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Influence of governance institutions on households' willingness to pay for resources conservation in Khalong-la-Lithunya wetland area LesothoGreffiths, Ikhothatseng Jacob January 2017 (has links)
This study uses the double-bounded bid elicitation format to estimate how much households in
the Khalong-la-Lithunya wetland area (KWA) would be WTP (on top of monthly water bills)
for wetland resource conservation, and test whether WTP significantly varies with the
institution responsible for its conservation management. KWA was purposely selected on
account of the critically important role it plays in securing water provisioning ecosystem
services; a role that is currently threatened by proximate and ultimate factors hypothesised to
be driven by its unrecognised economic value. WTP was thus elicited and compared when the
governance institution was (i) the Ministry of Natural Resources, and (ii) a private
environmental conservation agency that is currently active in Lesotho i.e. the Transformation
Resource Centre (TRC). Purposive and simple random sampling methods were used to collect
survey data from 204 households.
Results show that respondents have high levels of factual knowledge about the threats to the
sustainability of KWA. They also have attitudes, opinions, and perceptions that are receptive
to a policy that improves the status quo. Mean WTP was M78.80 per household per month (UB
M92.89 and LB M38.21) when the Ministry of Natural Resources was responsible for
conservation management in KWA (equivalent to M 0.011 per litre or M0.21 per 20 litre jerry
can), and M83.09 per household per month (UB M98.00 and LB M32.94) when TRC was
responsible for conservation management in KWA (equivalent to M0.011 per litre or M0.22
per 20 litre jerry can). The null hypothesis of equality of the two mean WTP values was rejected at the 1 % level (t= 4.34 and p = 0.000), suggesting that institution responsible for conservation
management in KWA significantly influences households' WTP.
Double bounded models differentiated by institution responsible for conservation management
in KWA were used to econometrically determine factors that influence households' WTP.
Results show that WTP was positively related to the following variables: income, age,
education, whether households had experienced seasonal water shortages, knowledge of health
risks associated with water shortages, and gender (males had higher WTP). WTP was found to
be negatively related to household size (the more the household members, the lower the WTP).
These results were consistent with prior expectation and literature.
Considering, also, that this study further used secondary sources to estimate that households,
on average, spend about M300 per month on water (equivalent to M0.04 per litre or 0.80 per
20 litre jerry can), three key recommendations follow. First, subject to extensive stakeholder
consultations, the Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) of Lesotho should consider adding
to the regular charge a resource conservation tax amounting to at least M0.011 per litre of water
delivered to customers, i.e. instead of charging M0.04 per litre of water delivered, WASA
should charge customers at least M0.051 per litre of water delivered. Second, WASA should
consider instituting a policy that isolates the conservation charge from the M0.51 per litre, and
explicitly invest it in mitigating the resource conservation challenges in KWA (i.e. the charge
should be used to support activities that secure the sustainable water provisioning ecosystem
services from KWA). Finally, WASA should consider engaging TRC directly in converting
the proceeds from the conservation charge to tangible resource conservation outcomes in
KWA, given that households expressed higher WTP when TRC was responsible for its
conservation management. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc (Agric) / Unrestricted
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"Klimatsmartare förpackning" och "ekologiskt" : En undersökning för hur miljöetiketter påverkar konsumentens Intention To Buy och Willingness To Pay.Ekebergh, Charlotta, To, Thai January 2021 (has links)
Sammanfattning Titel: "Klimatsmartare förpackning" och "ekologiskt" En undersökning för hur miljöetiketter påverkar konsumentens Intention To Buy och Willingness To Pay. Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Charlotta Ekebergh och Thai To Handledare: Patrik Sörqvist Datum: juni, 2021 Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka konsumentens intention to buy (ITB) och willingness to pay (WTP) för olika typer av vinförpackningar samt att se om dessaskattningar kan påverkas genom Systembolagets märkningar "klimatsmartare förpackning" och "ekologiskt". Studien undersökte även om det finns några skillnader mellanrespondenternas ITB och WTP för självskattad miljövänlighet, enligt studiens miljöindex. Metod: Studien utfördes med ett faktoriell kvasiexperiment (4x4) med totalt 102 deltagare, där respondenterna fick ge svar utefter en 7-gradig Likertskala i en enkätundersökning innehållandes manipulerade bilder för att besvara studiens hypoteser. Resultat & Analys: Denna studie visar att respondenternas skattade intention att köpa (ITB) och betalningsvilja (WTP), skiljer sig mycket åt beroende på förpackningstyp för vin. Dessa skattningar har i vissa fall visat sig kunna påverkas av Systembolaget etiketter "klimatsmartare förpackning" och "ekologiskt". Resultaten visade att det i stora drag stämmer överens med tidigare empiriska resultat men att även motsättningar har kunnat bekräftas genom statistiskt signifikanta resultat. