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"Buying futures", the upsurge of female entrepreneurship crossing the formal and informal divide in Southwest Cameroon /Agbaw, Margaret Niger-Thomas, January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universiteit Leiden, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [323]-339).
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"Buying futures", the upsurge of female entrepreneurship crossing the formal and informal divide in Southwest Cameroon /Agbaw, Margaret Niger-Thomas, January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universiteit Leiden, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [323]-339).
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The business of women: gender, family, and entrepreneurship in British Columbia, 1901-1971Buddle, Melanie Anne 27 November 2018 (has links)
This study examines female self-employment in British Columbia from 1901 to 1971.
Entrepreneurial women comprised a small proportion of the total female labour force but they
exhibited differences from the rest of the labour force that deserve attention. The study relies on
the Census of Canada to gain perspective on trends in female self-employment over a broad time
period; qualitative sources are also utilized, including Business and Professional Women’s Club
records, to illustrate how individual businesswomen reflected patterns of age, marital status, and
family observed at a broad level. The role of gender in women’s decisions to run their own
enterprises and in their choice of enterprise is also explored. While the research focus is British
Columbia, this study is comparative: self-employed women in the province are compared to their
counterparts in the rest of Canada, but also to self-employed men, and to other working women,
in both regions. Regionally, women in British Columbia had higher rates of self-employment
than women in the rest of the country between 1901 and 1971. Self-employed women in both
British Columbia and Canada were, like wage-earning women, limited to a narrow range of
occupational types, but they were more likely to work in male-dominated occupations. Self employed
women were also older and more likely to be married, widowed or divorced than
wage-earning women; in these aspects, they resembled self-employed men. But there were
gender differences: whether women worked in female or male-dominated enterprises, they
stressed their femininity. The need to take care of their families, particularly if they had lost a
spouse through death or desertion, provided additional rationale for women’s presence in the
business world. Family, marital status, age, gender and region all played a role in women’s
decisions to enter into self-employment between 1901 and 1971. / Graduate
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The role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, South AfricaNxopo, Zinzi January 2014 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship)
in the Faculty of Business
at the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / The South African government, to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMME) sector, and female entrepreneurs, as vehicles capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for female entrepreneurs is the introduction of start-up support services to empower them to be successful.
Empowering entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support, to impact positively on the business’s sustainability.
There is a clear need to widen access to business start-up training and advice to encourage larger numbers of women to embrace self-employment. This implies offering a wide range of start-up support services which encourage women to go into business. Women enter business from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide range of experience. The provision of business start-up training and advice needs to accommodate these very different experiences. Women attending entrepreneurship programmes have often criticised these programmes as being male-orientated and prescriptive. Women are expected to conform to male models and standards of behaviour.
While this study relates specifically to female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, it is set in the context of female entrepreneurship in South Africa. The target population for the research was 150 female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. The study is quantitative in nature, using the survey method for better understanding of the research problem. The study aimed to understand the needs of female entrepreneurs, and to underscore the significance of skills and knowledge transfer from the government to female entrepreneurs.
The research explored the role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in Western Cape, and identified support services that can be used to promote the growth and development of female entrepreneurs. Possible solutions to failure rates of female entrepreneurship are also addressed, with specific models for improved business support services for all female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. This will help them to run sustainable businesses as well as provide more jobs.
This research recommends that management capability and financial management acumen be regarded as key to success for funding by the entrepreneurs themselves, and the parties involved in supporting and promoting them.
