The objectives of this research are to measure residual stress in both unblasted and sandblasted mild steel specimens by using three different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), strain-gage hole drilling (SGHD), and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) hole drilling, and to validate the new ESPI hole drilling method by comparing its measurement results to those produced by the SGHD method. Both the XRD and SGHD methods were selected because they are accurate and well-verified approaches for residual stress measurements. The ESPI hole drilling technique is a new technology developed based on the SGHD technique, without the use of strain gage. This technique is incorporated into a new product referred to as the PRISM system, manufactured by Hytec, Incorporated, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Each method samples a different volume of material at different depths into the surface. XRD method is especially different compared to the other two methods, since XRD only measures stresses at a depth very close to the surface (virtually zero depth). For this reason, no direct comparisons can be made between XRD and SGHD, as well as between XRD and ESPI hole drilling. Therefore, direct comparisons can only be made between SGHD and ESPI hole drilling methods.

Both LiCoO2 and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 layered cathode materials are investigated in our studies. P3 phase of CoO2, the end member of the LixCoO2, is found in both chemically and electrochemically delithiated materials. Delithiated LixCoO2 specimens decompose into fine Co3O4 and LiCoO2 particles starting at around 200 °C. This decomposing reaction is proved by in-situ X-ray diffraction and in-situ transmission electron microscopy investigations. The structures of pristine and cycled LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 are investigated by electron diffraction. Single and polycrystalline crystals are found in this material. The partial substitution of Co by Ni and Mn in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 opens up the possibility of different cation configurations in the crystal lattice. Both 3Rm symmetry and superlattices are identified in this material. The number of particles with superlattices in pristine material (40%) is much bigger than cycled material at discharge state (10%).

Gossypol and gossypol derivatives are natural byproducts of a variety of cotton plant species that poses interesting chemical, biological, and medicinal properties that are currently heavily researched. Supporting evidence suggest that gossypol and gossypol derivatives act on the Bcl-2 proteins that have been linked to certain cancers. Gossypol amine derivatives, specifically, are actively researched and a variety of amine derivatives have already been synthesized. However, gossypol and its derivatives are challenging compounds to work with because many of its derivatives tend to exist in various tautomeric forms. When analyzing gossypol and its derivatives it is the complex electron configuration that dictates the chemical mechanism and biological activity. The following research provides a charge density study that describes in detail the electronic configuration via Bader's topological analysis of di(methoxy)gossypol and di(propylamino) gossypol. In addition, a series of crystallographic studies of gossypol amine derivatives and di(methoxy)gossypol are also analyzed.

Superalloys based on platinum-group metals (PGMs) are being developed for high temperature applications. Currently, the optimum alloy is Pt84:Al11:Ru2:Cr3, and work is ongoing. Niobium is a possible addition to increase the melting point, but limited phase diagram data are available. Although work has been done on the Pt-Al-Nb system, there are no reported data for Pt-Cr-Nb. This is a study of the Pt-Cr-Nb system. As-cast samples of the Pt-Cr-Nb ternary system were investigated using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results were used to plot a solidification projection and all binary phases extended into the ternary, except for α´Pt, which was not identified in this investigation. The extensions of the binary phases were: (Cr) ~2 at.% Nb; (Pt) ~24 at.% Nb and 65 at.% Cr; (Nb): ~12 at.% Pt and ~17 at.% Cr; ~NbPt2: ~20 at.% Cr; ~NbCr2: ~18 at.% Pt; ~Cr3Pt: ~10 at.% Nb; ~βNbPt3: ~4 at.% Cr and ~Nb1-XPt1+X: ~13 at.% Cr. Five ternary phases were identified: τ1:~Nb17:Cr64:Pt19; τ2:~Nb28:Cr55:Pt17; τ3:~Nb30:Cr30:Pt40; τ4:~Nb45:Cr27:Pt28 and τ5:~Nb40:Cr18:Pt42. The liquidus surface was derived using the binary phase diagrams, identified primary phases, solidification sequences and the solidification projection, together with the eutectic compositions. Nineteen ternary invariant reactions were identified. Hardness measurements were made on all samples, and also toughness and fracture toughness were deduced. Alloys with (Pt) and ~NbPt2 were ductile with reasonable hardness. Alloys containing (Cr), (Nb), ~Cr3Pt, ~NbCr2, ~Nb3Pt and ~Nb2Pt were extremely brittle with cracks, whereas alloys containing ~βNbPt3 and ~Nb1-XPt1+X phases were slightly brittle.

