Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T19:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLCB.pdf: 3077807 bytes, checksum: 57239ec4f29bec8e72971f39509d9d80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T12:47:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLCB.pdf: 3077807 bytes, checksum: 57239ec4f29bec8e72971f39509d9d80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T12:47:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLCB.pdf: 3077807 bytes, checksum: 57239ec4f29bec8e72971f39509d9d80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T12:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLCB.pdf: 3077807 bytes, checksum: 57239ec4f29bec8e72971f39509d9d80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / This study discusses the trajectories of young students who seek higher education, particularly degrees in Education, obtained from two different institutions in Rio Claro-SP, Brazil: a public, state-funded university (São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP) and a private institution (Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Educação de Rio Claro - ASSER). The aim of this study relies on investigating which are the reasons that take students to aim at higher education degrees, on knowing their education trajectories, and the aspects involving their choice for the Education field and for the possibility of becoming schoolteachers. From the empirical point-of-view, the study methodology involved an assessment tool with closed-ended questions – a survey – which aimed to deal with a large sampling of subjects. These questions were analyzed in order to provide basis for a qualitative look into the theme and the subjects. Such analysis enabled obtaining data from another assessment tool, with open-ended questions – now applied as interviews – which helped to comprehend the uniquenesses of these people’s universe. One hundred and two (102) students took the closed- and open-ended surveys, including both the university and the college students. Among them, 15 were selected for and accepted to be interviewed. The surveyed students comprised freshmen and senior undergraduate Education students from both the aforementioned institutions, selected in order to provide insight on how the seek for an Education degree starts and evolves, thus contextualizing this notion concerning the education scope. From data, the investigated students were recognized as belonging to what can be identified as urban working class groups. These students usually did not pick Education as their first choices, but have found themselves touched by its social appeal during the course. Further, in spite of not perceiving the teaching carrier as properly valued by society, they ethically committed themselves to become real agents of social (and their own personal) change as schoolteachers in Brazil. This study revealed that, for these young people, achieving a graduate degree means significant social mobility within the limited range of possibilities which are made available for them, as a consequence of the social inequality reality established in Brazil. Such working class groups’ students seek in their choices a better future, and see the teaching carrier as a chance to make a difference in other people’s lives, and as a way to find both personal and professional fulfillment. / Nesta pesquisa, discutem-se as trajetórias de jovens em busca do ensino superior, em particular, a pretensão pelo curso de pedagogia em duas instituições no município de Rio Claro-SP: uma pública – UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”) e outra privada – ASSER (Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Educação de Rio Claro). O objetivo desse estudo reside em conhecer o que leva os alunos a almejarem o ensino superior, sua trajetória escolar, bem como os fatores relacionados à sua escolha em relação ao curso de pedagogia e à possibilidade de tornar-se professor. Do ponto de vista empírico, os procedimentos utilizados lançaram mão de um instrumento fechado – questionário – com o intuito de lidar com uma amostra mais significativa de sujeitos e que foi analisada de forma a oferecer subsídios para um recorte de sujeitos e de temáticas a serem buscados por meio de outro instrumento – entrevistas – que auxiliaram na compreensão de singularidades que compõe essa população. O total de alunos tanto da universidade como da faculdade que responderam ao questionário, o qual contou com questões abertas e fechadas, somou 102 participantes. Dentre estes, foram selecionados 15 alunos que se propuseram posteriormente a participar das entrevistas. Foram selecionados os alunos ingressantes e concluintes do curso de pedagogia das referidas instituições a fim de que pudéssemos compreender como se dá a busca pelo curso de pedagogia e como ocorre a sua passagem por ele, contextualizando a noção em torno da temática sobre a educação. Pudemos apreender que os jovens pesquisados pertencem ao que se denomina de grupos populares urbanos e que não tiveram o curso de pedagogia como sua primeira opção, mas que, durante a realização do mesmo, se sensibilizam com a tarefa social proposta e, apesar de não identificarem uma valorização da profissão pela sociedade, se imbuíram de comprometimento ético para fazerem do torna-se professor algo com significado na busca por alguma transformação social. A pesquisa revelou que para esses jovens, conquistar o diploma universitário trata-se de uma ascensão social significativa e daquilo que lhes foi possível “gostar” dentro de uma estrutura de desigualdades em que vivemos em nosso país. Os jovens de grupos populares buscam a promessa de um futuro melhor, enxergando a carreira docente como uma possibilidade de fazer a diferença na vida de outras pessoas e como uma forma de realizar-se pessoalmente e profissionalmente.

