A presente dissertação se dedica a mapear a organização do trabalho na atual cadeia produtiva do audiovisual na cidade de São Paulo, por meio da análise das atuais formas de produção do cinema e do atual modelo de financiamento do setor, com o objetivo de evidenciar seus principais elos e suas principais vulnerabilidades. Um setor identificado como vulnerável, porém, pouco evidenciado, está localizado no início da cadeia produtiva o desenvolvimento de projetos. Essa etapa, que inicia todo o processo do filme, está muito centrada na figura de um profissional o roteirista. Portanto, esta pesquisa está centrada na identificação da vulnerabilidade desse profissional, em suas relações de trabalho e seus níveis de relacionamento, em sua influência nos outros setores da cadeia produtiva, como também, na atual condição de trabalho que lhe é ofertada. Foram identificadas três questões centrais para justificar a atual vulnerabilidade da profissão de roteirista, que se desmembram em outros apontamentos, são elas: a disputa de autoria entre diretor e escritor no final dos anos 60 (cinema e literatura), as relações flexíveis impostas pelo novo modelo de trabalho apoiado na lógica da intermitência e fragmentação e por último, a falta de organização do profissional de roteiro enquanto categoria. / This thesis aims at drawing a map of the current state of the audiovisual industry productive chain in the city of São Paulo. I shall analyse the current forms of film production and the sector\'s funding model, seeking to outline its most relevant nodes and its main vulnerabilities. One particular aspect that has been identified as vulnerable, while rarely identified, is located at the beginning of the productive chain: project development. This stage, which upstarts the whole film process, is very centered on one sole professional: the writer. Therefore, this research is oriented at the identification of vulnerabilities pertaining to this professional in particular, in their work relations and levels of relationship, in their influence on other sectors of the production chain, as well as in the current working conditions offered to them. Three main questions have been identified, which explain the current vulnerability of the writer profession. These questions are developed into other remarks. The three questions are namely: the dispute surrounding authorship, between director and writer, at the end of the 1960s (cinema and literature); the flexible relations imposed by the new working model supported by the logic of precariousness and fragmentation; and the lack of professional organizations among writers as a social category.

O trabalho aborda José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima (1794-1869) como homem de letras no século XIX, o qual, além de ser General de Simón Bolívar (1767-1830), teve destacada contribuição na nascente historiografia literária brasileira, com ensaios que se denotam tanto como síntese histórica, bem como declarações de propósitos para a instituição de uma literatura para o país. Como objetivo principal, pretendemos organizar a primeira antologia sobre Abreu e Lima, tendo como escopo a elucidação de seu papel como escritor público, que inclui a tentativa de enquadrá-lo nas categorias de publicistas e oradores e de historiografia e crítica literárias, a partir do estudo de textos completos ou partes de obras selecionadas de sua vasta produção. Como objetivo específico propomos avaliar como a partir de seus escritos Abreu e Lima desenvolveu sua matéria em três níveis: o olhar autobiográfico, o olhar para o outro, e o olhar que se configura na literatura de uma nação. A antologia consta de um ensaio introdutório, em que abordamos Abreu e Lima como escritor público, ademais de apresentarmos criticamente os textos selecionados e de transcrevê-los. Além disso, também ofereceremos uma seção com um levantamento bibliográfico das obras publicadas por Abreu e Lima e suas reedições. / This M. Phil dissertation talks about José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima (1794-1869) as a man of letters in the 19th century, who, besides being General of Simón Bolívar (1767-1830), had distinguished contribution in the nascent Brazilian literary historiography, with essays that had denoted historical synthesis and declarations of purpose for the institution of literature for the country. As a main objective, we intend to organize the first anthology about Abreu e Lima writings, aiming to elucidate him from his role as a public writer, which includes trying to fit him into the categories of publicists and orators and historiography and literary criticism, from the study of his complete texts or parts of his selected works of its vast production. As a specific objective we proposed to evaluate how, from his writings, the author Abreu e Lima developed his subjects and contents in three levels: the autobiographical look, the look at the other, and the look that is configured in the literature of a nation. This anthological essay presents an introductory essay, in which we approach Abreu e Lima as a public writer, then critically present the selected texts and their transcriptions. In addition, we will also offer a section with a bibliographical survey of the works published by Abreu e Lima and their reissues.

