Guo, Chunlan. / "July 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-186). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix II in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research background: Female labor migrants in the PRD --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Restriction on women by Confucianism in China --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Restriction on women by state in China --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The mobility of women in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research questions and research objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Outline of the dissertation --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Literature Review: Female Migration, Household， , Labor Market and Feminist Geography" --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Research on female migration --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Female migration and household --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Household model and its critic by feminists --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Examples of studying female labor migration at the scale of household --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Household response to female labor migration --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Thinking and reflection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Female migration and labor market --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The segmentation in urban labor market and the female labor migration --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The disadvantage of migrant women in urban labor market --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The role of agents in female migration --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Female labor migration in China: A product of the economic transformation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- The research of female labor migration and approach of feminist geography --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The assignments of feminist geography --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The research of feminist geography --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Some weakness of feminist geography --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- The reason for using the methodology of feminist geography --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research framework --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Research issues --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Research framework and flow chat --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Fieldwork: to collect the firsthand data --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Observational survey --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interview survey --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Questionnaire Survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Secondary data --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Qualitative methods: interview analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantitative methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Female Migration in the Pearl River Delta: Census Data Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- The scale of female migration in the PRD --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- The distribution of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- The origins of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The 2000 census data of Guangdong volume --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "The data of 1990 Census, 2000 Census and 2005's 1% survey" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- The education level and occupation of migrants in the PRD --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5 --- The migration reasons of the female migrants in the PRD --- p.82 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Why Rural Women Want to Migrate Out to Work from the Perspective of Household --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1 --- The filial daughters: migration as a part of the household economic strategy --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- The liberal daughters: migration for individual welfare --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3 --- The dilemma factory mothers: as a sacrifice of the dual economic development system --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion about the three models of rural women in migration --- p.100 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- How Migration Affects the Lives of Rural Women at the Scale of Household --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1 --- The changing marital form --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- The status of the female labor migrants in household --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3 --- Relation with other family members --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4 --- Rethinking the family member relationship under the split-household strategy --- p.115 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Female Labor Migrants in Urban Labor Market in the Pearl River Delta --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1 --- The participation of female migrants in the labor market of the PRD --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- The time of female migrants' participation in urban labor market --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- The channel of urban labor market participation of the female migrants: the role of social network --- p.121 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- The high frequency of changing jobs by female labor migrants --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2 --- The status of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Job accessibility: easier for girls than boys --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Different wage by gender discrimination in factory? --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- The status of the female migrants in the factory --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- The future of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- The evaluation of working in the PRD --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The departure of female migrants from the urban labor market --- p.136 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- The cycle of a line girl in urban labor market --- p.139 / Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.144 / Appendix --- p.151 / Appendix I List of interviewees --- p.151 / Appendix IIA sample of questionnaire --- p.153 / "Appendix III The input, output and error of estimating female migration flow with the approach of maximizing entropy- the case of 1990 census data 一" --- p.166 / Bibliography --- p.176

The current study examines the influence of religious affiliation and practice on family patterns and labour market activity for women in Western Europe, focusing on Britain and France. While both countries have experienced a sharp decline in institutionalized forms of religion over the past decades, differences in family and fertility behaviour on the basis of religiosity seem to persist. Although previous studies documented a positive correlation between religion and both intended and actual family size, there is still uncertainty about the different routes through which religion affects fertility, how structural factors are involved in this relationship and whether and how this relationship has changed along with the process of religious decline. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interrelationships between religion, educational attainment, female labour force participation, union formation and fertility levels. The data come from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which contains 18 waves from 1991 to 2008, and the French survey of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), which was initially conducted in 2005. By following trends in fertility differences by religious affiliation and practice across birth cohorts of women, it is found that religious differences in fertility are not only persistent across birth cohorts, there is also a growing divide between non-affiliated and religiously practicing women who maintain higher fertility levels. Religious differences in family formation patterns and completed fertility are also explored, taking into account the interaction between education and religiosity. It appears that the effect of education on fertility differs by level of religiosity, as higher education is less likely to lead to childlessness or to a smaller family size among more religious women. The findings on the relationships between family and work trajectories by level of religiosity also point to a reduced conflict between paid employment and childbearing among actively religious women, although these patterns vary by religious denomination and by country.