Les professions libérales sont définies par la loi du 22 mars 2012 et sont caractérisées par leur degré de qualification, leur indépendance et leur grande ancienneté pour certaines comme les médecins ou les avocats. En effet, leurs racines peuvent remonter jusqu' à l'Antiquité gréco-romaine et de ce fait, elles sont profondément ancrées dans nos sociétés occidentales.Les professions libérales ont surmonté les grandes crises des siècles passés tout en conservant les règles et traditions qui leurs sont intrinsèques comme l'indépendance ou le respect de règles déontologiques. Néanmoins, ces professions se sont peu à peu rapprochées des modèles classiques du monde des affaires en s'assimilant elles-mêmes à des entrepreneurs et en se regroupant pour exercer. Actuellement, elles font face à de nouveaux changements initiés par la volonté des institutions de l'Union européenne de les rendre plus compétitives et de les soumettre aux règles du droit de la concurrence. La récente et difficile adoption de la loi dite "Macron" en est la parfaite illustration. Ainsi, l'étude de leurs origines et de leur développement permet, d'une part, de comprendre les raisons de l'existence de structures d'exercice qui leurs sont propres et d’autre part, de se questionner sur leur nature, la préservation de leurs caractéristiques et les potentielles limites à l'évolution de leurs modes d'exercice en commun. / Independent professions, which are called in french « professions libérales », are a certain type of professionals highly qualified such as lawyers or medical doctors, for instance.Their common roots are deeply attached to the long history of occidental societies starting from the Greek and Roman Antiquity.They faced and overcame several crisis during their evolution but they managed to preserve their main features such as independence or specific codes of ethics.Indeed, step by step, they started to merge with the common classic business structures and adapt their specificities to the modern economy.Nowadays, they still have to adapt themselves to new major economic stakes including those coming from the European Union requirements of becoming more competitive and follow the rules of competition law.On the one hand, studying the origins of those professions and the way they built themselves, allow us to understand why they needed their own structures and ways of working together. On the other hand, this approach leads us to the following question: Are the independent high qualified professions, or liberal professions, doomed to reach limits in their evolution toward modernity because of their own nature?In France, it seems like they are, and will be, undergoing changes for years to come and maybe their legal definition will also have to evolve with them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nidia Lima Queiroz do Santos.pdf: 3607594 bytes, checksum: c9f038907a27a0362f6c6e941bc11ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is based on recognition of the importance of the new technologies of communication and information, especially the computer, incorporated in school education as educational tool. In view of this most important aspect in teacher education, the research aimed to describe and analyze the professional development of three teachers of mathematics, from the moment they chose to include the technology in their teaching practice. The research aimed to understand the relationship of the teachers - who felt excluded digitally - with new technologies. To understand the new technologies, especially the computer, and work with them were required workshops we call "computer shops": For 7 months there were 12 encounters with specific objectives and characteristics for each, to include participants digitally. Data analysis was made from the meetings, all written and filmed - after authorization of the participants involved in the research project - with the use of technological tools, such as digital camera and MP3. After the digital inclusion of the teachers involved, trying to link the work and teaching educational tool - in our case, the computer. In this search, we met some mathematical programs, especially the Graphmatica, whose features and capabilities for the development of all types of functions, especially quadratic function, we studied. After the acquisition and development of knowledge, finally our research project with activities - reported and commented through comics - involving students in the 8th grade of elementary school do1 II and grade of high school / Este trabalho baseia-se no reconhecimento da importância de serem as novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, em especial o computador, incorporadas na educação escolar como ferramenta educacional. Por considerar da maior importância este aspecto na formação de professores, a pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever e analisar o desenvolvimento profissional de três professoras de matemática, a partir do momento em que optaram por incluir a tecnologia informática em sua prática docente. A pesquisa procurou entender a relação das professoras que se sentiam excluídas digitalmente com as novas tecnologias. Para entender as novas tecnologias, em especial o computador, e trabalhar com elas foram necessárias oficinas que denominamos oficinas de informática : durante 7 meses houve 12 encontros com objetivos e características específicos para cada um, a fim de incluir as participantes digitalmente. A análise