Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-16T12:49:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jos? Henrique Camargo Pace.pdf: 2091527 bytes, checksum: ecdf1580f5a32680699ae7f0489c44fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T12:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jos? Henrique Camargo Pace.pdf: 2091527 bytes, checksum: ecdf1580f5a32680699ae7f0489c44fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of steaming and impregnation of nano silver particle, the drying rate of Eucalyptus pellita. The effect of the treatments was evaluated on wood in three different radial regions (inward heartwood (CIN), Intermediate heartwood (CIT) and external (TCA)). Two steaming time (12 and 24h) and soaking the wood in nanoparticle solution silver with or without application of vacuum were investigated. The effect of these treatments were assessed using the anatomical analysis (area and vessel diameter), chemical (content of extractives) and physical (density and permeability to gas) of the timber. The drying process was carried out in a climatized room with a temperature of 20 ? C ? 2 and relative humidity 65% ? 5. The analysis rate of drying was targets in humidity levels before and after the fiber saturation point (FSP). The results show that the treatments did not affect the density and area and vessel diameter. The vaporization for 24 h caused a decrease in the extractives content and an increase in permeability to gas within and between three radial regions of the wood. This results contributed to that gains in drying rate before and after the FSP were obtained. In general, the impregnating silver nanoparticles in the timber, through the two immersion methods have not yielded significant results in drying rate, except when combined with the prior application of steam (24 hours) and vacuum in the outer radial region / O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da vaporiza??o e da impregna??o de nano part?culas de prata nas vari?veis do processo de secagem da madeira de E. pellita. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado na madeira de tr?s distintas regi?es radiais (Cerne Interno (CIN), Cerne Intermedi?rio (CIT) e Externa (TCA). Dois tempos de vaporiza??o (12 e 24 hs) e imers?o da madeira em solu??o de nanopart?culas de prata com e sem aplica??o pr?via de v?cuo foram estudados. O efeito desses tratamentos foram avaliados atrav?s de an?lises anat?micas (?rea e di?metro de vaso), qu?micas (teor de extrativos totais) e f?sicas (densidade e permeabilidade a g?s) da madeira. O processo de secagem se deu em ambiente climatizado com temperaturas de 20?C ?2 e umidades relativas de 65%?5. A an?lise da taxa de secagem foi realizada em faixas de umidade antes e depois do ponto de satura??o das fibras (PSF). Os resultados mostram que os tratamentos n?o afetaram a densidade e a ?rea e di?metro dos vasos. A vaporiza??o por 24 h promoveu um decr?scimo no teor de extrativos e um aumento na permeabilidade ? g?s dentro e entre as tr?s regi?es radiais da madeira. Esse resultados contribuiu para que ganhos na taxa de secagem antes e depois do PSF fossem obtidos. Em geral a impregna??o de nanopart?culas de prata na madeira, atrav?s dos dois m?todos de imers?o, n?o produziram resultados significativos na taxa de secagem, exceto quando combinada com a aplica??o pr?via de vapor (24 hs) e v?cuo na regi?o radial mais externa

Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti medienos džiovyklos, kūrenamos biokuru, energijos sąnaudas ir energinį efektyvumą. Tyrimo uždaviniai – išanalizuoti biokuro katilinės technologinį procesą, nustatyti biokuro charakteristikas ir biokuro poreikius medienos džiovinimui, sudaryti džiovinamos medienos elektros ir šiluminės energijos sąnaudų skaičiavimo metodiką. Eksperimentinio tyrimo metu nustatytas biokuro (pjuvenų) šilumingumas (9,3 MJ/kg) ir jo drėgnis (47,0 %). Nustatytos katilinės elektros įrenginių ir medienos džiovyklos suminės energijos sąnaudos, kurios siekia 686 MJ/m3 išdžiūvusios medienos. / The aim – to investigate wood drying, burning biofuels, energy consumption and energy efficiency. Objectives of the study – to analyse the biofuel boiler process that determine the characteristics of biofuels and biofuel needs of timber drying, consist of dried wood of electrical and thermal energy cost calculation methodology. Results of experimental investigation shows that calorific value of biofuel (saw dust) is 9,3 MJ/kg and humidity – 47,0 %. The total energy consumption of electrical installations and wood drying machine has been determined, which shows the total energy input of 686 MJ/m3 dried wood.