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie visar signifikanta skillnader för respondenternas skattade intention att köpa (ITB) och betalningsvilja (WTP) för de olika förpackningsalternativen för vin i kombination med de olika etiketterna "klimatsmartare förpackning" och "ekologiskt". Resultatet från studien kan tänkas indikera konsumenters intention att köpa (ITB) och betalningsvilja (WTP) för vin i alternativa förpackningar i kombination med de olika etiketterna. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Denna studie föreslår vidare forskning där man undersöker konsumenters faktiska köp på Systembolaget i förhållande till konsumentens skattade ITB förekologiska produkter och produkter i klimatsmartare förpackningar. Ytterligare förslag ges för vidare forskning att undersöka om liknande förhållanden råder för andra produktgrupper på Systembolaget. Samt att undersöka konsumenters intention att köpa (ITB) och betalningsvilja (WTP) för alternativa, klimatsmartare förpackningar för andra typer av livsmedel. Nyckelord: Wine, Intention To Buy (ITB), Willingness To Pay (WTP), Organic, Label,Packaging / Abstract Title: "Klimatsmartare förpackning" and "ekologiskt"A study researching how climate friendly labels affect the consumers’ Intention To Buy and Willingness To Pay. Level: Student theses, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Charlotta Ekebergh and Thai To Supervisor: Patrik Sörqvist Date: June – 2021 Aim: The aim for this study was to research whether the consumers intention to buy (ITB)and willingness to pay (WTP) for different types of wine packaging could be altered through the use of Systembolaget’s labels, "klimatsmartare förpackning" and "ekologiskt". (In english the labels would read "climate friendlier packaging" and "organic"). Further, this study aimed to research whether any differences between the respondents ITB and WTP occurs according to the respondent’s self-evaluated environmental friendliness, and this studies’ environmental index. Method: This study was performed with a factorial Quasi-experiment (4x4) with a total of 102 participants, responding through a 7-grade Likert scale in a questionnaire containing manipulated images to answer the hypotheses of this study. Result & Conclusions: This study shows that the respondents estimated intention to buy (ITB) and willingness to pay (WTP) differs greatly depending on the type of wine packaging. These estimates have in some cases been influenced by the Systembolaget’s labels "klimatsmartare förpackning" and "ekologiskt". The results from this study largely showed that they are in line with previous empirical results. However, this study has proven some contradictions to be statistically significant. Contribution of the thesis: This study shows statistically significant differences between therespondents estimated intention to buy (ITB) and willingness to pay (WTP) for the different types of wine packaging in combination with the two labels "klimatsmartare förpackning" and "ekologiskt". The results show an actual indication of consumers intention to buy (ITB) and willingness to pay (WTP) for wine in different types of packaging in combination with the two labels. Suggestions for future research: This study suggests future research to investigate consumers actual purchases at Systembolaget in relation to their estimated intention to buy (ITB) of organic products and products in a more climate friendly packaging. Further suggestions are to investigate whether similar relationships occur for other types of products at Systembolaget. Lastly, investigate whether the consumers intention to buy (ITB) and willingnessto pay (WTP) for alternative, more climate friendly packaging for other types of food. Key words: Wine, Intention To Buy (ITB), Willingness To Pay (WTP), Organic, Label, Packaging
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Contingent valuation of Yangtze finless porpoises in Poyang Lake, ChinaDong, Yanyan 12 January 2011 (has links)
Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs) are the only fresh-water adapted porpoises in the world and they are
endemic to Yangtze River system, including Poyang Lake. They are threatened by many factors, such
as illegal fishing and overfishing, sand dredging, intensive shipping traffic, and pollution from
agriculture and industry. Consequently, their population is decreasing at a great rate and they are listed
as an endangered rare species on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) since 1996. Moreover, a hydroelectricity project in Poyang Lake is in planning by the state of
Jiangxi province, which will generate further serious threats to YFPs by cutting off their migration
route and fragmenting their habitat. Therefore, it is very urgent to take some protection measures for
YFPs.