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Internationalisation of South African women-owned SMMEs: the role of human, social and financial capitalDayile, Siyabulela Paschal January 2016 (has links)
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management, specialising in Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation
Johannesburg, 2016 / The main thrust of this study was to investigate and explain the influence of human, social and financial capital on the internationalisation of SMMEs in South Africa in the context of women entrepreneurs. A cross-sectional quantitative study was employed on a sample of 135 women-owned SMMEs, by way of an online survey. This tested the association between social, human and financial capital, and the degree of internationalisation of women-owned SMMEs. This study revealed that women entrepreneurs in South Africa do not view international social ties and business networks, and financial capital availability as significant barriers to determining the degree of internationalisation. On the other hand, the study showed that women within this context believe that international education, knowledge and experience all play key roles in inducing the degree of internationalisation. The study suggests that the results may have deviated from widely accepted theories, due to emerging markets being different from developed economies, in which the majority of empirical studies have thus far been conducted. The findings strengthened the emerging, but sparsely researched second approach to the resource-based theory, which suggest that SMMEs internationalise to gain access to entrepreneurial capitals. The study further revealed that women entrepreneurs that had internationalised did so, through industries in which women are typically under-represented. Although not pervasive in literature, women entrepreneurs within South Africa were motivated to internationalise mainly due to external growth prospects and not by poor domestic demand. / MT2016
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The effects of Department of Defense acquisition reform on women-owned small businesses and small disadvantaged businessesStricker, Bette Eckard 12 1900 (has links)
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This study examines the effects of acquisition reform on Women-Owned Small Businesses (WOSBs) and Small Disadvantaged Businesses (SDBs) who contracted with DOD during the 1990s through 2002 timeframe. Review and analysis of DOD data for fiscal years 1992 through 2002, an analysis of websites and acquisition literature, and interviews with DOD contracting and small business specialists provided the basis for this study. It identifies acquisition reform legislation enacted in the 1990s that has had a direct impact on WOSBs and SDBs and examines the charge that the practice of contract bundling has negatively impacted the ability of small businesses to win DOD contracts. An analysis of contract bundling data from the Small Business Office of Advocacy, Congress and DOD demonstrates that the data is insufficient and inconsistent to prove or disprove that contract bundling is negatively impacting small businesses. However, DOD data for fiscal years 1992 through 2002 indicates that DOD contracting with WOSBs improved consistently, particularly after enactment of the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA) of 1994 which mandated that the federal government, inclusive of DOD, award five percent of total yearly procurement dollars to WOSBs. / Civilian, United States Army
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Business strategy, financial performance and the survival of women-owned small and medium enterprises in Gauteng provinceMudara, Zwanaka James 04 1900 (has links)
D. Tech (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are economic drivers and key in job creation in emerging economies. In the past, the difficulties faced by women have deprived them of opportunities to establish and run successful businesses. Previous research reveals that women’s involvement in businesses creates sustainable economic growth, thereby reducing poverty. Women-owned SMEs in South Africa receive minimal government support, and many women lack the resources required to run a business successfully. Ensuring growth and profitability in women-run enterprises can alleviate the extent to which women have been disadvantaged in South Africa. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, women have a significant role in creating jobs, which can grow the South African economy.
This study aimed to determine the influence of strategy implementation in women-owned SMEs in South Africa, specifically Gauteng Province. The study considered constructs such as strategy implementation, financial performance and SME survival in women-owned SMEs. Against this background, a deductive reasoning based quantitative approach was adopted using a cross-sectional survey design to assess the connection between the constructs under consideration. The final sample consisted of 347 women entrepreneurs and managers and employees of selected SMEs in various regions of Gauteng Province. The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Scientists (SPSS) version 25.0 software. Statistical analyses techniques applied in the study included descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, person correlations and regression analyses.
The results of the study showed that corporate and business strategies exert a significant influence on SME financial performance. However, operational strategy was statistically insignificant. Financial performance, in turn, influenced SME survival. Additionally, all three strategies, namely, corporate, business and operational, significantly influenced SME survival. Thus, the financial performance and ultimate survival of women-owned SMEs in South Africa are both dependent on strategy formulation and implementation.
The research is practical in that its results may be used as a reference source for ideas in strategy formulation and implementation in stakeholder committees. The results may then be directed towards alleviating the challenges facing women-owned SMEs in South Africa and stimulate their chances of success. The study, therefore, has implications in generating employment, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of women-owned SMEs. Theoretically, the study contributes by closing the gap in literature within the area of the nexus between strategy implementation, financial performance and SME survival in the context of South Africa.
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An investigation of the factors influencing the success of small and medium-sized women-owned businesses / Yolandi KlopperKlopper, Yolandi January 2015 (has links)
Figures show the unemployment rate in South Africa is increasing. Entrepreneurship
is a very good solution to decrease the unemployment rate and increase the
economic growth of South Africa. Very few studies have been done on
entrepreneurship, including women entrepreneurs, as men have always been the
leaders in this regard. More than 50% of South Africa‟s population is female and
deemed as a very important factor for the country's economic growth. Women
entrepreneurs have been understudied; there are also other factors and relationships
that should be investigated and understood for the government to be able to
establish programmes and assistance for women entrepreneurs to start and grow
businesses.
The research for this study was conducted in the Gauteng Province as poverty levels
are high, despite large industries in this province and the fact that it is the most Gross
Domestic Province for South Africa.
The objective of this study is to investigate women entrepreneurship in the Gauteng
and to make practical recommendations to enhance women entrepreneurship in this
province. A survey including 41 women-owned businesses was conducted. A
detailed profile of the woman entrepreneur in Gauteng was compiled, including the
structure of the business. Factors such as the level of organisational commitment,
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, job satisfaction, life satisfaction,
development needs as well as the perceived business success, have been
investigated. The relationships between these factors have also been investigated in
the empirical research.
