This study is an analysis of images of Chinese women in five of Pearl S. Buck's novels: East Wind: West Wind, The Good Earth, The Mother, Pavilion of Women, and Peony. Buck's female characters, with their different degrees of individuality and typicality, form a realistic picture of Chinese women.In terms of thematic content, the study shows that all Buck's female characters use their limited power within the constraints of their society to achieve what they deserve, often employing different, covert ways, some manipulation, and even a little deception.The significance of this is that it reveals, in an artistic way, the social conditions under which Chinese women at Buck's times lived. Chinese women had been very much oppressed. In order to survive, they had to act in ways acceptable by their society. However, they had, just as their male counterparts, the desire to love, to be happy, to maintain dignity, and to be free. What is more important, they were intelligent, courageous, and capable of fighting to achieve their goals for themselves.Buck portrays her female characters both as typical of Chinese women in general and as strong individual figures, each facing different conflicts, in a variety of social, familial situations, with unique characteristics. In order for the Western readers to understand the cultural content in which the individuals function, Buck gives her Chinese characters enough typicality as a solid foundation for the Westerners to interpret their behaviors.It is not difficult for the reader to see how the Confucian doctrines and the social conditions concerning Chinese women are truthfully reflected in the novels herein analyzed. Therefore, different degrees of individualization of these characters result from differing themes of the novels in which they appear. / Department of English

Thousands of Chinese women from the People's Republic of China (PRC, or commonly known as Mainland China) come to the united states hoping to be re-united with their husbands and to support them in finishing their education. They all face similar kinds of experiences on arrival. They mayor may not have had some contact with Western culture, but most of them grew up in a culture different from the West. Willingly or not, they left their families, friends, and careers to take up this odyssey in a completely strange land. The joy of reuniting with their husbands is often clouded by uncertainties and a sense of loss. In the area of counseling and student personnel services, there is little research on the adjustment experiences of these sojourner Mainland Chinese women who accompany their spouses to the united states. As a result, the higher education community is often taken by surprise when families or couples experience such situations as marital discord and domestic violence where remedial actions are expected of them. They also do not know how to plan effective programs for spouses of Mainland Chinese students. The purpose of this study was to examine the sojourner adjustment experiences of Mainland Chinese women in the United states from their own perspective, and to explore the factors that affect their adjustment. This study identified adjustment to new settings, documented processes of adjustment, and examined the means used processes of to deal with adjustment. A longitudinal design was used with both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. In-depth individual interviews, phone interviews, questionnaires, daily activity record forms, and participant observations were used to collect data over a 9 month period. Eleven women were studied in depth. The study showed that most Mainland Chinese women do not choose to come here in the first place. After their arrival, they have great language difficulties which limit their daily activities and hinder their choice of career and/or further education. As a result, they experience an identity crisis. Language ability, attitude toward coming to the united states, and life events are the most significant factors that affect their adjustment to life in the united states. There is a lack of coordination in the programs offered by the university and the community in which this study was conducted. Most of these programs do not meet the needs of these Chinese women. Due to cultural differences and the lack of knowledge of Western professional counseling, they do not turn to professional counselors for help. Instead, they mainly rely, upon other Chinese students in the community. If major problems occur, they turn to the administrative staff or faculty of the university, counterparts of their work unit leaders in China. A systems approach aiming at different facets of their problems in various levels seems to be the key in helping these Chinese women. / Ed. D.