A special nature reserve is one possibility to protect YFPs, such as a nature reserve area, which is
located in Poyang Lake. In order to find out whether a nature reserve is worthwhile, an economic
analysis valuing the benefit of YFPs has been conducted. An appropriate method, the contingent
valuation approach, has been chosen. The overall aim of such a contingent valuation study is to
estimate the total benefits of YFPs by asking individuals’ willingness to pay for the porpoise
conservation project. Because many people are unfamiliar with YFPs and the species’ total values
consist of mainly non-use values, preference construction and estimating a demand function is a
complex task. Therefore, the valuation workshop method, a group-based approach, which can make
respondents motivated and well-informed so that they thoroughly consider the questions, provides a
realistic decision-making environment. This method was selected to help respondents construct their
preference.
Within this study, a series of such valuation workshops were successfully organized and data and
information were collected. The findings of the study have both methodological and policy-related
implications. From the perspective of methodology, the important findings include:
1) Valid response rates are high enough to support further analysis and large mean WTP for
porpoise conservation are obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the valuation workshop
method as has been chosen in this study, is suitable for valuing porpoise conservation. The
valuation workshop method can make people well informed about environmental goods and
services, such as rare species, so that they can build their preference about them, which is quite a
complex task for many individuals.
IV
2) Distance effects are verified to fail to work on willingness to pay (WTP) for porpoise
conservation, which is mostly driven by non-use values. Therefore, distance need not be included in
the aggregation analysis of total benefits of YFPs. Similarly, the market for conservation of YFPs
can be defined as the nation of China. And the sampling frame of such an evaluation of a rare
species can be all the Chinese population.
3) Income effects are confirmed to be significantly influential for both Chinese respondents and
German respondents. Hence, the aggregation of total values of YFPs should consider about
individuals’ income levels and their ability to pay (ATP). It is inferred from the fact of smaller mean
WTP in China as compared with Germany that some low-income respondents’ WTP bids are
possibly distorted by their ATP, which needs further confirmation in follow-up research.
In addition, there are also some policy-related implications, which are closely related with the
mentioned methodological aspect:
The total economic values of porpoise conservation are predicted to be appreciably huge. Definitely,
their total benefits should be taken into account by politicians and decision-makers. This study
makes explicit people’s attitudes and preference on the trade-off between economic growth and
ecological use. The establishment of a special nature reserve for YFPs is still an open question.
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Meta-analytical estimates of values of environmental services enhanced by government agricultural conservation programsBorisova-Kidder, Ayuna 13 March 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Tratamento e recuperação da água de lavagem dos filtros de uma estação de filtração direta e simulação da disposição dos lodos em estações de tratamento de esgoto / Treatment and recovery of wastes from backwash filter on direct filter water treatment systems and simulation of sludge disposal in wastewater treatment systemsEscobar Rivera, Juan Carlos 16 February 2001 (has links)
Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.
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Tratamento e recuperação da água de lavagem dos filtros de uma estação de filtração direta e simulação da disposição dos lodos em estações de tratamento de esgoto / Treatment and recovery of wastes from backwash filter on direct filter water treatment systems and simulation of sludge disposal in wastewater treatment systemsJuan Carlos Escobar Rivera 16 February 2001 (has links)
Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.