The most urgent needs of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng are marketing training,
financial support, machinery, equipment and tools as well as infrastructure. It is
recommended that these needs are addressed through a support initiative especially
implemented for women entrepreneurs. These factors need to be understood by the
government in order to establish and assist women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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An investigation of the factors influencing the success of small and medium-sized women-owned businesses / Yolandi KlopperKlopper, Yolandi January 2015 (has links)
Figures show the unemployment rate in South Africa is increasing. Entrepreneurship
is a very good solution to decrease the unemployment rate and increase the
economic growth of South Africa. Very few studies have been done on
entrepreneurship, including women entrepreneurs, as men have always been the
leaders in this regard. More than 50% of South Africa‟s population is female and
deemed as a very important factor for the country's economic growth. Women
entrepreneurs have been understudied; there are also other factors and relationships
that should be investigated and understood for the government to be able to
establish programmes and assistance for women entrepreneurs to start and grow
businesses.
The research for this study was conducted in the Gauteng Province as poverty levels
are high, despite large industries in this province and the fact that it is the most Gross
Domestic Province for South Africa.
The objective of this study is to investigate women entrepreneurship in the Gauteng
and to make practical recommendations to enhance women entrepreneurship in this
province. A survey including 41 women-owned businesses was conducted. A
detailed profile of the woman entrepreneur in Gauteng was compiled, including the
structure of the business. Factors such as the level of organisational commitment,
dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, job satisfaction, life satisfaction,
development needs as well as the perceived business success, have been
investigated. The relationships between these factors have also been investigated in
the empirical research.
The most urgent needs of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng are marketing training,
financial support, machinery, equipment and tools as well as infrastructure. It is
recommended that these needs are addressed through a support initiative especially
implemented for women entrepreneurs. These factors need to be understood by the
government in order to establish and assist women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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The influence of human and social capital on the strategic entrepreneurial behaviour of businesswomenOostenbrink, Marlizanne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the type of decision-making approaches
used by businesswomen, both intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs, under conditions of
uncertainty, and how the human and social capital they possess influence their
strategic entrepreneurial behaviour (SEB). Entrepreneurial decision making often
takes place under uncertain conditions, in which rational models provide little
guidance for decision makers. Effectuation is proposed as an alternative decision
model to rationality, particularly for emerging opportunities. Although some
exploratory work has been conducted on this school of thought, research gaps
remain. Particularly, there is a lack of research on businesswomen, despite the fact
that they are an important group of entrepreneurs within the economy with great
potential to contribute to economic growth, development and employment generation.
The study population was South African businesswomen, and the membership
register of the South African Businesswomen's Association (BWA) was used as a
sampling frame. An online survey was sent to all members and a total of 269 usable
responses were obtained. Data were analysed with SPSS using descriptive and
inferential statistical techniques.
The findings indicate there are no significant differences between the decisionmaking
approaches of intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs, and that they use both
effectuation and causation when shaping and implementing new initiatives, while the
literature argues that these two approaches are distinct and dichotomous. In using a
causal approach, the respondents value planning and a systematic approach to new,
uncertain projects, although they realise the benefit of flexibility and of limiting the
downside loss to their decisions; therefore they also incorporate elements of effectual
logic. Furthermore, businesswomen's ability to cultivate relationships plays an
integral role in the SEB process for both effectuation and causation, with
businesswomen emphasising their relationships with key stakeholders. Concerning
businesswomen's human capital, the study finds that self-efficacy plays an important
role in terms of businesswomen's confidence, and that it has an impact on both SEB
decision-making approaches.
Several theoretical, practical and educational implications arise from these findings.
Theoretically, this study contributes to the decision-making literature by showing that
businesswomen utilise both decision-making styles and do not merely rely on one or
the other. Furthermore, it also shows that relationship cultivation and self-efficacy are
significantly related to both SEB approaches.
Practically, both businesswomen and other stakeholders, such as financial
institutions, should recognise the relevance and importance of using both styles and
not stress causation above effectuation, as is the case currently. Furthermore,
entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which is relevant for both approaches to SEB, can be
raised through investing in targeted training and education in female
entrepreneurship.
