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Estudo comparativo de métodos para determinação da densidade básica de cavacos e discos de madeiraPadula, Rafael Ribeiro [UNESP] 19 August 2013 (has links) (PDF)
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000758434.pdf: 8078676 bytes, checksum: a6e89d42a3ad605187a6e2c7324d0b25 (MD5) / A densidade básica é a propriedade física da madeira mais utilizada pelas indústrias florestais, pela facilidade de determinação e pela relação com os processos e produtos madeireiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os métodos usualmente utilizados para determinação da densidade básica de cavacos e discos de madeira. Para tanto foram escolhidos dois clones de eucalipto, um de Eucalyptus grandis com menor densidade básica e outro de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com maior densidade. Ambos com a idade de seis anos. Foram objetos de comparação quatro métodos de determinação da densidade básica, tanto para as secções transversais (discos) retiradas em diversas alturas das árvores (0, 25, 50,75 e 100% da altura comercial) como para cavacos das mesmas árvores. Os métodos utilizados foram o do máximo teor de umidade (MTU), o máximo teor de umidade modificado (MTUm), o método da balança hidrostática com o xilômetro por baixo da balança (BHb) e com o xilômetro por cima da balança (BHc). Os métodos não diferiram entre si quando comparados nas diversas alturas e consequentemente na árvore como um todo, mas ao compararem-se os métodos nos cavacos o máximo teor de umidade modificado diferiu estatisticamente dos demais com maiores valores de densidade para os dois clones. O equipamento Pilodyn também estudado neste trabalho mostrou imprecisão na predição da densidade básica. / Basic density, due to its easy determination and correlation with wooden process and products, is the physical propriety of wood most utilized by the forest industry. It was this paper's main goal to comparatively study the most usually employed procedures to determinate wood chips and discs basic density. For that two eucalyptus clones were chosen, one an Eucalyptus grandis with lower basic density and the other an Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophyllac with higher density. Four different methods for the determination of basic density were compared, both for the cross-sections (discs) taken from different heights of the trees (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height) as for the wood chips from the same trees. The utilized methods were the maximum moisture content (MTU), the modified maximum moisture content (MTUm), the hydrostatic scale with the xylometer bellow the scale (BHb) and with the xylometer atop the scale (BHc). They showed no differences between them when compared in different heights and consequently the tree as a whole, but once the methods were applied on the wood chips the modified maximum moisture content statistically differed from the rest displaying higher density values for both clones. The Pilodyn equipment, also studied in this paper, displayed a lack of precision when determining the basic density.
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Tenacidade da madeira / Toughness of woodDenise Ortigosa Stolf 23 October 2000 (has links)
A madeira apresenta diferentes comportamentos, dependendo das solicitações às quais está sujeita. Em geral, a madeira pode resistir a solicitações de maior magnitude se a ação ocorre num curtíssimo intervalo de tempo. A propriedade mecânica envolvida nestes casos é a tenacidade, cujos valores são determinados em ensaios de impacto na flexão. Diversas aplicações relacionadas à madeira dependem da mencionada propriedade, não muito estudada para as madeiras usualmente empregadas no Brasil. Com o intuito de preencher tais lacunas o presente trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a influência da umidade e da orientação dos anéis de crescimento da madeira no valor da sua tenacidade. Para isso foram utilizadas as espécies Angelim Saia (Vatairea sp), Eucalipto Citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii), com corpos-de-prova convenientemente amostrados e climatizados. Além disso foram quantificadas as relações entre: a tenacidade e a densidade da madeira a 12% de umidade; a tenacidade e a resistência da madeira à compressão paralela às fibras; a tenacidade e a resistência convencional da madeira no ensaio de flexão estática. Para isto foram considerados os resultados obtidos para trinta e seis espécies tropicais brasileiras, sendo no mínimo doze amostras por espécie. / Wood often exhibits different behavior, depending on the kind of acting forces. Usually, wood can resist to greater solicitations if short time intervals are considered. The mechanical property involved in these situations is toughness, which values are determined in impact bending tests. Several basic uses of timber depend on the toughness, property not widely studied to tropical species grown in Brazil. This work, which was conducted to improve this situation, aimed to evaluate the influence of moisture content and grain angle in values of toughness. In order to reach these objects, species like Angelim Saia (Vatairea sp), Eucalipto Citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii), were employed, with well-sampled and climatized specimens. Besides, relationship between toughness and wood density at 12% of moisture, toughness and wood strength at compression parallel to the grain, toughness and modulus of rupture in static bending test were determined. To reach these subjects, results obtained for thirty six tropical species grown in Brazil, no less than twelve especimens for specie, were considered.