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Billigt eller dyrt, udda eller jämt? : - Hur prisprecisionseffekten påverkar Willingness to pay / Cheap or expensive, odd or even? : - How the price precision effect, affects willingness to payAxenfalk Pettersson, Lovisa, Ericsson, Wilhelm January 2018 (has links)
Sammanfattning Titel: Billigt eller dyrt, udda eller jämt? - Hur prisprecisionseffekten påverkar Willingness to pay Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson och Wilhelm Ericsson. Handledare: Jonas Kågström. Datum: 2018 - Maj. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur prisprecisionseffekten i samband med Willingness to pay påverkar bostadstransaktioner. Metod: Kvantitativ metod, enkäter med experimentella inslag. Resultat och slutsats: Denna studies resultat visar att när det kommer till priser på bostäder, är det inte enbart priset som påverkar köpet och WTP. Gällande det marknadsförda pris som lockar flest spekulanter, bör det antingen vara avrundat pris eller just below pris. Det mest ärliga marknadsmässiga priset är avrundat pris. Ett precist pris är det utgångspris, som anses vara satt av en seriös fastighetsmäklare och visar att fastighetsmäklaren är kunnig och sätter ett seriöst pris utifrån vad bostaden faktiskt är värd. Gällande vad som leder till det högsta slutpriset, kan det vara avrundat pris, precist pris samt just below pris. Varför resultatet av slutpriset skiljer sig åt är beroende på situationen på marknaden och tillgänglig information för köparen. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie har bidragit med att skapa en ökad förståelse till personer som är delaktiga i en köpprocess utifrån prisprecisionseffektens prissättningar. Vidare är bidraget att människor påverkas av tillgänglig information, vilket påverkar köparens WTP och vad köpare anser om olika priser. Med kunskap från denna studie kan köpare av bostäder få en bättre förståelse för hur det marknadsförda utgångspriset kan påverka köparens WTP av bostaden de är intresserad av att köpa och den bostadens slutpris. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien fastställer att det finns flera möjligheter till fortsatt forskning. Det skulle kunna vara att studera prisprecisionseffekten i en verklig miljö. Att studera hur ankareffekten och prisprecisionseffekten påverkar varandra. Väva in andra prispåverkande faktorer än bara själva priset. Samt att vända perspektiv och utgå från säljaren istället. Nyckelord: Prisprecisionseffekten, WTP - Willingness to pay, avrundat pris, precist pris, just below pris, utgångspris och bostadstransaktioner. / Abstract Title: Cheap or expensive, odd or even? - How the price precision effect, affects willingness to pay Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration. Author: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson and Wilhelm Ericsson. Supervisor: Jonas Kågström. Date: 2018 - May. Aim: The aim is to further investigate how the price precision effect associated with willingness to pay affects sales of real estate transactions. Method: Quantitative method through a survey with experimental elements. Result and conclusion: The results in the study indicates, regarding prices on the housing market, that it is not only the price that affects pursues and WTP. Regarding the marketed list price, which attracts the most potential buyers, they should either be a rounded or just below price. The most honest market price is a rounded price. A list price set at a precise price, is considered to be listed from a serious real estate broker. It also indicates that the real estate broker is knowledgeable and puts a serious price based on what the residence is actually worth. To get the highest selling price, it can be all of the price precision effect prices, rounded price, precise price or just below price. Why the result of the highest selling price differ, is depending on the situation on the market and available information for the buyer. Contribution of the thesis: The contribution for this study has been to create an increased understanding about the price precision effect and its prices for the persons involved in a buying process. Furthermore, the contribution is that people are influenced by available information, affecting the buyer's WTP and what buyers consider about different prices. With knowledge from this study, buyers can gain a better understanding of how the marketed list price may affect the buyer's WTP for the real estate they are interested in buying and its final selling price. Suggestion for future research: To summarize the possibilities for future research this paper suggests; to analyze the price precision effect from the sellers point of view. To analyze the price precision effect in a real setting instead, where actual transactions are being made. To further investigate the ratio between the anchoring effect with the price precision effect, and how they affect each other. The final suggestions for future research is to involve other aspects into the price precision effect, despite only the price, because it is not only the price that affects the house buying market. Keywords: Price precision effect, WTP - willingness to pay, rounded price, precise price, just below price, list price and real estate transaction.