However, from a political view, the YWCA is underestimated because it failed to lead the Chinese women to the final liberation through a revolutionary way. This dissertation attempts to represent the YWCA history in Modern Chinese from a gender perspective and emphasize its meaning to Chinese women's development which is beyond the body liberation. In addition, it is hoped to present a case study that reveals the evaluation bias that women movement and women organizations have to face up today. Recognizing the obstruction and the shackles of male hierarchy should benefit the independent construction of women's development model. / The Young Women's Christian Association originated in England and the United States in the latter half of the nineteenth century was introduced into China in 1890. Via its various works, the YWCA took root in Chinese women of different ages, different nationalities, and different religious beliefs. Equipped with the advanced achievements of western women's movement, the YWCA also focused on the Chinese women's real needs and interests. Through its professional services, the organization helped Chinese women improve their survival capabilities and life skills, inspire them to shape the national consciousness and lead the public life. It provided Chinese women with the means to work out real conception of womanhood, which was of great significance to Chinese women's emancipation and the raise of social status. / 曲宁宁. / Adviser: Ying Fuk-tsang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-201). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Qu Ningning.

Li Shuk-wan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-203). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.II / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.III / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Statement of Goals --- p.1 / The Feminization of The Occupation --- p.4 / Setting： The Development of Gender Rights in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Literature Review --- p.11 / Methodology --- p.20 / Field Observation --- p.23 / About Skyhawk Air --- p.24 / Questionnaires with the General Public --- p.25 / Media Data --- p.25 / Field and Thesis Languages --- p.26 / Ethical Issues --- p.26 / Outline of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- "NEGOTIATING ""HUNGJE"" STEREOTYPES IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE" --- p.30 / "Discourse, Ideologies, and the Normalized Public" --- p.30 / Images of Hungje in the Media： The Public/Private Dichotomy --- p.33 / Kind and Caring Mothers --- p.35 / Friendly Neighbors --- p.37 / Agents of Smile --- p.38 / Beauty Icon --- p.41 / Sex Icon --- p.44 / Stereotypical Images of Hungje in Public Discourse --- p.47 / FAs' Responses to Stereotypical Images in Public Discourse --- p.49 / """Hungje and the Public/Private Dichotomy" --- p.50 / """I am a Flight Attendant"" and ""I Work in the Airline Industry """ --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RECRUITING THE RELEVANT BODY --- p.62 / Experiences of Recruitment --- p.62 / """To See and To Be Seen""" --- p.66 / Phoenix Air Recruitment --- p.68 / The Face --- p.68 / "A ""“Pro ´ح Dress Code" --- p.70 / The Arm-Reach --- p.71 / "The ""Official"" FA Image" --- p.72 / Tiger Air Recruitment --- p.73 / The Arm-Reach --- p.73 / The Standing Posture --- p.73 / The FA Image --- p.74 / The Sitting Posture --- p.75 / "The ""Official"" FA Image" --- p.76 / The Skin --- p.77 / The Hairstyle --- p.78 / Body Gestures --- p.79 / Pre-Employment Briefing --- p.81 / Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- CREATING AN APPROPRIATE MARKETABLE IMAGE --- p.84 / The Training Course --- p.85 / Image Management at Work --- p.87 / Behavioral Management --- p.88 / Emotional Management --- p.91 / "Teaching the Essence of ""“Heart""" --- p.92 / Quality Control on Workers' Smiles --- p.95 / Smile War: Keeping Smiles in Difficult Times --- p.97 / Body Image Management --- p.103 / Practicing Sexually-Dichotomized Gender Images --- p.104 / Interacting with the Make-up and Dress Codes --- p.111 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- BODY IN SERVICE: INTERACTING WITH CO-WORKERS --- p.123 / Ethnography of FAs' Work Life --- p.123 / Going to Work and Meeting the Public --- p.124 / Pre-Flight