Virkestorkning är ett mycket energikrävande men nödvändigt förädlingssteg för träindustrin. Eftersom energi- och tidsåtgången framförallt är beroende av mängden fukt som ska drivas ur virket så är kännedom om virkets initiala och slutliga fuktinnehåll avgörande för en optimerad process. Industriellt, idag, görs ofta en grov uppskattning av virkets initiala fuktmängd. Denna fuktmängd ligger sedan till grund för torkningens genomförande och dess resultat. I föreliggande arbete undersöks huruvida invägning av virkespaketen före torkning kan användas för att bestämma virkets fuktinnehåll och hur detta kan bidra till att optimera torkprocessen. 17 fullständiga torkningsförsök genomfördes på ett konventionellt sågverk i norra Sverige. I försöken vägdes virkespaketen och torkningsscheman anpassades därefter.Genom mätningar av virkets fuktkvot och jämförelse med tidigare torkning där konventionella torkningsscheman använts så kunde det konstateras att paketvägningen bidrar till en förbättrad och optimerad torkningsprocess. / Drying is a very energy-intensive but important process in the wood industry. Since the amount of energy used is, more or less, proportional to the amount of water released, the measurement of the initial and final wood moisture content is crucial to optimize the process. Today, a rough estimate of the initial wood moisture content is used as dryer operation input data. The process could be improved by a more accurate determination of the initial moisture level. The present work examines if weighing the wood can be used as a method to determine the wood moisture level and how this can optimize the drying process. 17 drying trials were conducted at a sawmill in northern Sweden. The wood was weighed and new drying schedules were constructed and adjusted accordingly. The result show that weighing the wood results in more accurate drying schedules and overall an optimized drying process.

The objective of this PhD research program is to develop an accurate and efficient heterogeneous three-dimensional computational model for simulating the drying of wood at temperatures below the boiling point of water. The complex macroscopic drying equations comprise a coupled and highly nonlinear system of physical laws for liquid and energy conservation. Due to the heterogeneous nature of wood, the physical model parameters strongly depend upon the local pore structure, wood density variation within growth rings and variations in primary and secondary system variables. In order to provide a realistic representation of this behaviour, a set of previously determined parameters derived using sophisticated image analysis methods and homogenisation techniques is embedded within the model. From the literature it is noted that current three-dimensional computational models for wood drying do not take into consideration the heterogeneities of the medium. A significant advance made by the research conducted in this thesis is the development of a three - dimensional computational model that takes into account the heterogeneous board material properties which vary within the transverse plane with respect to the pith position that defines the radial and tangential directions. The development of an accurate and efficient computational model requires the consideration of a number of significant numerical issues, including the virtual board description, an effective mesh design based on triangular prismatic elements, the control volume finite element discretisation process for the cou- pled conservation laws, the derivation of an accurate dux expression based on gradient approximations together with flux limiting, and finally the solution of a large, coupled, nonlinear system using an inexact Newton method with a suitably preconditioned iterative linear solver for computing the Newton correction. This thesis addresses all of these issues for the case of low temperature drying of softwood. Specific case studies are presented that highlight the efficiency of the proposed numerical techniques and illustrate the complex heat and mass transport processes that evolve throughout drying.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this study is to explore the use of ultrasonic technique in order to estimate the moisture content during wood drying, from green condition to the end of the drying process. The treatments were based on the combination of two different species (Pinus elliottii Engelm. and Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden), drying temperatures (20, 40 and 70ºC) and transducers types (plane faces and dry points). The experiment was set up according to a factorial model, with approximately 50 replications. A 50 kHz - transducer (PUNDIT ultrasonic equipment) was used. Samples tested had nominal 3.5 cm thick by 10 cm wide by 25 cm long and the ultrasonic wave speed propagation was measured according to its longitudinal direction. The results indicated increase of ultrasonic speed with reduction of moisture content for both transducers used. This relationship is valid for the wood from green to the end of the drying process. However, low correlation was observed, and the best model adjusted determination coefficients were observed with eucalypt wood (Raj.