For entrepreneurship educators, these findings emphasise that courses should
incorporate both decision-making styles and that these skills should be developed in
students. Business management students should be taught that, while logical,
planned and prediction-based causal approaches are appropriate under stable
conditions, effectuation provides resources to approach uncertain conditions more
effectively. In addition, entrepreneurial initiatives with a low degree of innovativeness
also would be more suited to a predictive, casual approach, while initiatives with a
higher degree of innovativeness would benefit from using effectual principles. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die besluitnemingsmetodes van sakevroue, beide
intrapreneurs en entrepreneurs, onder omstandighede van onsekerheid te bepaal en
te bestudeer hoe die menslike en sosiale kapitaal wat hulle besit hul strategiese
entrepreneuriese gedrag (SEG) beïnvloed. Entrepreneuriese besluitneming vind
dikwels onder onsekere omstandighede plaas waar rasionele modelle min leiding
aan besluitnemers verskaf. Effektuasie ("effectuation") word voorgestel as 'n
alternatiewe besluitnemingsmodel tot rasionaliteit, spesifiek vir ontluikende
geleenthede. Hoewel daar reeds verkennende navorsing in die veld gedoen is, is
daar steeds navorsingsgapings. Daar is veral 'n tekort aan navorsing oor sakevroue
ten spyte van die feit dat hulle een van die belangrikste groepe entrepreneurs binne
die ekonomie is, met groot potensiaal om 'n bydrae tot ekonomiese groei,
ontwikkeling en werkskepping te lewer.
Die studiebevolking was Suid-Afrikaanse sakevroue, en die lederegister van die
Suid-Afrikaanse Sakevrouevereniging (BWA) is as steekproefraamwerk gebruik. 'n
Aanlynopname is aan al die lede gestuur en 'n totaal van 269 bruikbare antwoorde is
ontvang. Data is ontleed met behulp van SPSS deur gebruik te maak van
beskrywende en inferensiële statistiese tegnieke.
Die bevindinge dui aan dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskil tussen die
besluitnemingsbenaderings van intrapreneurs en entrepreneurs is nie en dat beide
effektuasie ("effectuation") en kousaliteit ("causation") in die vorming en
implementering van nuwe inisiatiewe gebruik word. Volgens die literatuur is hierdie
twee besluitnemingsbenaderings egter duidelik onderskeibaar. In die gebruik van 'n
kousale ("causal") benadering heg die respondente waarde aan beplanning en 'n
sistematiese benadering tot nuwe, onseker projekte. Hulle besef egter die voordeel
van buigsaamheid en die beperking van besluite wat met kousaliteit gepaard gaan;
hulle neem dus ook elemente van effektuasie-logika in ag. Verder speel sakevroue
se vermoë om verhoudings te kweek 'n integrale rol in die SEG-proses vir beide
effektuasie ("effectuation") en kousaliteit ("causation"), met sakevroue wat hulle
verhoudings met sleutel rolspelers beklemtoon. Met betrekking tot sakevroue se
menslike kapitaal het die studie gevind dat self-doeltreffendheid 'n belangrike rol in terme van sakevroue se vertroue speel en dat dit 'n impak op beide SEGbesluitnemingsbenaderings
het.
Verskeie teoretiese, praktiese en opvoedkundige implikasies ontstaan uit hierdie
bevindinge. Teoreties het hierdie studie bygedra tot besluitnemings-literatuur deur
aan te toon dat sakevroue gebruik maak van albei besluitnemingstyle en nie net op
een staatmaak nie. Die studie het ook gevind dat die kweek van verhoudings, asook
selfdoeltreffendheid, beduidend verband hou met beide SEG-benaderings.
Prakties moet sakevroue en ander belanghebbendes, soos finansiële instellings, die
toepaslikheid en belangrikheid van die gebruik van beide style herken, en nie op
kousaliteit klem lê bo effektuasie nie. Verder kan entrepreneuriese
selfdoeltreffendheid, wat vir beide benaderings tot SEG relevant is, verhoog word
deur in geteikende opleiding en onderrig oor vroulike entrepreneurskap te belê.
Vir entrepreneurskapopvoeders beklemtoon hierdie bevindinge dat kursusse beide
besluitnemingstyle in ag moet neem en dat hierdie vaardighede in studente ontwikkel
moet word. Ondernemingsbestuurstudente moet leer dat hoewel logiese, beplande
en voorspellingsgebaseerde kousaliteitsbenaderings onder stabiele omstandighede
toepaslik is, effektuasie maniere bied om onsekere situasies meer effektief te
benader. Entrepreneuriese inisiatiewe met 'n lae graad van innovasie is meer geskik
vir 'n voorspellende, kousale benadering, terwyl inisiatiewe met 'n hoër mate van
innovasie voordeel sal trek uit die gebruik van effektuasiebeginsels.
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