Work --- p.126 / Pseudo-Kin System --- p.127 / Pre-Flight Briefing --- p.129 / Leaving for the Ramp and Ground Preparation --- p.130 / Welcome On Board --- p.131 / Rush Hours --- p.132 / Body Contact in the Galley --- p.132 / Other In-Flight Work and FAs' Rest Time --- p.133 / Landing --- p.134 / Interacting with Co-workers --- p.134 / Expected Gender Roles --- p.135 / Embodying the Socialized Gender Responsibilities --- p.144 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- EMBODYING GENDER AND ETHNICITY: INTERACTING WITH PASSENGERS --- p.149 / Teaching the Relationship with Passengers --- p.149 / Maintaining a Physical Distance from Passengers --- p.151 / In-Flight Violence --- p.153 / Sexual Harassment --- p.159 / Verbal Harassment --- p.160 / Optical Harassment --- p.160 / Physical Harassment --- p.161 / In-Flight Courtship --- p.164 / Chapter CHAPTER 7. --- CONCLUSION --- p.172 / between work and family： individuality vs. motherhood --- p.176 / "Changing Attitude Towards The Conventional ""“Mother"" Role " --- p.180 / "The ""Traditional"" Gender Concepts " --- p.182 / "Gender Politics Between ""Traditional"" and ""New"" Concepts " --- p.186 / The Future of Gender Relations in Hong Kong --- p.189 / APPENDIX 1. INTERVIEW PROTOCOL FOR FLIGHT ATTENDANTS --- p.191 / APPENDIX 2. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HONG KONG CHINESE PUBLIC --- p.194 / APPENDIX 3. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HONG KONG CHINESE PUBLIC (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) --- p.195 / REFERENCE CITED --- p.196

許艷霞. / "2004年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (leaves 108-119). / 附中英文摘要. / "2004 nian 7 yue". / Xu Yanxia. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 108-119). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 鳴謝 --- p.i / 提要 --- p.ii-iii / Chapter (一） --- 引言：「延安模式」的性別觀 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究成果回顧 --- p.1-12 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究目的、方法及預期貢獻 --- p.12-16 / Chapter (二） --- 中共的婦女運動及其政策 / Chapter 2.1 --- 上海時期（1921 年-1927 年） --- p.17-18 / Chapter 2.2 --- 瑞金時期（1928 年-1935 年） --- p.18-20 / Chapter 2.3 --- 延安時期（1936年-1947年） --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- 內戰時期（1946 年-1949 年） --- p.20-21 / Chapter (三） --- 延安時期的婦女運動 / Chapter 3.1 --- 陝北地區的政治、經濟和社會風俗 --- p.22-24 / Chapter 3.2 --- 延安時期婦女運動的理論基礎 --- p.24-26 / Chapter 3.3 --- 延安時期婦女運動的發展階段及政策內容 --- p.26-39 / Chapter (四） --- 延安時期婦女政策的推行情況 / Chapter 4.1 --- 推行方法 --- p.40-45 / Chapter 4.2 --- 成果 --- p.46-58 / Chapter 4.3 --- 困難和局限 --- p.58-78 / Chapter (五） --- 基層社會的反應 / Chapter 5.1 --- 支前工作 --- p.79-82 / Chapter 5.2 --- 生產 --- p.82-84 / Chapter 5.3 --- 婚姻 --- p.84-89 / Chapter 5.4 --- 文化及衛生教育等 --- p.89-95 / Chapter (六） --- 結論：婦女與革命的「延安模式」 / Chapter 6.1 --- 中國婦女與中共領導的民族革命 --- p.96-98 / Chapter 6.2 --- 中國婦女與中共的社會革命 --- p.99-104 / Chapter 6.3 --- 硏究的新方向 --- p.104-107 / 參考書目 --- p.108-119 / 附表 / Chapter 1. --- 邊區一級機關學校在職女幹部統計(1949年1月） --- p.47-48 / Chapter 2. --- 邊區十五縣縣級女參議員統計表(1941年11月9日） --- p.49 / Chapter 3. --- 邊區一級各機關在職女幹部小孩處理情況(1949年1月） --- p.50-51 / Chapter 4. --- 1938年及1939年生產成績統計表(1940年5月10日） --- p.53 / Chapter 5. --- 吳旗縣五區一ˇёإ婦女纏足、天足狀況表(1948年6月） --- p.56 / Chapter 6. --- 1938-1943年間各縣判決的離婚案件數目（1948年9月10日） --- p.56-57 / Chapter 7. --- 由高等法院直接判決的離婚案件數目（1948年9月10日） --- p.57 / Chapter 8. --- 圪衚坬村婦女結婚年齡統計（1948年） --- p.58 / Chapter 9. --- 1942年綏德分區解除婚約案件的原因及數目（1945年12月） --- p.85-86 / Chapter 10. --- 1944年至1945年綏德分區請求離婚當事人成份統計(1945年12月） --- p.86 / Chapter 11. --- 1944年綏德分區各縣離婚案件提出原因及數目（1945年12月） --- p.86-87 / 附圓 / Chapter 1. --- 陝甘寧邊區地圖 --- p.120 / Chapter 2. --- 陝甘寧邊區婦女參加參議員選舉(30、40年代） --- p.121 / Chapter 3. --- 邊區農村選舉情況（40年代） --- p.121 / Chapter 4. --- 中共中央婦女委員會招待陝甘寧邊區參議會女參議員（1939年9月） --- p.122 / Chapter 5. --- 婦女自衛隊（1939年） --- p.122 / Chapter 6. --- 延安婦女紡織合作社（40年代） --- p.123 / Chapter 7. --- 中共359旅的家屬組織起來編織毛衣（40年代） --- p.123 / Chapter 8. --- 農民變工隊（40年代） --- p.124 / Chapter 9. --- 中國女子大學學生（1939年） --- p.124 / Chapter 10. --- 中國女子大學學生上軍事課(1939年） --- p.125 / Chapter 11. --- 延安醫科生在窰洞前溫習(1945年） --- p.125 / Chapter 12. --- 陝甘寧邊區第二次婦女代表大會部分代表(1948年） --- p.126 / Chapter 13. --- 陳琮英、蔡暢、夏明、劉英長征到達陝北（1935年） --- p.126 / Chapter 14. --- 擁軍（40年代)(夏風刻） --- p.127 / Chapter 15. --- 宣傳衛生（1943年）（王流秋刻） --- p.127 / Chapter 16. --- 怎樣養娃（40年代)(郭鈞刻） --- p.128 / Chapter 17. --- 婚姻登記（1945年)(木刻作品） --- p.128 / Chapter 18. --- 學習文化（1944年)(戚單刻） --- p.129 / Chapter 19. --- 女生開荒隊（1939年)(江豐刻） --- p.129