O trabalho aborda José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima (1794-1869) como homem de letras no século XIX, o qual, além de ser General de Simón Bolívar (1767-1830), teve destacada contribuição na nascente historiografia literária brasileira, com ensaios que se denotam tanto como síntese histórica, bem como declarações de propósitos para a instituição de uma literatura para o país. Como objetivo principal, pretendemos organizar a primeira antologia sobre Abreu e Lima, tendo como escopo a elucidação de seu papel como escritor público, que inclui a tentativa de enquadrá-lo nas categorias de publicistas e oradores e de historiografia e crítica literárias, a partir do estudo de textos completos ou partes de obras selecionadas de sua vasta produção. Como objetivo específico propomos avaliar como a partir de seus escritos Abreu e Lima desenvolveu sua matéria em três níveis: o olhar autobiográfico, o olhar para o outro, e o olhar que se configura na literatura de uma nação. A antologia consta de um ensaio introdutório, em que abordamos Abreu e Lima como escritor público, ademais de apresentarmos criticamente os textos selecionados e de transcrevê-los. Além disso, também ofereceremos uma seção com um levantamento bibliográfico das obras publicadas por Abreu e Lima e suas reedições. / This M. Phil dissertation talks about José Ignácio de Abreu e Lima (1794-1869) as a man of letters in the 19th century, who, besides being General of Simón Bolívar (1767-1830), had distinguished contribution in the nascent Brazilian literary historiography, with essays that had denoted historical synthesis and declarations of purpose for the institution of literature for the country. As a main objective, we intend to organize the first anthology about Abreu e Lima writings, aiming to elucidate him from his role as a public writer, which includes trying to fit him into the categories of publicists and orators and historiography and literary criticism, from the study of his complete texts or parts of his selected works of its vast production. As a specific objective we proposed to evaluate how, from his writings, the author Abreu e Lima developed his subjects and contents in three levels: the autobiographical look, the look at the other, and the look that is configured in the literature of a nation. This anthological essay presents an introductory essay, in which we approach Abreu e Lima as a public writer, then critically present the selected texts and their transcriptions. In addition, we will also offer a section with a bibliographical survey of the works published by Abreu e Lima and their reissues.

A presente dissertação se dedica a mapear a organização do trabalho na atual cadeia produtiva do audiovisual na cidade de São Paulo, por meio da análise das atuais formas de produção do cinema e do atual modelo de financiamento do setor, com o objetivo de evidenciar seus principais elos e suas principais vulnerabilidades. Um setor identificado como vulnerável, porém, pouco evidenciado, está localizado no início da cadeia produtiva o desenvolvimento de projetos. Essa etapa, que inicia todo o processo do filme, está muito centrada na figura de um profissional o roteirista. Portanto, esta pesquisa está centrada na identificação da vulnerabilidade desse profissional, em suas relações de trabalho e seus níveis de relacionamento, em sua influência nos outros setores da cadeia produtiva, como também, na atual condição de trabalho que lhe é ofertada. Foram identificadas três questões centrais para justificar a atual vulnerabilidade da profissão de roteirista, que se desmembram em outros apontamentos, são elas: a disputa de autoria entre diretor e escritor no final dos anos 60 (cinema e literatura), as relações flexíveis impostas pelo novo modelo de trabalho apoiado na lógica da intermitência e fragmentação e por último, a falta de organização do profissional de roteiro enquanto categoria. / This thesis aims at drawing a map of the current state of the audiovisual industry productive chain in the city of São Paulo. I shall analyse the current forms of film production and the sector\'s funding model, seeking to outline its most relevant nodes and its main vulnerabilities. One particular aspect that has been identified as vulnerable, while rarely identified, is located at the beginning of the productive chain: project development. This stage, which upstarts the whole film process, is very centered on one sole professional: the writer. Therefore, this research is oriented at the identification of vulnerabilities pertaining to this professional in particular, in their work relations and levels of relationship, in their influence on other sectors of the production chain, as well as in the current working conditions offered to them. Three main questions have been identified, which explain the current vulnerability of the writer profession. These questions are developed into other remarks. The three questions are namely: the dispute surrounding authorship, between director and writer, at the end of the 1960s (cinema and literature); the flexible relations imposed by the new working model supported by the logic of precariousness and fragmentation; and the lack of professional organizations among writers as a social category.