dos dados deu-se a partir dos encontros, todos gravados e filmados após autorização das participantes envolvidas no projeto de pesquisa com a utilização de ferramentas tecnológicas, como: câmera digital e MP3. Após a inclusão digital das professoras envolvidas, procuramos fazer a ligação entre o trabalho pedagógico e a ferramenta educacional no nosso caso, o computador . Nessa busca, conhecemos alguns programas matemáticos, em especial o Graphmatica, e estudamos as funcionalidades e potencialidades para o desenvolvimento de todos os tipos de funções, em especial função quadrática. Após a aquisição e o aprofundamento desse conhecimento, finalizamos nosso projeto de pesquisa com atividades registradas e comentadas através de história em quadrinhos envolvendo alunos da 8ª série do ensino fundamental II e do1º ano do ensino médio

Davantage d’évaluations de projets internationaux dans les pays en développement se réalisent pour informer les décisions sur la base de données probantes. L’utilisation des résultats d’évaluation est remise en cause et pour y remédier des évaluations participatives qui incluent à certaines étapes du processus évaluatif des acteurs non évaluateurs sont proposées. Parmi celles-ci, les évaluations participatives pratiques visent principalement à améliorer l’utilisation du processus et des résultats des évaluations. Ces évaluations participatives pratiques seraient obstruées par des attitudes individuelles négatives, ou résistance individuelle au changement, et favorisées par des attitudes individuelles positives, ou propension. Cette thèse propose d’étudier la propension individuelle des gestionnaires envers les évaluations participatives pratiques d’intervention (EPP), les éléments influençant cette propension, et de caractériser des niveaux de propension des individus envers les EPP. Tout d’abord une revue de littérature a proposé une définition multidimensionnelle de la propension envers les EPP comme étant une attitude favorable envers la pratique des EPP qui se décline à chaque étape d’une évaluation sous les volets affectif et cognitif. Les dimensions identifiées théoriquement étaient : apprentissage, travail en groupe, emploi de méthodes systématiques, usage de l’esprit critique. Ces dimensions ont servi de cadre pour la partie empirique de la thèse. Une étude de cas multiples avec les gestionnaires d’une institution de santé en Haïti a été menée pour contextualiser la propension et identifier les éléments d’influence. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entrevues semi-structurées et de sources documentaires. L’analyse des données concernant l’apprentissage a révélé une prédominance des formes d’apprentissage par l’action et par l’observation. Le travail en groupe se retrouve ancré dans la pratique des gestionnaires administratifs et des gestionnaires cliniques. Les méthodes systématiques se reflètent principalement dans la consultation de plusieurs acteurs ayant de l’intérêt pour la problématique immédiate à solutionner plutôt que par l’outillage méthodologique. L’emploi de méthodes systématiques prend généralement la forme de consultation élargie d’avis pour régler une situation ou prend la forme de tentative de validation des informations reçues. L’esprit critique se déclenche sous stimulation lorsque l’image individuelle, professionnelle, corporative ou organisationnelle est touchée ou lors de suggestions jugées constructives. En plus de contextualiser quatre composantes de la propension individuelle envers les EPP, les gestionnaires se sont positionnés par rapport à la propension de leurs collègues sur la base de la réactivité, plus ou moins réactif vis-à-vis des composantes de la propension individuelle. Ainsi, la propension étudiée empiriquement a laissé émerger deux axes : un axe formalisation et un axe réactivité. L’axe formalisation reprend la contextualisation des quatre composantes de la propension individuelle envers les EPP, soit la forme d’expression des composantes. L’axe réactivité reprend le niveau d’activité déployé dans chaque composante de la propension individuelle, de réactif à plus proactif. De plus, des profils d’individus ayant différents niveaux de propension envers les EPP ont été développés. Des influences favorables et défavorables au niveau de propension envers les EPP ont été identifiées. L’originalité de cette thèse tient dans le fait de se positionner dans un courant récent de réflexion autour de la résistance aux changements et aux évaluations avec un regard positif et d’avoir défini théoriquement et appliqué empiriquement le concept pluridimensionnel de propension individuelle aux EPP. Des profils de niveau de propension individuelle aux EPP et les éléments d’influence favorables et défavorables associés peuvent servir d’outil de diagnostic aux types d’évaluation possibles, servir d’ajustement à la mise en place d’évaluations selon les interlocuteurs, permettre le suivi des changements de niveaux de propension pendant une EPP et servir de sources d’informations pour ajuster les plans d’évaluations participatives. / Increasing importance is being given to the evaluation of international projects implemented in developing countries. Some approaches to evaluation seek to include non-evaluators in some steps of the evaluation process. It is believed to result in decision-making that is better supported by the evidence. One such approach is practical participatory evaluation, or PPE. PPE faces a number of challenges, including