This study is a comparative analysis of how two forms of capitalist production intersect with gender to shape the labor process in apple packing houses of Virginia, United States and the VI Region, Chile. It illustrates how differences in growers' production systems, as well as traditional undervaluation of women's work, shape the organization of the apple-packing workplace. A theoretical framework based on the notion of labor processes was developed to study growers' farming systems and their use and management of labor. Production is conceptualized as a system based upon the relation of labor process and value-creating process. The study focused on two interrelated dimensions: 1) production as difference between exchange and use value and 2) the intersection of gender inequality and capital and its effects on the organization of the workplace and on women's ability to increase control and autonomy. Five apple farms were selected in each of two regions - one in Chile and the other in the United States. From these farms one hundred-twenty workers were chosen to be interviewed by stratified random sampling. In addition, the farm operator of each farm was interviewed. Labor in both regions is gendered and tightly controlled. However, the manner in which sample growers approach gender relations and the nature of labor control mechanisms differ from one region to the other. Such differences are associated with the type of production systems, the degree of articulation of farming systems with the modern economy, the type of ownership, the relation the owner had with the workers, and traditional undervaluing of women’s’ work expressed in wage differential according to gender and job segmentation. Explanations that propose an association between women’s income and autonomy are inadequate. First, women often worked because their family demanded that they do so, and, second, the type of work done by women in packing houses does not increase their economic power relative to men because a) the majority earn less than men, b) women’s packing-house work is commonly viewed as an extension of women’s housework, and c) women themselves think of their wage-work contribution as secondary and supplemental. Although women’s work choices are prediucpoan treeasdon s other than personal satisfaction, the majority value the possibility of meeting other women at work. Understandiwnhgy women enter packing-house employment needs to go beyond questioning women whether they do or do not need to work for wages. Explanations of how the contradictions in women’s roles and attitudes affect how labor power is reproduced within the workplace are needed when addressing gender and work. / Ph. D.

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This thesis examines the role of women in the Parisian economy in the late thirteenth century. The Livre des metiers of Etienne Boileau offers normative provisions regarding societal structures that permitted but restricted the participation of women, while the tax rolls commonly known as the roles de la taille de Philippe le Bel furnish numbers which show their actual participation. While these sources are well known, they have not heretofore been rigorously examined. Conclusions about women based on them have been amorphous. Married women are nearly invisible in these records, but unmarried women and widows headed 13.6% of Parisian workshops. Women monopolized the Parisian silk industry. About one-third of Parisian women in the late thirteenth century worked in jobs traditionally considered "women's work," including the preparation of food and clothing, peddling food on the street, and providing personal services. The other two-thirds did nearly every kind of work that men did. A "putting out" system was well in place in Paris at this time. Women classified as chambrieres or ouvrieres worked at home, spinning and weaving raw materials provided by an entrepreneur and selling back to the entrepreneur the finished product. Working at home allowed a woman to combine household duties with production for the marketplace. Girls usually learned a trade by working alongside their parents. Formal apprenticeships were less common for girls than for boys. While women could and did participate in nearly every trade, their numbers were concentrated in the lowest-paid metiers. The few women who practiced trades dominated by men were much more successful financially.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2007. / The end of the apartheid era in South Africa presented the new government with a myriad of challenges. This involved massive transformation, whilst ushering in a regulatory framework of enabling legislation to give effect to the country's fledgling Constitution. One of the transformational priorities was to address gender equality. Despite legislative imperatives having been instituted, gender equity targets are not being met, nor are affirmative action programmes being implemented to their fullest to facilitate and support gender equality. This research investigates the barriers that inhibit women from breaking the glass ceiling in the South African public service. The research paradigm was exploratory, using qualitative techniques and the results are largely descriptive. Secondary information was obtained from literature and information available. Multiple case studies were conducted using five subjects who were representative of the target population. The overarching purpose of this study was to investigate and understand the barriers that inhibit women from breaking the glass ceiling in the South African public service. The concept of the glass ceiling is defined as the invisible barrier that blocks women from advancing to senior management positions. The study proposes and considers various issues that may have an impact on upward mobility for women. A review of literature reveals that barriers exist as a worldwide occurrence and these prevent women from upward mobility. Justification for this research is twofold: there has been no such study to date; and gender equality is not being achieved and affirmative action programmes have not been fully implemented. The findings of the study provide a deeper understanding of the barriers that prevent women from career progression in the South African public service. Recommendations are made to address this issue / M