The population of English learners (ELs) is growing rapidly across the U.S. Concurrently, elementary students throughout the country are being required to produce more sophisticated writing products than ever before as a result of the heavy emphasis on writing instruction in the recently adopted Common Core State Standards. This qualitative study examined how to best support ELs as they develop as writers. It also addressed the strong need to investigate the impact of students discussing ideas with a partner throughout the writing process. In order to determine how ELs develop as writers, a multiple case study was conducted in a fourth-grade English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom. The ESL teacher used the “Thinking Maps” program to teach students to write opinion pieces. Part of the program included partner talk, in which the students conversed with a partner throughout the writing process. The study took place over a period of 6 weeks. During that time, I did twice-weekly observations, took field notes, collected samples of student work, audio recorded students as they participated in partner talk, and conducted interviews with the students and the teacher. In addition to an ongoing, reflective analysis of the field notes and audio files, the grounded theory approach was used for final data analysis. The data analysis and interpretation of the data reflects the constructs and theories that initially structured this study. A number of key elements emerged from the data analysis that indicated that important supports are needed in order for ELs to develop as writers of opinion pieces. These included the opportunity to work with a more knowledgeable other, communicating despite language barriers, utilizing the structure provided with Thinking Maps, a chance to participate in group discussions, and the opportunity to examine written models to use when writing their own opinion pieces.

<p>Report writers (sv rapporteringsverktyg) används för att skapa och hantera databasbaserade rapporter. Detta examensarbete handlar om Reporting Services, ett helt nytt rapporteringsverktyg från Microsoft. Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera Reporting Services för att se vad verktyget har att erbjuda i förhållande till rapporteringsverktyg från andra tillverkare. En jämförelse mellan Reporting Services och rapporteringsverktyg från tre andra betydande tillverkare har gjorts. En djupare utvärdering av Reporting Services, där arkitektur, funktionalitet och andra egenskaper gåtts igenom grundligt, har också genomförts. Arbetet har visat att problemet att jämföra olika rapporteringsverktyg med varandra är ganska komplext och att olika verktyg lämpar sig olika bra i olika situationer och kontexter. Verktygens arkitektur skiljer sig åt och de erbjuder olika funktionalitet. Arbetet har också visat att Reporting Services definitivt är ett bra alternativ för företag som använder SQL Server, inte minst ur ekonomisk synvinkel. Verktyget ger användarna en god kontroll över utformningen av rapporter, det är lätt att exportera rapporter till olika format och det finns flera bra möjligheter att distribuera rapporter till läsare.</p>

Obituary in memory of Ben Rashid Mtobwa, a Tanzanian writer.

It is a research about The Four Great novels in late Ching Dynasty, to discuss the intentions of the writers, the background of the era, structure and narrative, characters, readers and the thought of the novels. The intentions of the writers were strong and everyone of them had his own specialty. There were so many wars in late Ching Dynasty, the politics was disorder and the culture was continued to change from the old one to the new one. The disorder situation effected the novels. Transporting foreign novels to China and printing the novels on newspapers made the Four Great novels got change. It changed the structure and narrative of the novels. The readers were very important to the novels and the relations among the readers,writers and works got change because of printing the novels on newspapers. The intention of the writers were strong that it made the novels more thoughtful and showed them by the way of blaming and exposing the crimes. This is not only a research about the forms but also the thought of the novels that it tries to offer a more complete observation of the Four Great novels.

