This thesis attempts to establish what determines financial development in Africa by making use of cross sectional and panel data techniques. Financial development, the dependent variable, is measured using the banking sector indicator liquid liabilities (M3) while trade openness, financial openness and the GDP growth rates are used as independent variables. The data used in this research ranges from 1975-200, though for the cross sectional analysis particular years (1975, 1985, 1995, and 2005) are focused on. The empirical results from both regression types generally suggest that trade openness has a significantly positive effect on Africa’s financial development. Cross-sectional results show that financial openness and the GDP growth rate are significantly negative in 2005. With the panel data results, financial openness is significantly negative in explaining financial development, while the GDP growth rate is insignificant suggesting that it is not an important determinant of financial development for African countries.

<p>This thesis attempts to establish what determines financial development in Africa by making use of cross sectional and panel data techniques. Financial development, the dependent variable, is measured using the banking sector indicator liquid liabilities (M3) while trade openness, financial openness and the GDP growth rates are used as independent variables. The data used in this research ranges from 1975-200, though for the cross sectional analysis particular years (1975, 1985, 1995, and 2005) are focused on.</p><p>The empirical results from both regression types generally suggest that trade openness has a significantly positive effect on Africa’s financial development. Cross-sectional results show that financial openness and the GDP growth rate are significantly negative in 2005. With the panel data results, financial openness is significantly negative in explaining financial development, while the GDP growth rate is insignificant suggesting that it is not an important determinant of financial development for African countries.</p>

Whether the school fence does have to be demolished? Whether the campus should open to the community? Although many kinds of possibilities about the campus security and the management topics will emerge after the openness of the campus, the issue has recently became one of the heated discussion subjects between schools and guardians. The school and community should show loving care mutually to face the essence of the question and to seek for multiple resources, and further to allow the community benefits from the openness of the campus, while the campus can also attain the true security. This research adopts the literature analysis, the campus security events, and the present campus environment examination discussions thorough interviewing in which participates were inspected primarily by themselves. The main purpose of this research lies in the understanding of the campus opening policy, the present campus security control mechanism and the whole development under the policy in order to create community area campus life. According to the results of this research, the campus opening policy gains a wide range of approval of the school security guards; however, it does not yet reach a common view about the non-fence of the campus for a variety of deficits and insufficient. The findings of this research suggest that the openness of the campus may increase the campus security maintenance. These suggestions can be applied for the educational administration institutions and the schools for further reference.

No description available.

The  aim  of  the  current  study  was  to investigate  if  Openness  –  to  –  Experience  and  Neuroticism  personality  traits  are associated with curiosity. This will help us to estimate whether knowledge expansion is dependent on a person’s personality and which trait is more willing to invest time on learning.  The  experiment  consisted  of  two  different  sessions.  To estimate  curiosity, 40 subjects first performed a word-synonymy task, where Shannon’s (1948) entropy was estimated  and the result of which lead to the measurement  of uncertainty.  Then in a second session, participants had the option to request for feedback between a few alternative  options  at  a  cost  (time),  and  they  were  also  required  to  estimate  their satisfaction  about  the  answer  on  a  valence  rating  scale.  Finally, participants  were screened  for  personality  traits.  Neurotic  individuals  appeared  to  be  more  willing  in investing time on feedback request, in contrast to open individuals.

No / This paper evaluates the impact of openness on growth in different country groups using a panel of 79 countries over the period 1970-98. It distinguishes itself from many existing studies in three aspects: Firstly, both trade and FDI are included as measures of openness. Secondly, countries are classified into high-, middle- and low-income groups to compare the roles of trade and FDI in these groups. Thirdly, the possible problems of endogeneity and multicollinearity of trade and FDI are carefully dealt with in a panel data setting. The main findings are as follows. Total trade has a general positive impact on growth in all country groups, although the impact from imports is not significant in high-income countries. FDI has a positive impact on growth in high- and middle-income countries, but not in low-income countries. With the existing absorptive capabilities, low-income countries can benefit from both exports and imports, but not from FDI. These findings suggest that trade and FDI affect growth through different channels and under different conditions. The paper also discusses important policy implications.