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Preparation of X-Ray Negatives of Tree-Ring Specimens for Dendrochronological AnalysisParker, M. L., Meleskie, K. R. 11 1900 (has links)
Techniques for producing X-ray negatives of dendrochronological specimens have been developed at the Geological Survey of Canada and the Nondestructive Testing Laboratory, Mines Branch, The radiographs are produced to provide tree-ring density data to supplement ring-width measurements for dating and climatic studies. New specimen preparation techniques and X-ray methods are discussed. The quality and quantity of tree-ring information is enhanced by the use of X-ray analysis.
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Annual Ring Contrast Enhancement Without Affecting X-Ray Densitometry StudiesParker, M. L., Barton, G. M., Smith, J. H. G. January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
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Intra-Annual Variation in Wood Density in Gmelina Arborea from X-Ray Densitometry and its Relationship with RainfallAkachuku, A. E. January 1985 (has links)
The variation in wood density within growth rings was determined from X-ray negative images of wood samples of Gmelina arborea. The within-tree and between-tree comparisons showed that no two growth rings had exactly similar patterns of variation in the radial direction. The proportions of wood in four within-ring density classes were estimated. The variations in the proportions of wood in the four classes with age were nonlinear. On the average, the proportion of low density wood decreased with increasing age, while the proportion of high density wood increased with age. Regression analysis testing different curvilinear models showed that 37 to 99 per cent of the variations in the proportions of wood were associated with variations in age. Maximum and minimum ring density were negatively correlated with dry season rainfall. Variations in the proportion of high density wood and mean ring density were not associated with corresponding variation in dry season rainfall. The proportions of low and high density wood, mean ring density, maximum ring density and minimum ring density were not determined by annual rainfall.
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Biomassa inicial do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla vs. Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes espaçamentos /Sereghetti, Guilherme Corrêa, 1987- January 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Banca:Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: José Mauro Santana da Silva / Resumo: A utilização da biomassa como insumo energético é uma tendência mundial. No Brasil, dentre as espécies florestais utilizadas, o eucalipto pode ser considerado a mais promissora em decorrência de uma silvicultura avançada e eficiente. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio de um clone de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Sarapuí, estado de São Paulo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, contendo três blocos, com nove tratamentos quanto ao espaçamento de plantio, variando a área útil de cada planta entre 2,0 e 8,0 m². A área das parcelas era de 72 m², determinando a quantia de 9 a 36 plantas por parcela, além de uma bordadura dupla. Aos doze meses foram realizadas medições do diâmetro de colo e altura total de todas as plantas de cada parcela para determinação do volume, e foram derrubadas 1 árvore por parcela para cubagem rigorosa e coleta dos discos de madeiras à 0%, 12,5%, 37,5% e 62,5%, a fim de se determinar a densidade básica e porcentagem de casca. Aplicando-se ANOVA para as variáveis volume, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e porcentagem de casca, obteve-se diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de significância apenas para as variáveis volume e porcentagem de casca. Com relação ao volume, os menores espaçamentos apresentaram maiores volumes por hectare. Para a variável porcentagem de casca houve certa correlação com a densidade básica da madeira. O tratamento 2x1 apresentou o maior volume por ha / Abstract: The use of biomass as energy input is a worldwide trend. In Brazil, among the forest species, eucalyptus can be considered the most promising due to an advanced and efficient forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the initial development in different planting spacings of a Eucalyptus clone. The experiment was conducted in the city of Sarapuí in São Paulo state, using a randomized complete block design containing three blocks with nine treatments for planting space, varying the floor area of each plant between 2.0 and 8.0 m². The area of plots was 72 m², determining the amount of 9-36 plants per plot, plus a double border. At twelve months have been carried out