A model was developed in this study to understand women's cervical screening behaviour. It revealed that the interaction among institutional factors, risk appraisal, coping appraisal, and health beliefs and cultural factors contributed to the complex nature of screening behaviour among Chinese women. The institutional component provided the contextual factors within which women perceived the risk of cervical cancer, perceived the practice of cervical screening, and decided to take or not to take cervical screening. Risk appraisal provided the premise factor that induces women to seek coping strategies to reduce or remove the risk. During the process of coping appraisal, women's motivation to have cervical screening could be increased or decreased as the perceived benefits and costs of screening interacted with each other. The importance of the women's health beliefs and cultural factors was reflected in the way that they were affected by their notions of health behaviour and their cultural beliefs about cervical cancer risk and cervical screening participation. Commitment to participate in screening was a reinforcing factor inducing women to take up an offer of cervical screening. / Aim: To explore the knowledge and the perception of the risk of cervical cancer, identify the factors determining cervical screening behaviour, and develop a model to understand cervical screening behaviour among women in mainland China. / Background: Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer, and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women in mainland China. Cervical screening is the most important intervention for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Theories of health behaviour and empirical research highlight risk perception as a significant factor motivating people to opt for cancer screening. However, little is known about the risk perception of cervical cancer and the factors influencing the screening participation of women in mainland China. / Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the complex factors influencing cervical screening behaviour and contributes new knowledge to the understanding of cervical screening behaviour within the Chinese cultural context. It further informs programmes for the promotion of cervical screening among this population. / Methods: A mixed method design consisting of two phases was used, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. First, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect a baseline assessment of women's knowledge of cervical cancer and screening, their perceptions of the risk of cervical cancer, and the relationship between these factors and their cervical screening behaviour. Findings from this phase also guided the purposive sampling of participants in phase two. / Results: The findings from phase one demonstrated that the availability of an organized screening programme was a major motivator for women to opt for cervical screening. Multivariate analysis shows that having children (OR=2.57, p=0.026), a perception that visiting doctors regularly is important for health (OR-2.66, p=0.025), average (OR-4.84, 1)=0.006) and high levels of knowledge about cervical screening (OR-9.66, p=0.001) were significantly associated with having been screened in the previous three years. / Then in phase two, qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews of 27 women, 16 of whom had been screened and 11 had not. The interview structure was based on an initial analysis of the data from phase one and from a review of the related literature. The data from the interviews were analyzed using latent content analysis, involving an interpretative reading of the symbolism underlying the surface structure in the text. The audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim in Chinese, and then the key phrases which were important for the objectives of the study were identified. The key phrases and words were grouped according to their commonality of meaning. Then, these groups of data were sorted and classified to create categories and sub-categories, which were mutually exclusive, explicit and accurate without overlapping. / Two