²= 88%). The use of the transducers of dry points was more practical than the plane faces one. Moreover, they should be used in hard and not much heterogeneous woods. The ultrasonic velocity was also influenced by wood density and drying temperature. The species showed different effects of wood density on the velocity. In the pine wood, velocity increased with increasing density. Opposing effect was observed in eucalypt wood. The ultrasonic speed tended to decrease as drying temperature increased. Nevertheless, this variable s influence was reduced. It was not noticed any defined influence of the species in the ultrasonic speed when the plane face transducers were used. However, the eucalyptus wood provided larger velocity when the dry point transducers were used. The results suggest that this method presents good potential for the control of the drying process. Studies on the influence of the several wood characteristics on the ultrasonic wave s velocity and the development of specific transducers for the use of this alternative in commercial scale are required. / O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar o uso da técnica ultra-sônica para estimar o teor de umidade da madeira durante sua secagem, desde a condição verde até o final do processo. Os tratamentos basearam-se na combinação de duas espécies (Pinus elliottii Engelm. e Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden), temperaturas de secagem (20, 40 e 70ºC) e tipos de transdutores (faces planas e pontos secos). O experimento foi estabelecido segundo modelo fatorial, com aproximadamente 50 repetições por tratamento. Utilizou-se um equipamento ultra-sônico PUNDIT, com transdutores de 50 kHz. As amostras testadas apresentaram dimensões nominais de 3,5 x 10 x 25 cm de espessura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente e a velocidade ultra-sônica foi determinada considerando-se o plano longitudinal. Os resultados indicaram aumento da velocidade ultra-sônica estimada em função da redução do teor de umidade, para ambos os transdutores. Esta relação apresentou-se válida para a madeira desde verde até o final da secagem. No entanto, foi observada baixa correlação, sendo que os melhores coeficientes de determinação ajustados ocorreram à madeira de eucalipto (Raj.²= 88%). O uso dos transdutores de pontos secos apresentou-se mais prático do que o uso do de faces planas, devendo ser utilizados em madeiras duras e pouco heterogêneas. A velocidade ultra-sônica também foi influenciada pela densidade da madeira e pela temperatura de secagem. As espécies proporcionaram efeitos distintos da densidade sobre a velocidade. Na madeira de pinus, a velocidade aumentou com o aumento da densidade, ao passo que na de eucalipto ocorreu efeito inverso. A velocidade ultra-sônica apresentou tendência de redução em virtude do aumento da temperatura de secagem. No entanto, a influência desta variável foi reduzida. Não foi observada influência definida das espécies sobre a velocidade ultra-sônica quando utilizados os transdutores de faces planas. Porém, a madeira de eucalipto proporcionou maior velocidade quando utilizados os transdutores de pontos secos. Os resultados sugerem que este método apresenta bom potencial para ser usado no controle do processo de secagem. Entretanto, são necessários estudos sobre a influência das diversas características das madeiras sobre a velocidade das ondas ultra-sônicas, bem como o desenvolvimento de transdutores específicos para o uso desta alternativa em escala comercial.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The difficulty of obtaining dry wood with a low incidence of defects is a challenge when it comes to eucalyptus wood, since the species of this genus exhibit drying difficult and high expression of defects, contributing to their use is limited and the level of losses on many occasions raised. The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate programs for drying wood Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus saligna. For this, it was evaluated drying parameters and physical characteristics of the species in preliminary tests, using equations to establish the drying programs for each species. Underwent two batches of 32 tablets with 270,0 x 15,0 x 2,5 (length, width and thickness), respectively, of each kind, drying using the same drying program for each species. For each batch, we used four control samples to monitor the moisture content and four boards for the evaluation of moisture gradients during drying and standardization phase. The programs were evaluated for drying the drying rate, the manifestation of defects, the final moisture content, the shrinkage, moisture gradient and the standardization phase. The drying rate in the application of drying programs maintained the trend presented during the preliminary assessment, with values equal to 5,38 x10-4, 1,10 x10-3 e 7,96x10-4 g/cm³.h for Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus saligna, respectively. For the final moisture content, the three species showed variation satisfactory, and the Corymbia citriodora showed less dispersion between the parts, followed by Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus robusta. The qualitative assessments showed that the wood, in general, the species which obtained the best results was Corymbia citriodora, followed by Eucalyptus saligna robust and Eucalyptus. The same trend was observed for the contractions during drying was not observed for the species difference between the coefficient anisotropic. The time used for the standardization step is only sufficient for Eucalyptus robusta, the moisture content which presented below 4% after the end of the standardization. / A dificuldade de obter-se madeira seca com reduzida incidência de defeitos é um desafio quando se trata de madeira de eucalipto, visto que as espécies deste gênero apresentam secagem difícil e elevada incidência de defeitos, contribuindo para que a sua utilização seja limitada e o nível de perdas, em muitas ocasiões, elevado. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi elaborar e avaliar programas de secagem para madeira de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta e Eucalyptus saligna. Para isso, avaliaram-se parâmetros de secagem e características físicas das espécies em ensaios prévios, utilizando equações para elaborar os programas de secagem para cada uma das espécies. Submeteram-se dois lotes, com 32 tábuas de 270,0 x 15,0 x 2,5 cm (comprimento, largura e espessura), respectivamente, de cada espécie, à secagem utilizando o mesmo programa de secagem para cada espécie. Para cada lote, utilizaram-se quatro amostras de controle para o monitoramento do teor de umidade e outras quatro tábuas para as avaliações dos gradientes de umidade, durante a secagem e na fase de uniformização. Os programas de secagem foram avaliados quanto a taxa de secagem, manifestação de defeitos, o teor de umidade final, retratibilidade, gradiente de umidade e etapa de uniformização. A taxa de secagem na aplicação dos programas de secagem manteve a tendência apresentada durante a avaliação prévia, com valores iguais a 5,38x10-4, 11,0x10-4 e 7,96x10-4 g/cm2.h, respectivamente para o Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta e Eucalyptus saligna, sendo que as mesmas apresentaram massa específica básica de 0,82, 0,61 e 0,69 g/cm³, respectivamente. Para o teor de umidade final, as três espécies apresentaram variação satisfatória, sendo que o Corymbia citriodora mostrou a menor dispersão entre as peças, seguido pelo Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus robusta. As avaliações qualitativas da madeira indicaram que, de modo geral, a espécie que obteve os melhores resultados foi o Corymbia citriodora, seguida pela de Eucalyptus saligna e pela de Eucalyptus robusta. A mesma tendência foi verificada para as contrações durante a secagem, não se verificando diferença entre as espécies para o coeficiente anisotrópico. O tempo aplicado para a etapa de uniformização foi suficiente apenas para o Eucalyptus robusta, o qual apresentou gradientes de umidade abaixo de 4% após o final da uniformização.

Die Vakuum-Mikrowellentrocknung in Multimodekammern stellt eine Möglichkeit zur schnellen und fehlerfreien Trocknung von porösen Körpern dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden der Einfluss von spezifischer absorbierter Leistung, Kammerdruck, Probenlänge, Probendicke und Anfangsfeuchte auf die Trocknung von Schnittholz untersucht. In Abhängigkeit von Holzart und Anordnung konnten Trocknungsgeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 7 %/min erzielt werden. Die daraus resultierenden Trocknungszeiten ermöglichen die Nutzung einer kontinuierlichen Prozessführung, die die Beobachtung von einzelnen Brettern erlaubt. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit erlauben eine Bewertung der Entwicklung von Feuchte- und Temperaturverteilung im Material bei Variation der genannten Parameter. Es werden Ansätze zur Steuerung eines kontinuierlichen Mikrowellentrocknungsprozesses und zur Gestaltung geeigneter Applikatoren vorgestellt. / One possibility to dry porous materials at high rates and without structural damage is vacuum microwave drying, a combination of low pressure and microwave application. The influence of specific absorbed power, pressure level, length and thickness of the sample and initial moisture content on drying was investigated by the example of wood. Drying rates of up to 7 %/min were reached depending on the wood species and the configuration. The resulting drying times are suitable to design a continuous process, which allows single board processing. The results of this work give the possibility to evaluate the development of moisture and temperature fields within the material during variation of the mentioned parameters. Basic approaches are discussed for the control of a continuous microwave drying process and for the qualified design of applicators.