measurements of stem diameter and total height of all plants in each plot to determine the volume, and were cut down one tree per plot for cubing and collection of disks of wood at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5% and 62.5% in order to determine the basic density and percentage of bark. Applying ANOVA for the variables volume, basic wood density, basic density of bark and bark percentage, obtained a significant difference at 5% significance level only for the variables volume and percentage of bark. With respect to volume, the smallest spacings had higher volumes per hectare. For the variable percentage of bark there was some correlation with basic density. Treatment 2x1 showed the largest amount per ha / Mestre
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Determinação da densidade da madeira de clones de Eucalyptus spp. a idades passadas com uso da técnica de atenuação de radiação gama /Jammal Filho, Fawaz Ali, 1978- January 2011 (has links)
Resumo: O desenvolvimento de florestas clonais de eucalipto tem como metas principais a obtenção de florestas altamente produtivas e de rápido crescimento. Em função, sobretudo da grande diversidade de espécies, o gênero Eucalyptus tem o potencial de atender diversos segmentos da produção industrial madeireira. Um dos principais parâmetros de avaliação da qualidade da madeira é a densidade básica, principalmente quando se visa sua utilização como matéria prima industrial ou energética. Além de ser de determinação relativamente simples, essa propriedade apresenta boa correlação com outras propriedades da madeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a densidade básica da madeira relativa às idades de 2, 4 e 6 anos do desenvolvimento fisiológico de Eucalyptus spp. a partir de árvores com seis anos de idade, fazendo uso de perfis densitométricos radiais obtidos pelo método da atenuação de radiação gama e de equações taper e de medições do DAP às idades passadas, para definir as regiões dos perfis correspondentes a cada uma das idades estudadas. Para cada uma das idades estudadas foram amostradas árvores disponibilizadas pela empresa Duraflora S.A., abrangendo dois clones (C1 - maior produtividade e C2 - menor produtividade) e duas regiões distintas (LP - Lençóis Paulista e I - Itapetininga), classificadas e ranqueadas pela empresa como de desempenho superior e inferior, respectivamente. Os perfis densitométricos (densidade aparente e, indiretamente, densidade básica) de discos ao longo da altura das árvores de 6 anos foram obtidos pelo método da atenuação de radiação gama. Posteriormente, a partir de medições diamétricas do fuste das árvores de 2 e 4 foram ajustadas funções taper... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main objectives of the development of clonal eucalyptus forests are rapid growth and productivity. Considering the great diversity of species, the genus Eucalyptus has the potential to attend different segments of wood industry. One of the principal parameters for wood quality evaluation is the basic density, especially when considering industrial and energy purposes. This property has relatively simple determination and is well correlate to several other wood properties. The objective of this study was to determine basic density of wood on the ages of 2, 4 and 6 years of the physiological development of Eucalyptus spp. 6 years old trees using densitometric radial profiles obtained using the method of gamma ray attenuation and, additionally, taper functions and DAP measurements to define the regions of the profiles corresponding to each one of the past ages (2 and 4 years). Trees provided by Duraflora S.A. were sampled for each of the ages studied covering two clones (C1 - higher productivity and C2 - lower productivity) and two distinct regions (I - Itapetininga and LP - Lençóis Paulista - both at Sao Paulo State, Brazil), ranked by the company as higher performance and lower one, respectively. Densitometric profiles (apparent density - 12% MC - and, indirectly, basic density) from discs along the 6 years old trees height were obtained by the gamma ray attenuation method. Subsequently, based on measurements of stem diameter along the height for 2 and 4 years old trees, taper functions were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Adriano Walgner Ballarin / Coorientador: Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: Vlademir Eliodoro Costa / Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo / Mestre
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Tomografia de impulso para estimativa da densidade da madeira / Impulse tomography for wood density estimateRollo, Luciana Cavalcante Pereira 11 February 2010 (has links)
