletic departments in the NCAA Division I, II and III schools. Women in athletic administration have been a major topic, but more importantly the career development of women into the position of athletic administration has limited research applied towards it. The inequitable amount of females in NCAA Division I, II and III school&rsquo;s athletic departments has continued to be an issue. The problem is that there is not an equitable amount of female athletic directors at NCAA Division I, II and III schools. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the perceptions and observations of school administrators regarding the hiring practices since women have been underrepresented in athletic administrator positions at NCAA Division I, II and III schools. A multiple-case study was considered appropriate because the benefits derived from more than one case were considerable. To gain insight into why there has been an inequitable amount of female athletic administrators at NCAA Division I, II and III schools, 10 athletic administrators from three southern states in the United States have consented to be interviewed. Interviewing was continued until data saturation was reached. Now add key findings to abstract and recommendations. The findings included: (a) the preparation to become an AD was strongly consistent among all participants including their sports backgrounds, educational achievements, and work experiences (b) the knowledge, skills, and ability to serve as AD were possible due to the preparation through education and being confident with their own decision making, and (c) participants emphasized self-confidence as important when they referenced their ability to approach confidently different scenarios while serving as AD and was part of what was needed to be successful. A future qualitative study may be required to study a complete athletic conference concerning the perceptions of female ADs on hiring practices in intercollegiate athletics.</p>