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Infectious Disease Risks In Developing Countries: A Non-market Valuation ExerciseSamajpati, Shreejata 01 January 2012 (has links)
This dissertation focuses on the non-market valuation of health-risks of malaria, an infectious disease that imposes a substantive public health burden across the globe, hitting particularly hard the tropical developing nations of Africa and Asia. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals include malaria control as a priority and large investments are underway to promote effective prevention and treatment. Despite such concerted supply-side efforts, malaria-related mortality and morbidity still abound due to a complex interface of factors like climate-change, poverty, inadequate control behavior, infection and prevention externalities, parasite resistance etc. This research project digs into the demand-side of the health problem, considers the "externality" dimension to prevention, and primarily asks the question: how do individuals in developing countries view competing disease-control (prevention) measures, viz. a publicly-administered community-level malaria control measure as against private preventive choices. A theoretical model is developed to help explore the public-private interplay of health risks of malaria. The malaria-endemic regions of Kolkata (India) and its rural fringes comprise the site for an empirical investigation. A field survey (Malaria Risk and Prevention Survey, October-December, 2011) incorporating a mix of stated and revealed preference techniques of health valuation is implemented. Risk-perceptions of respondents are elicited using a measurable visual-aid and individuals' perceived valuations of health-risk reductions, randomly offered with the public and private health treatments, are empirically ascertained. Using a Likelihood Ratio Test on the structural risk parameters, it is seen that individuals’ valuations of health risk reductions are the same across the private and public treatments. The comparative valuation iv exercise, thus, corroborates the externality dimension to malaria control, calling for greater public action to combat malaria. The viability of such a scaled-up public malaria program, in the context of Kolkata, is discussed by comparing the public treatment willingness to pay estimates with the annual estimated costs that the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the civic body in the city of Kolkata, maintains on account of vector control. Results from the comparative valuation exercises also support the idea that private prevention is generally responsive to prevention costs, indicating the importance of price incentives to induce greater prevention. The issues of health valuation and price sensitivity are further explored across various split-samples differentiated on the basis of socio-economic attributes, disease exposure, actual prevention efforts and perceived malaria risks of survey respondents. Such auxiliary exercises help analyze the valuation question in greater depth, and generate policy insights into the potential factors that shape private prevention behavior.
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台灣地區基因檢測之意向及願付價格調查 / The Investigation of people's intention and their willingness to pay toward genetic testing in Taiwan王荷惠, Wang, Ho Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的主要是想要探討台灣地區的人民對於基因檢測的意向及願付價格。資料來自於中央研究院所主導的一項電話訪問,其中有關願付價格的部分是透過條件評估法的方式來取得。針對願付價格的分析,我們藉由潛在變數模型將受訪者對於基因檢測的知識、態度和自我認知等資訊萃取出來,並視為新的解釋變數來進行分析。此外,僅完成單界詢價過程的受訪者的資訊也和提供完整回答的受訪者一併納入分析。
結果顯示一個人的性別、教育程度、宗教信仰傾向及對基因檢測的態度會顯著影響是否願意免費參加基因檢測的意願。而在詢價過程中,一開始受訪者被問及的金額和此人其基因檢測相關的知識程度影響了他(她)是否願意付錢參加基因檢測。至於在願意付合理價格的人們之中,他們的健康程度、收入和自家人的癌症病史則皆為影響價格高低的因素。 / This study is aimed to explore people’s intention and their willingness to pay (WTP) for genetic testing in Taiwan. A telephone survey using contingent valuation method (CVM) was conducted by the Academia Sinica to collect the data. There are three unique features that distinguish our data analysis approach from the others. First, the covariates related to a respondent’s knowledge, attitude and perception (KAP) on genetic testing are generated through the use of a latent trait model. Second, the information collected from a respondent who completed only the single-bounded part of the survey is also included in the analysis. Third, reasons given by a respondent is used to decide whether he/she is willing to pay a lower price or unwilling to pay any price.
It is shown that one’s gender, education level, religious tendency and attitude all have significant impact on whether a respondent is willing to try a free genetic test. When it comes to pay for it, the initial bid asked and the degrees of knowledge affect his/her decision a lot. For those who are willing to pay a reasonable price for genetic testing, their WTP depend largely on their health conditions, incomes, and cancer histories.