Há diversas técnicas que utilizam a passagem de ondas através da madeira para obtenção de informações. Dentre elas destaca-se a tomografia de árvores que reconstrói seções transversais de tronco e galhos. A tomografia de impulso, por sua vez, se baseia na cronometragem da viajem de ondas mecânicas sonoras entre sensores anexados em uma seção transversal da árvore, para cálculo da velocidade da onda e construção da imagem tomográfica. Sabe-se que a velocidade de passagem das ondas mecânicas é determinada pelas propriedades físico-mecânicas da madeira. Em especial: o módulo de elasticidade, a densidade e a umidade. Até o momento, há diversos estudos sobre a correlação entre a velocidade de onda (principalmente ultrassom) e o módulo de elasticidade. Os estudos apresentados a seguir se destacam por avaliar a correlação entre a velocidade de onda mecânica, obtida por tomografia de impulso, e a densidade da madeira, com vistas em utilizá-la como ferramenta na estimativa da densidade. Os diversos métodos consagrados para a determinação da densidade se caracterizam por utilizar amostras de madeira, que em muitos casos são de difícil obtenção. Além de serem executados procedimentos laboratoriais que podem levam até semanas. Dessa forma, no capítulo 2, Conceitos físicos envolvidos na técnica de tomografia de impulso e a relação com a densidade aparente, são feitas algumas considerações sobre os conceitos físicos que explicam o comportamento de ondas mecânicas e apresentada a correlação encontrada entre velocidade de onda mecânica e densidade aparente, a 12% de umidade da madeira, para três espécies de árvores de diferentes densidades (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake - Guapuruvu, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. - Eucalipto, Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Pau-Brasil). Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, visto que o coeficiente de determinação - R2 da equação geral velocidade de onda mecânica a 12% = 514,89 * densidade aparente a 12% + 312,49 foi igual a 0,9284, altamente significativo pelo teste F a 1%. No capítulo 3, Tomografia de impulso para estimativa da densidade básica da madeira em árvores vivas, são apresentados modelos estatísticos para estimativa da densidade básica da madeira em árvores vivas, por meio da velocidade de onda mecânica. Foram coletados dados a partir de árvores de 10 espécies nativas. As medidas de acurácia (coeficiente de determinação R2, erro médio percentual EMP, e erro aleatório i) permitem afirmar que os modelos são úteis. / There are several techniques which use the passage of waves through wood to obtain information. Among them the tomography of trees is emphasized, reconstructing cross sections of trunk and branches. The impulse tomography is based on the timing of mechanical sound wave travelling between sensors attached to a cross section of the tree, to compute wave speed and construction of the tomographic image. It is known that the speed of the passage of mechanical waves is determined by the phisical and mechanical properties of the wood. Specially, eslasticity module, density and moisture content. Until this moment, there are several studies about the correlation between wave speed (mainly ultrasound) and elasticity module. The studies presented next are highlighted because they evaluate the correlation between mechanical wave speed, obtained by impulse tomography, and wood density, with the intention to use it as a tool to estimate density. The several estabilished methods for determining wood density are characterized by using wood samples, in many cases, difficult to obtain. Besides being performed using laboratory procedures which may take even weeks. Therefore, in chapter 2, Physical concepts involved in the impulse tomography method and the relationship with apparent density, there are considerations about physical concepts that explain the behavior of mechanical waves and present the correlation found between mechanical wave speed and apparent density, with 12% moisture content of the wood, to three species of wood with different densities (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake - Guapuruvu, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. - Eucalipto, Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Pau-Brasil). The results were very satisfying, since the coeficient of determination - R2 the general equation mechanical wave speed at 12% =514,89 * apparent density at 12% + 312,49 was equal to 0,9284, highly significant regarding F test at 1%. In chapter 3, Impulse tomography for the estimation of basic wood density of live trees, statistical models for estimation are presented to estimate basic wood density in live trees, using mechanical wave speed. Data was collected from trees of 10 native species. The accuracy measurements (coeficient of determination R2, mean percentual error EMP, and random error i) ensure the utility of the models.
