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An Analysis of Characteristics of Long and Short Commuters in the United StatesVaddepalli, Srikanth 30 March 2004 (has links)
An in-depth-analysis was carried out on short, medium and long commuters using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) of 2001 and American Community Survey (ACS) of 2000 to determine the role of individual,household, trip and area related characteristics on commute length. The individuals with commute time less than or equal to 15 min were considered as short commuters and individuals with commute time greater than 15 min but less than 60 min were considered as medium commuters and the individuals with commute time 60 min or more were considered as long commuters. The commute time is considered as a link joining the residence and workplace locations. The availability of the desired mode used is considered as flexibility in moving the location of these points in the area. As the jobs get dispersed the lower income people face more and more transportation problems in linking the residence and workplace. There is a potential threat in their social, physical and economic isolation in the society. The individual, household, and area related characteristics are assumed to influence both the commute time and location of these points. The descriptive analysis using NHTS 2001 and ACS 2000 revealed that the characteristics of short and long commuters are different in nature. A commuter type choice model and commute length measurement models were used to estimate the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the residential and workplace separation. Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) methodology was adopted to develop the commuter type choice model and Structural Equations Model methodology (SEM) was adopted with commute time and commute distance as endogenous variables to estimate the commute length on a continuous scale. The models confirmed the importance of demographic variables in explaining commuter length.
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Sur l’interdépendance entre localisation résidentielle et localisationprofessionnelle : modèles de choix discrets / On the Interdependence between Residential and Workplace Location : DiscreteChoice ModelsInoa-Peña, Ignacio 29 April 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse se concentre sur l'interdépendance entre les choix de localisation résidentielle et professionnelle. Des questions telles que le processus de prise de décision, l'accessibilité à l'emploi, la répartition géographique des emplois, et le prise de décision collective des conjoints, entre autres, sont analysées en développant des modèles de choix discrets. Dans ce cadre, nous étudions les choix de localisation à partir de deux points de vues complémentaires. (1) Premièrement, nous étudions l'interdépendance entre les deux choix de localisation sans considérer le processus de décision au sein des ménages. Nous développons un modèle logit emboîté à trois niveaux, pour les choix de localisation résidentielle et professionnelle et nous étudions l'effet des mesures d'attractivité et d'accessibilité spécifiques à chaque individu (log-sommes). Les résultats du premier chapitre montrent que l'accessibilité spécifique à chaque individu est un facteur déterminant du choix de localisation résidentielle et que son effet diffère le long du cycle de vie des ménages. L'attractivité des types d'emploi est un meilleur indicateur du choix de localisation professionnelle que le nombre d'emplois. L'évolution des mesures d'attractivité et d'accessibilité aux emplois est analysée dans le deuxième chapitre. (2) Deuxièmement, nous étudions l'interdépendance de la localisation résidentielle et professionnelle au sein du ménage. Cette thèse contribue à la littérature des modèles collectifs en développant un modèle de choix avec processus de négociation au sein des ménages à la Chiappori, pour décrire le choix de localisation résidentielle des ménages bi-actifs. Le dernier chapitre développe et estime un modèle structurel en deux étapes pour faire la part des choses entre le pouvoir de négociation et les valeurs du temps des conjoints. Les résultats montrent que les nationalités du couple, leur niveau d'éducation, ainsi que la différence d'âge entre les conjoints jouent un rôle crucial dans la détermination de pouvoir de négociation. / This thesis studies the interdependency between the choices of residential and workplace location. Issues such as the decision-making process, the accessibility to jobs, the geographical distribution of job types, and the spouses collective decision process, among others, are analyzed with discrete choice models. In this setting, we study the location decisions from two complementary points of view. (1) First, we study the interdependency between the two location choices without any within-household consideration. We develop a three-level nested logit model of residential and workplace location and study the effect of individual-specific attractiveness and accessibility (log-sum) measures. Results presented in the first chapter show that the individual-specific accessibility measure is an important determinant of the choice of residential location and its effect differs along the household life cycle. Additionally, the attractiveness of the types of employment is a better predictor of the workplace location than the usual total number of jobs. We analyze the evolution of the attractiveness and attractivity measures in the second chapter. (2) Second, we study the interdependency of residential location and workplaces within the household. This thesis contributes with a within-household bargaining process model of location decisions. As such, it applies the collectiveapproach à la Chiappori of household behavior to describe residential location choice of two-worker households. The last chapter develops and estimates a two-step structural model to disentangle bargaining powers from spouses' values of time. Results show that the nationalities of the couple, their education level, as well as the age difference between spouses play a crucial role in determining bargaining power.
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