negative individual attitudes or resistance to change on the part of non-evaluator participants. This thesis studies the positive individual attitudes or propensity of managers toward PPE. It examines the factors that affect individual propensity toward PPE and individual variation in propensity toward PPE. I first defined propensity toward PPE based on a literature review. In general, propensity toward PPE is a favourable attitude, both affectively and cognitively, toward the practice of PPE at all steps of the evaluation process. More specifically, it comprises four dimensions: learning, working in groups, use of systematic methods and use of judgment. I used these dimensions to analyse data I collected in a multiple case study of managers working at a health institution in Haïti. The data came from semi-structured interviews and documentary sources. I found that learning mainly occurred though doing and observing. Working in groups was entrenched in the daily practice of both administrative and clinical health managers. The use of systematic methods took the form of managers consulting multiple actors who had a stake in the immediate problem being addressed, rather than using methodological tools. The use of systematic methods involved either seeking a broader array of opinions in order to solve a situation or attempting to validate information received. Health managers used judgment in situations where their individual, professional, corporative or organizational image was affected, or when others had constructive suggestions to make. In addition to explaining the contexts in which they have exhibited, or would exhibit, each of the four behaviours of propensity toward PPE, the health managers also ranked themselves vis-à-vis their colleagues in terms of frequency of occurrence and degree of integration into daily practice. Hence, this empirical study of propensity yielded data on two aspects of propensity: “formalization” and “reactivity”. The formalization aspect contextualized the four dimensions, showing the forms that learning, working in groups, using systematic methods and using judgment actually take for these particular managers. The reactivity aspect revealed the degree of energy exhibited for each of the four dimensions, from reactive to more proactive. I also developed a schema for classifying individuals based on their level of propensity toward PPE. I identified the factors that favour versus impede levels of propensity toward PPE. The originality of this thesis lies in the insights it brings to current reflection and debate on individual resistance to change and the evaluation process. And in the approach that I have chosen: adopting a positive stance that focuses on propensity rather than resistance toward PPE, and deriving a theory-based, multi-dimensional definition of PPE and applying it empirically. Individual profiles of propensity toward PPE and knowledge of the factors that favour/impede PPE may be helpful in determining the best type of evaluation to use in a given situation. They could be used to develop quantitative tools, and to fine-tune plans and adjust the implementation of evaluations.

Davantage d’évaluations de projets internationaux dans les pays en développement se réalisent pour informer les décisions sur la base de données probantes. L’utilisation des résultats d’évaluation est remise en cause et pour y remédier des évaluations participatives qui incluent à certaines étapes du processus évaluatif des acteurs non évaluateurs sont proposées. Parmi celles-ci, les évaluations participatives pratiques visent principalement à améliorer l’utilisation du processus et des résultats des évaluations. Ces évaluations participatives pratiques seraient obstruées par des attitudes individuelles négatives, ou résistance individuelle au changement, et favorisées par des attitudes individuelles positives, ou propension. Cette thèse propose d’étudier la propension individuelle des gestionnaires envers les évaluations participatives pratiques d’intervention (EPP), les éléments influençant cette propension, et de caractériser des niveaux de propension des individus envers les EPP. Tout d’abord une revue de littérature a proposé une définition multidimensionnelle de la propension envers les EPP comme étant une attitude favorable envers la pratique des EPP qui se décline à chaque étape d’une évaluation sous les volets affectif et cognitif. Les dimensions identifiées théoriquement étaient : apprentissage, travail en groupe, emploi de méthodes systématiques, usage de l’esprit critique. Ces dimensions ont servi de cadre pour la partie empirique de la thèse. Une étude de cas multiples avec les gestionnaires d’une institution de santé en Haïti a été menée pour contextualiser la propension et identifier les éléments d’influence. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entrevues semi-structurées et de sources documentaires. L’analyse des données concernant l’apprentissage a révélé une prédominance des formes d’apprentissage par l’action et par l’observation. Le travail en groupe se retrouve ancré dans la pratique des gestionnaires administratifs et des gestionnaires cliniques. Les méthodes systématiques se reflètent principalement dans la consultation de plusieurs acteurs ayant de l’intérêt pour la problématique immédiate à solutionner plutôt que par l’outillage méthodologique. L’emploi de méthodes systématiques prend généralement la forme de consultation élargie d’avis pour régler une situation ou prend la forme de tentative de validation des informations reçues. L’esprit critique se déclenche sous stimulation lorsque l’image individuelle, professionnelle, corporative ou organisationnelle est touchée ou lors de suggestions jugées constructives. En plus de contextualiser quatre composantes de la propension individuelle envers les EPP, les gestionnaires se sont positionnés par rapport à la propension de leurs collègues sur la base de la réactivité, plus ou moins réactif vis-à-vis des composantes de la propension individuelle. Ainsi, la propension étudiée empiriquement a laissé émerger deux axes : un axe formalisation et un axe réactivité. L’axe formalisation reprend la contextualisation des quatre composantes de la propension individuelle envers les EPP, soit la forme d’expression des composantes. L’axe réactivité reprend le niveau d’activité déployé dans chaque composante de la propension individuelle, de réactif à plus proactif. De plus, des profils d’individus ayant différents niveaux de propension envers les EPP ont été développés. Des influences favorables et défavorables au niveau de propension envers les EPP ont été identifiées. L’originalité de cette thèse tient dans le fait de se positionner dans un courant récent de réflexion autour de la résistance aux changements et aux évaluations avec un regard positif et d’avoir défini théoriquement et appliqué empiriquement le concept pluridimensionnel de propension individuelle aux EPP. Des profils de niveau de propension individuelle aux EPP et les éléments d’influence favorables et défavorables associés peuvent servir d’outil de diagnostic aux types d’évaluation possibles, servir d’ajustement à la mise en place d’évaluations selon les interlocuteurs, permettre le suivi des changements de niveaux de propension pendant une EPP et servir de sources d’informations pour ajuster les plans d’évaluations participatives. / Increasing importance is being given to the evaluation of international projects implemented in developing countries. Some approaches to evaluation seek to include non-evaluators in some steps of the evaluation process. It is believed to result in decision-making that is better supported by the evidence. One such approach is practical participatory evaluation, or PPE. PPE faces a number of challenges, including negative individual attitudes or resistance to change on the part of non-evaluator participants. This thesis studies the positive individual attitudes or propensity of managers toward PPE. It examines the factors that affect individual propensity toward PPE and individual variation in propensity toward PPE. I first defined propensity toward PPE based on a literature review. In general, propensity toward PPE is a favourable attitude, both affectively and cognitively, toward the practice of PPE at all steps of the evaluation process. More specifically, it comprises four dimensions: learning, working in groups, use of systematic methods and use of judgment. I used these dimensions to analyse data I collected in a multiple case study of managers working at a health institution in Haïti. The data came from semi-structured interviews and documentary sources. I found that learning mainly occurred though doing and observing. Working in groups was entrenched in the daily practice of both administrative and clinical health managers. The use of systematic methods took the form of managers consulting multiple actors who had a stake in the immediate problem being addressed, rather than using methodological tools. The use of systematic methods involved either seeking a broader array of opinions in order to solve a situation or attempting to validate information received. Health managers used judgment in situations where their individual, professional, corporative or organizational image was affected, or when others had constructive suggestions to make. In addition to explaining the contexts in which they have exhibited, or would exhibit, each of the four behaviours of propensity toward PPE, the health managers also ranked themselves vis-à-vis their colleagues in terms of frequency of occurrence and degree of integration into daily practice. Hence, this empirical study of propensity yielded data on two aspects of propensity: “formalization” and “reactivity”. The formalization aspect contextualized the four dimensions, showing the forms that learning, working in groups, using systematic methods and using judgment actually take for these particular managers. The reactivity aspect revealed the degree of energy exhibited for each of the four dimensions, from reactive to more proactive. I also developed a schema for classifying individuals based on their level of propensity toward PPE. I identified the factors that favour versus impede levels of propensity toward PPE. The originality of this thesis lies in the insights it brings to current reflection and debate on individual resistance to change and the evaluation process. And in the approach that I have chosen: adopting a positive stance that focuses on propensity rather than resistance toward PPE, and deriving a theory-based, multi-dimensional definition of PPE and applying it empirically. Individual profiles of propensity toward PPE and knowledge of the factors that favour/impede PPE may be helpful in determining the best type of evaluation to use in a given situation. They could be used to develop quantitative tools, and to fine-tune plans and adjust the implementation of evaluations.