themes emerged from the qualitative data from phase two. Theme I was that perceptions of cervical cancer and cervical screening included five categories: the perceived effects of suffering from cervical cancer; the perception of cervical screening; a lack of understanding about cervical cancer and screening; the perceived risk of cervical cancer; and factors related to the cultural beliefs system. Theme II was that the institutional and health care practitioner system included two categories: availability of an organised physical examination programme and the role of the health care practitioner in encouraging cervical screening utilization. / Gu, Can. / Adviser: Chan, Carmen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-267). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

In this thesis, I use case study methodology to document the experiences of Latinas in sex work in Hong Kong and Macau. By investigating the identities of sex workers in these locations, I analyze risk behaviors related to each identity. I employ two theoretical frameworks; the first to examine the reasons for engaging in sex work, identities and risk behaviors; and the second to examine the women’s perception of the nature of sex work. The first framework consists of four explanatory models for analyzing sex work: a pathological model, a social dislocation and criminal subculture model, an economic position and poverty model, as well as a gender and male violence model. Of these, the economic position and poverty model seems to be a better fit with the background stories of most of the women in the study, who came from a poor socio-economic background. They took up sex work and migrated to other countries for economic reasons. However, I suggest that the agency of the women was not sufficiently taken into account by either of the models, including the economic position and poverty model. Using the second theoretical framework, I studied the women’s perception of the nature of sex work through the lenses of various feminist theories, including radical feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, liberal feminism and existentialist feminism. In looking at a systemic societal interpretation, radical, socialist and Marxist feminism views of oppression seemed justified because in most of the cases, sex work could be interpreted as a result of a patriarchal system and class conflict. At the individual level, the liberal and existentialist feminism views fit with the interviews because the women regarded sex work as empowering in view of their former poverty situations. Each of the women in the study maintained different work and private identities; and each of these identities could be associated with risk behaviors for themselves, for the clients, and for their families (especially spouses and/or boyfriends). The risks both sex workers and the local population faced as a result of the combination of criminalization of sex work and the lack of proper social services (medical, educational, and security), included violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. In addition, sex workers were at high risks of suffering psychological trauma. The findings indicated that to avoid a culture of violence and insecurity, sex work is in need of a deeper understanding and policies that would enable better protection for sex workers, clients and the general population. / published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

李淨昉. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-219) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Jingfang.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This study sought to discover how Kuan Han-Ch'ing portrayed the Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368 A.D.) and the Confucian view of women by means of the characterization in Kuan's plays. Eight female characters, three male public officials, and three male villains were selected for study. It was discovered that Kuan portrayed the ordinary people of his time with outstanding skill; that the characters selected for study provided ways of life contrary to Confucianism, the prevailing philosophy; that Kuan's characterization satirized the Mongol ruling class; and that Kuan depicted women more favorably than Confucian philosophy would have allowed.