För att minska energiförbrukningen och höja kapaciteten vid virkestorkning kan adaptiv styrning användas. Adaptiv styrning är en typ av processåterkoppling som visar på hur torkningen fortskrider och kan användas för att styra torkprocessen optimalt. Adaptiv styrning har funnits till kammartorkar länge. Tvärcirkulerande kanaltorkar (TC) liknar kammartorkar och man vill nu införa adaptiv styrning på dem. Syftet med studien var att analysera förutsättningarna för att tillämpa adaptiv styrning i TC-torken. En fältstudie genomfördes där funktionen adaptiv fuktkvotsberäkning som används som styrvariabel vid adaptiv styrning kontrollerades. Klimatmätningar under torkning genomfördes för att kontrollera om temperaturgivarna ger en bra bild av klimatet vid torksatsen.  Resultatet visar att funktionen adaptiv fuktkvotsberäkning stämmer överens för start- och slutfuktkvot i TC-torken. Funktionen fungerade något sämre på satser som innehöll virke med blandade dimensioner. Klimatmätningarna visar att temperaturgivarna återskapar klimatet vid virkessatsen på ett korrekt vis. Simuleringar visar att virket idag övertorkas och att en viss förkortning av torktiden hade varit möjlig. Det finns goda förutsättningar för att tillämpa adaptiv styrning i TC-torken

La maîtrise du procédé séchage, étape essentielle dans la transformation du bois, est devenue incontournable pour la filière bois. Cette thèse propose l'utilisation de conduites de séchage oscillantes pour réduire les contraintes de séchage liées au retrait par l'activation du fluage mécanosorptif. A ce jour, la meilleure façon d'appliquer les conduites oscillantes représente un défi pour la communauté scientifique. Dans ce travail, nous avons choisi comme matériel d'étude une essence feuillue fortement utilisée dans la filière et très susceptible aux déformations lors du séchage : le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica). L'effet des conduites oscillantes sur les contraintes de séchage est étudié par une approche expérimentale et par une approche théorique, articulées en trois parties : - Un premier volet expérimental sur un séchoir semi – industriel pour saisir l'effet global des conduites oscillantes à l'échelle d'une pile de planches. L'amélioration de la qualité du bois séché s'est avérée par : une meilleure homogénéité de la teneur en eau finale inter et intra-planche, la diminution des déformations globales et la diminution des contraintes résiduelles exprimées par le gap du « slicing test ». - Ensuite, nous avons développé un volet théorique sur la base de modélisations analytique et numérique pour étudier l'évolution des champs de teneur en eau et de contraintes mécaniques au sein d'une planche lorsque les conditions climatiques oscillent. Une formulation analytique simple, adaptée aux conduites oscillantes, est proposée pour les utilisateurs de séchoirs n'ayant pas accès à un outil numérique sophistiqué. L'approche numérique effectuée avec l'outil de simulation TransPore permet une étude plus réaliste du séchage oscillant. Ainsi, le module mécanique de TransPore a été utilisé pour dégager des configurations pertinentes de séchage permettant d'étudier l'effet des conduites oscillantes sur la relaxation des contraintes. - Enfin, un second volet expérimental a été réalisé sur un séchoir de laboratoire, à l'échelle d'une planche, pour tester les informations issues du volet théorique. Un dispositif de séchage dissymétrique (flying wood) et deux dispositifs de séchage sous charge (poutre cantilever et flexion trois points) ont été utilisés pour étudier l'effet des oscillations. Toutefois, ces essais ne permettent pas de montrer clairement l'effet des oscillations sur la relaxation des contraintes. La confrontation entre les résultats expérimentaux à l'échelle d'une planche et la simulation numérique a mis en évidence l'effet conséquent des oscillations parasites de faibles période et amplitude sur les résultats expérimentaux, provoquées par la régulation du séchoir. Des modifications du modèle de comportement mécanique différé ont été proposées en perspectives de ce travail afin de mieux saisir le comportement observé expérimentalement. / Wood drying is an essential process in the wood industry. A perfect control of wood drying is nowadays very important for the wood industry. In this study, we propose the utilization of oscillating drying conditions to reduce the drying stresses induced by wood shrinkage by activating the mechanosorptive creep. The best way to apply this concept remains an open question in the scientific community. Beech wood (Fagus sylvatica), one of the most commonly used hardwood in France, was chosen for this study owing its elevated risk of drying defaults. The effect of oscillating conditions on drying stresses inside the boards was studied by both an experimental and a theoretical approach, structured in three parts: - A first experimental part realized with a semi – industrial kiln in order to study the global effect of oscillating conditions at the stack scale. Improvement of the quality of dried wood was showed by the best homogeneity of water content inside the board and among the boards and by the decrease of global deformations and residual stresses expressed by the gap measured by the slicing test. - The study was continued with a theoretical part based on analytical and numerical modeling to understand the development of internal heat and mass transfers inside the boards and the evolution of drying stresses during oscillating conditions. A simple analytical model adapted to the oscillating conditions was proposed, particularly for kiln users who don't have access to sophisticated numerical tools. The numerical approach used the simulation tool TransPore, able to simulate oscillating drying in more realistic conditions. Its mechanical module was used to set accurate drying schedules to study the effect of oscillating conditions on stresses relaxation. - Finally, a second experimental part was performed in a laboratory scale kiln, at the board scale, to test the information obtained theoretically. A non-symmetrical drying device (flying wood) and two different loaded drying devices (cantilever beam test and three points bending) were used to study the effect of oscillations. However, it is difficult to see the oscillating conditions effect on the stresses relaxation. The confrontation between experimental results at the board scale and the numerical simulation showed the significant effect produced on experimental results by parasite oscillations of small periods and intensities, originated by the kiln regulation. Further work should consider some modifications of the time dependent mechanical behavior model in order to capture the experimentally observed behavior.