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Juvenile birch in Sweden : Selected stem characteristics for interior and furniture applicationsNilsson, Josefin A. January 2019 (has links)
In response to the furniture industry’s growing demand for raw material, large volumes of juvenile silver birch and downy birch stems available from pre-commercial thinning operations in Sweden’s forests could offer solutions. However, such stems are not currently used on an industrial scale, and most research conducted on birch stems in general has neither focussed on young trees nor the potential use of the central stem part around the tree pith. The resulting lack of knowledge about the juvenile part of birch wood thus requires additional information about the material properties of birch, which could encourage its use for various purposes in the furniture and other industries. The initial literature review performed for this thesis has highlighted some properties of juvenile birch required for its use as a furniture material, as well as identified topics concerning the physical characteristics of juvenile birch about which knowledge is currently limited. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis were to explore some characteristics of juvenile birch—bark thickness, wood-to-bark bonding ratio after drying, variations in the density and width of growth rings, and anatomical growth response to fertilisation—in order to increase the knowledge. The material studied came from mixed birch and Norway spruce stands at two sites in southern Sweden, namely Asa and Toftaholm. The birch stems were naturally regenerated silver birch and downy birch, with breast height diameters between 30 and 83 mm. Fertilised and unfertilised silver birch trees were sampled at Toftaholm, whereas unfertilised stems of silver birch and downy birch were sampled at Asa. The characteristics of stems from the pith to bark (radial direction) and along the stem (longitudinal direction) were measured. The wood-to-bark bonding ratio on downy birch after drying was calculated as the percentage of the stem circumference with full contact between the wood and bark, while oven-dry density and basic wood density for silver birch were determined by using the water displacement method. The impact of ring width on wood density was statistically analysed, and an image analysis of the wood anatomy was conducted to elucidate their relationship. Amongst the results, bark thickness along the stem had the highest deviation in the section closest to the stump. Moreover, the wood-to-bark bonding ratio after drying measured for juvenile downy birch seemed to depend more on the stem’s diameter than the sampling height along the stem. Such results are relevant for processors seeking to estimate the volume of wood under the bark. The wood-to-bark bonding ratio was highest for diameters between 30 and 39 mm, and neither did that relationship correlate with the sampling height along the stem. Variation in wood density in the radial and longitudinal directions in juvenile silver birch suggested that such density negatively correlated with growth rate (ring width). That relationship held true for stems at each site and between the sites, irrespective of management or growing conditions. As expected, mean wood density was lower in fertilised trees than in unfertilised ones, and towards the bark, radial density increased more in trees that grew more slowly. At the same time, variation in longitudinal density in young silver birch trees was low. Quantitative wood anatomy studies confirmed that the fertilised juvenile birch had younger cambia, thinner cell walls, and fewer vessels per mm2 than unfertilised trees in the same diameter class. Overall, the knowledge generated in the study may facilitate the industrial use of juvenile birch stems and wood in interior and furniture applications. The role of wood anatomy in determining the mechanical performance of juvenile birch stems should be further examined, however, to possibly reveal new opportunities for the use of juvenile birch. / Det finns ett växande behov av råvaror till möbelindustrin. Stammar av juvenil vårtbjörk och glasbjörk finns tillgängliga i stora volymer från röjning i svenska skogar. För närvarande finns det inget storskaligt industriellt nyttjande av det virket. Bättre kunskap om dess virkesegenskaper kan öppna upp möjligheterna till olika användningsområden. Dock har en majoritet av den befintliga björkforskningen ofta exkluderat studier av innersta veden närmast kärnan, vilket resulterat i en låg kunskapsnivå om det juvenila virket. I den inledande litteraturstudien i denna uppsats belyses vilka krav som ställs på materialegenskaperna i möbelvirke. Vidare identifieras befintliga kunskapsluckor i fysiska och mekaniska egenskaper för juvenil björk. Målet med denna uppsats är därför att utforska några egenskaper, såsom