The concept of game development has traditionally not implemented the skills of professional writers to develop the scripts for a computer game. However, due to the growth in complexity and size of the computer game development process, as well as the growing teams of people involved in the development of computer games, the need to employ skilled writers has emerged in modern computer game development. It has, however, become clear that the role of the writer within the collaborative game development process is still ill-defined. And therefore, the writer who wishes to start writing for the games industry, is faced with a great deal of obstacles. It was therefore deemed necessary to develop a script development model for the creation of computer games that can assist the writer of a computer game by means of thorough guidance. The aim of this research project is therefore to develop such a model. The first step towards the establishment of a script development model, would be to determine the position of the writer in the collaborative game production communication process. In order to establish this, a communication model was developed for the communication process of the computer game development process, based on Roman Jakobson's communication model. After the position of the writer in the communication process was established, a game development model was developed to determine the position of the writer within the entire game development process. This was done so that the functions and responsibilities of the writer - within a greater collaborative development process - could be determined. This model was developed based on existing software development models, as well as two different models from the games industry that focus on different aspects within the game development process. With the position, functions and responsibilities of the writer determined, it was possible to postulate a script development model for the creation of computer games. This model was developed with an emphasis on the game context, creative strategies and analytical frameworks available to the writer. Furthermore guidelines were provided on the actual scripting of the computer game script, based on elements from drama theory. To test the script development model, a non-functional prototype (thin-slice) computer game script was developed based on the Fritz Deelman-series (Leon Rousseau). The script development model was used as guideline to establish whether the script development model could in future be used to develop a full-scale, implementable computer game script. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Research conducted in the readability of texts shows that there is an extensive problem with learners' of all phases academic skills in terms of reading comprehension and insight into writing texts in accordance with generally accepted academic standards. It is important that sufficient attention and research are devoted to possible solutions to this problem, since various theorists have found that effective reading and writing skills are of great importance for learners' academic progress and achievement. A reason for this is that most academic material that is made available to learners appear in written format, and that learners have to report on their knowledge in the same format. Although educational institutions formulate academic texts (of which study guides form part) with a high readability level, the current study investigates some problems and shortcomings that appear in study guides. If the readability of the mentioned study material is increased in light of text linguistic insights, learners should have greater accessibility to the textual content, which could impact positively on academic achievement. With the above mentioned in mind, this study focuses on a text linguistic approach to investigating the readability of study guides which are written for first-year learners at a tertiary institution. The main problem addresses how lexical cohesive devices and conjunction markers can be included as part of a text linguistic approach to writing study guides, and how this can be used by authors of study guides in practice as a tool to increase the efficiency of the writing process. The research is conducted on the basis of various theories, which include Systemic Functional Linguistics, Halliday and Hasan's Cohesion theory and Stotsky's adaptation thereof for written academic texts, as well as Hyland's theory about academic metadiscourse. Applicable insights regarding text linguistic criteria for writing academic texts, which are identified through this literature study, are converted into a framework for text analysis and then implemented to investigate the effective use of specific textual markers in the obtained study guides. This will be done in a descriptive and primarily qualitative manner. Ten Afrikaans study guides, pertaining to diverse subject groups, and which were recently used at a tertiary institution as introductory study guides for first-year learners, form the data of this study. In order to conduct a reliable investigation, the data is analised procedurally (with reference to the mentioned text analytical model) by hand and also using WordSmith Tools. Based on both the literature study and the text analysis, guidelines that can be used when writing Afrikaans study guides are formulated from a text linguistic point of view. These guidelines may be used to supplement the existing guide used by writers of study guides at the particular institution. The possibility also exists that these guidelines can be used to improve and standardise the quality and readability of the mentioned learning material. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.