This thesis focuses on how trade openness influences the average annual growth rates of developing countries in Latin America and Asia. We find that there is a positive correlation between trade openness and economic growth and this indicates the positive impact that can be made by governments through efforts to stimulate growth with trade. We construct a simple regression model to highlight the positive association between trade openness and economic growth and add several control variables such as initial GDP per capita and gross domestic investment. We use a sample of 33 developing countries in Asia and Latin America to test the relationships. Our results confirm a positive relationship between trade openness and growth, as well as a negative correlation between initial GDP per capita and economic growth which means that poorer countries grow faster. We also find a positive correlation between the level of investment and growth. In addition to testing the relationship between trade openness and rate of growth generally, we also conduct a regression to examine if there is a significant difference in this effect between Asia and Latin America. We introduce regional dummy variables and interaction terms into the new regression and find that the impacts of trade on growth are not significantly different between these two regions.

This study explores how some mental health nurses are therapeutic, in terms of the art of healing, and how they have learned to be this way. The study originated in my experience of feeling abject while working as a mental health nurse. The research question addressed this situation through exploring whether or not therapeutic education was needed in mental health nursing. Ten mental health nurses participated in the study. Giorgi’s (2009) empirical phenomenological method was chosen because of its established status, and its grounding in Husserlian phenomenology which places a primacy on experience. A review of the literature included commentaries, qualitative empirical studies, case studies, and theoretical models, and indicated that mental health nurses may be therapeutic in idiosyncratic ways. A crucial aspect to these ways unfolded in this study as openness, through which the other may come to be in her own truthfulness. Significant methodological considerations were how we ‘constitute’ meaning, how meaning can ‘force itself’ like a gestalt, empathy may be self-alienating, and words ‘sedimented’ in tradition. These linked to how we can question being captivated in ‘experiences of truth’. Findings from Giorgi’s (2009) method were that mental health nurses are therapeutic through ‘being with’ others, through innate characteristics, that learning is through openness, and is facilitated through a therapeutic environment. Giorgi’s (2009) method is critiqued, and compared to a phenomenology of the therapeutic in relation to the research interviews (after Husserl and Merleau-Ponty). It was shown that the phenomenological ‘opens up’ language while method narrows meaning. The phenomenology showed that allowing an uncertain relation between two people was crucial, and how recognising the sensual aspect of meaning opened a healing space for another to be, through which a person’s own truthfulness may emerge. Openness appears to be innate, indicating one question for further study.