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AVALIAÇÃO DO LANÇAMENTO DE LODO DE ETA ACTIFLOÒ EM ETE COM REATOR ANAERÓBIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE PONTA GROSSA – PRWagner, Luiz Fernando 23 March 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T13:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Luiz Fernando Wagner.pdf: 2111456 bytes, checksum: e1870a4be2fbc8c765b6f4d6b0077dbe (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / The disposal of wastes generated in water treatment plants (WTP) by launching into water streams is considered an environmental crime by current Brazilian law and
became one of the challenges of drinking water public companies, nowadays. The objective of this study was to analyze the alternative disposal of decanter’s sludge
from a WTP, with microsand ballasted sedimentation (ActifloÒ), in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) containing upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB)
and polishing pond, called WWTP Verde, in the city of Ponta Grossa - PR, through the sewage collection network. The treatment evaluation on the WWTP was performed for seven distinct phases. The phase 1 occurred with WWTP receiving
only sewage. Phases 2 to 7 occurred with release of WTP sludge in continuous periods ranging from 4 hours per day (phase 2) to 24 hours per day (phase 7),reaching the percentage of 3.2% of WTP sludge, in relation to the total volume tributary to WWTP. The WWTP operated in stable condition throughout the period,with an average flow tributary of 213.14 L/s. The UASBs operated with HRT in 9.9
hours, VHL in 2.4 m3/m3/d, and OLR ranging from 0.75 to 1.66 kgCOD/m3/d. The polishing pond operated with HRT in 4.5 days and OLR ranging from 765 to 2872 kgCOD/ha/d, which corresponds from 19 to 72 gCOD/m3/d. The removal efficiency of COD and TSS by UASBs and the pond was maintained even with the release of WTP sludge. The overall efficiency of the WWTP ranged between 80% and 86% for COD removal and between 92% and 96% for the TSS removal. It was observed
greater removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by UASBs and higher concentration ofnitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the UASB's sludge, in the period in which the WWTP was operated with the WTS sludge release. It was concluded
that the sludge release in the sewage collection network is a viable alternative to
disposal of the decanter's waste of WTP Actiflo®, not precluding the treatment of
sewage in WWTP Verde and the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. However, can
be necessary increase the UASB's sludge extraction frequency, from 16 hours of
continuous duration of WTP sludge release in the sewage collection network. / A disposição dos resíduos gerados nas estações de tratamento de água (ETA) através do lançamento in natura em corpos d’água é considerada crime ambiental
pela legislação brasileira vigente e passou a ser um dos desafios das companhias de abastecimento público de água, na atualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi
analisar a alternativa de disposição do lodo do decantador de uma ETA, com sedimentação lastreada por microareia (ActifloÒ), em uma estação de tratamento de
esgotos (ETE) composta de reatores anaeróbios de leito fluidizado (RALFs) e lagoa de polimento, denominada ETE Verde, no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, através
da rede coletora de esgotos. A avaliação do tratamento da ETE foi feita durante sete fases distintas. A fase 1 ocorreu com a ETE recebendo apenas esgoto sanitário. As
fases 2 a 7 ocorreram com lançamentos de lodo de ETA, em períodos contínuos que variaram desde 4 horas por dia (fase 2) até 24 horas por dia (fase 7), chegando ao
percentual de 3,2% de lodo de ETA, em relação ao volume total afluente à ETE. A ETE operou em condição estável durante todo o período, com uma vazão média afluente de 213,14 L/s. Os RALFs operaram com TDH de 9,9 horas, CHV de 2,4 m3/m3/d e COV aplicada variando entre 0,75 e 1,66 kgDQO/m3/d. A lagoa operou com TDH de 4,5 dias, com TAS variando entre 765 e 2872 kgDQO/ha/d e COV
aplicada variando entre 19 e 72 gDQO/m3/d. A eficiência na remoção de DQO e SST pelos RALFs e pela lagoa foi mantida, mesmo com o lançamento do lodo da ETA. A
eficiência global da ETE variou entre 80% e 86% para a remoção de DQO e entre 92% e 96% para a remoção de SST. Foi observada maior remoção de nitrogênio e
fósforo pelos RALFs e maior concentração de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e magnésio no lodo dos RALFs, no período em que a ETE operou com o lançamento
do lodo de ETA. Concluiu-se que o lançamento do lodo na rede de esgotos é uma alternativa viável de disposição dos rejeitos do decantador da ETA Actiflo®, não
inviabilizando o tratamento de esgotos na ETE Verde e o uso do lodo do esgoto na agricultura. Porém, pode ser necessário aumentar a frequência de extração do lodo
dos RALFs, a partir de 16 horas diárias de duração contínua de lançamento de lodo de ETA na rede coletora de esgotos.
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