This study examines the problem of operationally defining "hostile environment" sexual harassment, ruled a type of disparate treatment actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act by the United States Supreme Court on June 19, 1986. Although the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines a hostile environment as an "intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment," there is no consensus as to what is "offensive" behavior. An extensive review of the literature yielded various attempts to define and ascertain the magnitude of sexual harassment, but the fact that the actual percentages varied indicates that this is a difficult issue to measure. As perception by the victim is the key, this study surveyed 125 working women from all over the United States to determine their perceptions of behaviors that constitute sexual harassment. Discriminant analysis was then used to correctly classify 95% of the women according to their perceptions of having experienced sexual harassment. Using tests for proportions, three hypotheses were found significant. Women who have been sexually harassed are more likely to view sexual harassment as a major problem. Older men are more likely to have their behavior perceived as sexual harassment. In addition, women who have experienced acts such as staring, flirting, or touching in the workplace are more likely to perceive those acts as sexual harassment. The hypotheses deemed not statistically significant yielded interesting results. Younger women are not more likely to be harassed than older women. Neither are single or divorced women more likely to experience sexual harassment. All women, regardless of age, marital status, or geographic location, are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Of importance are which variables contributed the most to the women's perceptions of sexual harassment. None of the demographic variables was found significant, but the women perceived that they had been sexually harassed if sexual remarks, touching, sexual propositions, or staring were directed toward them in the workplace. Thus, these acts were perceived as constituting a hostile environment.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Management Science in Administration and Information Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The purpose of the study was to explore the empowerment of women leadership, focusing on the Durban University of Technology. Statistics around the world have highlighted that women are under-represented in decision-making positions, with a specific focus on the academic sector; this study aims to review these statistics and establish which barriers prevent females from progressing to leadership positions. The target population was comprised of staff members from the Durban University of Technology and ranged from leadership, management, and lecturing, to entry-level employees. The technique of probability sampling was chosen in this research, with a sample size of 100 participants drawn from the population. Questionnaires were designed with both closed-ended and some open-ended questions, and were personally administered to all campuses of the Durban University of Technology, namely Ritson Campus, Steve Biko Campus, ML Sultan Campus, City Campus, Indumiso Campus and Riverside Campus. This study revealed that, although women are still under-represented in Higher Education, there are efforts being made to bridge this gap. This study found female leaders more productive than male counterparts at the Durban University and are able to run their department smoothly and efficiently. The study also found that there are internal respondents agreed that there are hidden difficulties in their department that women face and prevent them from moving into higher positions. Additionally, the study found that there are programs at the Durban University that empower women into leadership. This study contributes to knowledge of gender-based leadership and female empowerment into leadership positions, in the higher education sector. / M

A report on a research study presented to The Department of Social Work School of Human and Community Development Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts in Occupational Social Work by Coursework and Research Report May, 2016 / In spite of the government’s aim to promote gender equality in the workplace, women are still underrepresented in management positions. Women still face many challenges, such as discrimination, gender stereotypes, the ‘glass ceiling’ and work/family conflict. This study sought to explore how women in management positions balance work and their family responsibilities. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and used multiple case studies to study the experiences of women in management positions. The study population consisted of women in management positions at Nkangala District in Mpumalanga. Purposive sampling was adopted to select eight participants for the study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the participants. To analyse the data, the researcher adopted thematic content analysis. The study revealed that women in management positions face conflict between their work role and family responsibilities. Participants also indicated that they managed the conflict through careful structuring and planning of their activities, prioritizing their responsibilities and delegating some of their duties. Participants also indicated that they needed support from spouses, families, employers, supervisors and colleagues in order to cope with their multiple roles. It is recommended that organizations (employers) develop policies that enable women in management positions to achieve work-life balance. Such policies may include career breaks, job sharing, flexible working arrangements and childcare policies. The study has the potential to contribute to a growing body of knowledge on how women in management positions balance their work and family responsibilities. Furthermore, the study could help managers and understand the experiences of women managers in the workplace, and thereby enable them to respond more effectively to the challenges that these women face. The study might be useful to other women in management positions, as the findings will help to create awareness of the challenges women in management face in balancing work and family responsibilities

A research project submitted to the African Centre for Migration and Society in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Migration and Displacement March 2016 / Migration patterns in Zimbabwe and the Southern African region have historically been male led and dominated. Recently, however, there has been an increase in the participation of women in migration in search of improved work and education opportunities. This feminisation of migration has implications on normative understandings of motherhood, family and gender roles. In particular, it may necessitate renegotiation of family roles: fathers and other relatives may be tasked to take care of and nurture the children, whilst mothers find alternative ways to mother from afar, suggesting changes in mothers’ productive and reproductive roles. Against this backdrop, the study explores mothering experiences of Zimbabwean women living in Johannesburg who left their children in Zimbabwe, or who have had children in Johannesburg and then moved them to Zimbabwe. Participants’ perceptions about motherhood, the challenges they face and the ways they try to overcome them are examined. Special focus is on single mothers who are employed in the low skills labour market for two reasons: first their mothering role gains particular importance in light of the absence of the father to help with parenting. Second, given the nature of their employment, they tend to face resource constraints which do not permit full-time mothering. The study draws from literature on transnational motherhood and transnational families and in-depth semi structured interviews with eleven Zimbabwean mothers living and working in Johannesburg. Constructivist grounded theory was used to analyse the data. As a mother who travelled alone to study in Johannesburg and who has a child in Zimbabwe, I am reflective of my position throughout the research process. Findings indicate that while mothers displayed agency in their conceptualisations of motherhood in the context of migration, they nonetheless viewed the ideology of intensive motherhood, which portrays mothers as selfless and fully dedicating their time to taking care of children at home, as an ideal form of mothering. This created challenges for them as they viewed themselves as not adequately exercising their mothering role and subsequently falling short of being ‘good mothers’ despite the important role they play as significant contributors to the household income in Zimbabwe. / MT2017