This study addresses some of the widely debated issues in the empirical education and trade literature in the context of India. Chapter 3 examines the impact of public education expenditure and trade openness on economic growth of India using aggregate or country level data. The estimation results indicate that public education expenditure has a positive effect on growth but the impact is not very robust and sensitive to different estimation methods. The major contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been to establish the dynamism in India’s trade-growth nexus. The nature of the relationship between trade openness and economic growth of India has changed following the change in policy regime since the 1980s. In Chapter 4, I investigate the trade-growth nexus further by employing disaggregated level analysis. Firstly, I disaggregate GDP by agriculture, manufacturing and services sectors and try to check which sector benefitted most from trade openness. Secondly, I try to assess whether trade openness affects manufacturing sector growth at the Indian state level. The latter analysis has been conducted using panel model analysis for 22 states. Econometric analysis indicates that the effect of trade openness has been heterogeneous across sectors. Only the services sector seemed to have reaped the benefits of increasing openness, so far. Consequently, no significant relationship could be found between agricultural sector performance and trade openness. It seems that the agricultural sector suffers from gross underinvestment and its performance still relies heavily on the monsoon cycles. At the country level, manufacturing sector failed to take advantage of the trade openness but the picture of stagnancy is not uniformly true when we look at the state-level manufacturing performance. I therefore re-estimate the relationship between state-level manufacturing performance and state-level trade openness using state level data. The most notable contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been the construction of trade openness indices for major Indian states. Overall, I find that there is a robust association between trade openness and manufacturing sector performance at the Indian state level. However, this relationship seems to be driven solely by the performance of the unregistered segment of Indian manufacturing. In Chapter 5, I disaggregate the public education expenditure data by primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and examine the nature of the relationship between each sectoral expenditure and growth. None of the sectoral education expenditure had any impact on growth when the analysis is carried out for the entire time period 1951-2011. Both school and tertiary education expenditure started to exert a positive impact on Indian GDP growth once the country started to shift from a state-led growth model to a pro-business regime from the early 1980s. Finally, I examine the determinants of public education expenditure by the state governments using panel data for 16 Indian states. The economic variables such as NSDP per capita and tax revenue came out to be statistically significant indicating that richer states spend more on education compared to their poorer counterparts. States with smaller child population share (0-14 years, as percentage of total population) managed to allocate more funds towards education than those with larger shares. No significant evidence was found to suggest that political factors such as corruption and political ideology of the ruling party affect education spending decisions in Indian states.

Esta tese, que provém de pesquisa etnográfica realizada entre os anos de 2013 e 2016 com um coletivo de cristãos que se concentram em um grupo de oração e uma comunidade católica na cidade de São Paulo/SP, tem como eixo o tema da libertação. O problema a que a tese se dedica é descrever um modo de existência no qual libertar não é se afastar, se separar, se emancipar, mas se vincular, se aproximar e se comprometer cada vez mais fortemente com Deus. Com base nas experiências desses católicos, proponho que a libertação não é um evento, mas a manutenção da caminhada com Deus. Em suma, trata-se de um percurso que não visa à liberdade e à autonomia do indivíduo, mas sim à aliança com a divindade. Esta incita a violência do demônio, que busca abrir uma brecha na abertura para Deus que é própria da libertação. A consideração do caráter comungatório da relação com a divindade e da oposição demoníaca a esse vínculo constitui o fio condutor da etnografia, que analisa suas reverberações nas seguintes instâncias: nos modos de falar; na filiação a Deus e em suas consequências no parentesco humano; na cura de mal-estares variados; nos modos de se relacionar com outras pessoas por meio da caridade; e na inevitabilidade da proliferação de intenções desconhecidas nos objetos que fazem parte do dia-a-dia. Todas elas me levam a postular que a onipresença de Deus (que está em tudo) e a quase onipresença do demônio (que pode estar em tudo) só são possíveis em um mundo cuja qualidade fundamental consiste em ser aberto. / This dissertation is an ethnographic study concerning the deliverance from demons among Christians who gather in a prayer group and/or are members of a Catholic community in São Paulo/SP, Brazil. Based on fieldwork developed between 2013 and 2016, its aim is to describe a mode of existence in which to deliver is not to ditch, to separate, or to emancipate, but rather to attach, to become closer, and to commit oneself ever more intensely to God. Predicated on this, I argue that deliverance is not an event, but a life-long commitment to walk with God. Consequently, it is not a path towards individual freedom and autonomy: it is devoted to strenghten the alliance with divinity and, therefore, instigates the Devils efforts to open a breach in the persons openness to God. The communion with God and the demoniacal opposition to it are the thrust of the ethnography, which analyzes its reverberations in the following instances: the ways of speaking; the parental relationship with God and its consequences for human kinship; the cure of various types of malaise; the relationships established through charity work; and the unavoidable presence of unknown intentions in objects that are part of daily life. These analytical steps converge to the proposition that Gods omnipresence (in everything) and the Devils quasi-omnipresence (in almost everything) can only be possible in a world whose defining quality is being open.