barktjocklek, barkvidhäftning efter torkning, densitet och årsringsbreddsvariation samt hur gödsling kan påverka vedanatomin. Materialet kom från blandskogsbestånd med gran och björk i Asa och Toftaholm i Götaland. Björkarna var självföryngrad vårtbjörk och glasbjörk och stammarna hade en brösthöjdsdiameter mellan 30 och 83 mm. I Toftaholm var en del av beståndet gödslad respektive ogödslad vårtbjörk. Från Asa togs stammar av både vårtbjörk och glasbjörk. Virkesegenskaper och dess variationer i stammens radiella och longitudinella riktning studerades. Vidhäftningen av barken till veden efter torkning bedömdes procentuellt på omkretsen av ändträet. Relativ torrdensitet och rådensitet mättes. Påverkan av årsringsbredd på veddensitet analyserades statistiskt och vedanatomin studerades med mikroskop och bildanalys för en vidare förståelse av dess samband med gödsling. Resultaten gällande barktjocklekens variation visade att den nedre delen av stammen hade störst medelavvikelse. Dessa resultat kan vara relevant information för vidareförädling efter avbarkning. Barkens vidhäftning till veden efter torkning mättes på juvenil glasbjörk. Det visade ett visst samband med stamdiameter där den högsta vidhäftningen fanns på stammarna med en diameter mellan 30 och 39 mm. Sambandet var däremot inte korrelerat till stamhöjden där provet togs. Densitetsvariation i radiell och longitudinell riktning studerades för juvenil vårtbjörk. Densiteten hade en svag negativt korrelation till årsringsbredd. Detta samband sågs både inom bestånd och mellan bestånd med olika tillväxtförhållande samt skötsel. Medeldensiteten för virket var, som förväntat, lägre i de gödslade träden jämfört med de ogödslade. I den radiella riktningen hade det senvuxna virket en högre faktor på densitetsökningen. Den longitudinella densitetsvariationen i unga vårtbjörkar var låg. Kvantitativa vedanatomistudier bekräftade att ungdomsveden i gödslad vårtbjörk hade en lägre kambiumålder, tunnare cellväggstjocklek och färre kärl jämfört med ogödslade träd med samma diameter, resultat som tidigare påvisats för mogen björk. Sammanfattningsvis kan resultaten från den här uppsatsen förbättra kunskapen och därmed underlätta för en industriell användning av juvenila björkstammar inom inredning och möbler. Dock bör vedanatomins påverkan på de mekaniska egenskaperna för juvenila björkstammar studeras vidare. Det kan möjliggöra nya användningsområden för juvenil björk.
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Climate Warming and Drought Effects on Pinus and Juniperus Species: Contrasting Drought Tolerance Traits Limit Function and Growth in Tree SeedlingsLenoir, Katherine Judith 03 October 2013 (has links)
Junipers and pines exhibit contrasting patterns of growth decline and mortality with climate change-type warming and drought; yet, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Does warming exacerbate the effects of drought on gas exchange physiology and growth? Do the combined effects of drought and warming differ for pines and junipers? To what extent do isohydric vs. anisohydric responses to water limitation in pines and junipers constrain net leaf CO2 exchange and plant growth response to drought and warming? To address these questions, we compared responses of leaf gas exchange and growth in seedlings of juniper (Juniperus scopulorum, J. virginiana) and pine (Pinus edulis, P. taeda) species of contrasting arid and mesic origin in a study of combined warming (ambient, +1.8 °C) and enhanced summer drought (long-term mean, -40%). Warming and enhanced summer drought each reduced photosynthesis and growth and effects were largely independent, suggesting that warming exacerbates drought effects on growth. Enhanced summer drought and warming had distinct impacts on photosynthetic carbon gain that were differentially revealed depending upon soil water content. Warming reduced light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat) under low soil water contents, whereas carry-over effects of drought treatment were evident under well-watered conditions. Short-term soil drying led to greater reduction of Asat in pines (-51%) rather than junipers (-30%). Under short-term water-limited conditions, Asat and gs were about two-times higher for junipers compared to pines. Relative growth rate of junipers declined with warming (-28%) and drought (-50%) treatments. In contrast, pine growth and Asat declined more with warming than drought. Only P. edulis exhibited increased mortality in response to warming and drought, reaching 75% in the combined warming and drought treatment. Diminished sensitivity of R to water limitations, coupled with steeper reductions in Asat with decreasing soil water content in isohydric pines compared to anisohydric junipers could account for the greater sensitivity of pines to warming and drought under climate change.
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