A primeira parte desta dissertação consiste em uma exposição de alguns aspectos do fenômeno de difração de raios X por cristais, de vários tipos estruturais de zeólitas e de uma introdução ao Método de Rietveld (MR)para refinamento de estrutura utilizando amostras policristalinas. Apresenta-se a seguir o resultado da aplicação do MR a uma amostra conhecida: a alumina Al2O3-&#945 (Corindo). No teste foram refinados o fator de escala, o ponto zero (2θ0), os parâmetros de rede, os parâmetros atômicos posicionais e vibracionais e os parâmetros de perfil usando-se a função pseudo-Voigt. Passa-se então à aplicação do MR ao refinamento da estrutura de uma zeólita Y sinética e de três amostras da mesma zeólita após terem sido tratadas sob ação de vapor d´água e calor com (NH4) 2SO4 e com H2SO4 / The first parto f this dissertation is presented some aspects of X-ray diffraction by crystals, different kind of zeolites and an introduction to the Rietveld Method (RM) of structure refinement by polycrystalline samples. The refinement of &#945- Al2O3 (Corindon) is then presented as a test for the use of RM. In this test the scale factor, the zero point (2θ0), the lattice parameters, the positional, vibrational atomic parameters and the profile parameters were refined using the pseudo-Voigt profile function. Next the RM is used for the structure refinement of a synthetic Y-zeolite and of three samples of the same zeolite after treatment with water vapour, heat, (NH4)2SO4 and H2SO4

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar a evolução da microestrutura e da textura cristalográfica de três alumínios de pureza comercial com diferentes níveis de pureza, AA1100 (99,00%), AA1050 (99,50%) e AA1070 (99,70%), e do alumínio super puro, AA1199 (99,995%). A obtenção das placas de alumínio de pureza comercial foi feita pelo processo Direct Chill (DC) seguido de homogeneização e laminação a quente até a espessura final de 10 mm e o alumínio super puro foi produzido em laboratório e encontrava-se na forma de blocos fundidos. Foram utilizadas várias técnicas de análise microestrutural: microscopia óptica convencional, microscopia óptica com luz polarizada, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, medidas de condutividade elétrica e dureza Vickers. Já a evolução da textura do material foi analisada pela técnica de difração de raios X, nos alumínios de pureza comercial e pela técnica de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD), no alumínio super puro. No estado como recebido e recozido a 400 ºC por 1 e 24 horas foi possível observar que nos alumínios de pureza comercial produzidos pelo processo DC não há variações na composição química ao longo da espessura. Os precipitados nos alumínios AA1100 e AA1070, no estado como recebido estavam distribuídos na direção de laminação, porém com vários locais de aglomeração dos mesmos, e no alumínio AA1050 os mesmos estavam finamente dispersos na direção de laminação. Após recozimento a 400 ºC por 1 e 24 horas as mesmas características foram mantidas, porém ocorreu um aumento na fração volumétrica do estado como recebido para os recozidos a 400 ºC, ou seja, ocorreu precipitação durante o recozimento. Quanto a análise da textura dos alumínios de pureza comercial, na superfície encontrou-se a textura de cisalhamento, devido ao esforço mecânico entre o cilindro de laminação e as amostras, tanto no estado como recebido como após os recozimentos. A ¼ da espessura e no centro do material após recozimentos ainda observou-se a textura de cisalhamento, mas também as texturas tipo cubo, cubo rodado e latão. No centro do material permaneceram a textura tipo cubo e latão. Já o alumínio AA1199 possui uma estrutura grosseira (grãos oligocristalinos), sem a ocorrência de precipitados e não foi possível obter resultados nas análises de textura, devido ao tamanho de grão grande. Após a laminação a frio com aproximadamente 70% de redução em espessura, seguido de tratamentos isócronos no tempo de 1 hora e nas temperaturas de 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 e 500 ºC, o alumínio AA1199 apresentou uma menor temperatura para completa recristalização, em torno de 280 ºC, seguido do alumínio AA1050 (375 ºC) e dos alumínios AA1100 e AA1070 (ambos, 400 ºC). Como as composições químicas das soluções sólidas matrizes são praticamente idênticas, a variação na temperatura de recristalização deve ser atribuída aos precipitados presentes no alumínio que quando finamente dispersos na matriz impedem o movimento dos subcontornos, retardando o início da recristalização. O alumínio AA1199 possui uma temperatura para completa recristalização, menor, em relação aos outros alumínios, uma vez que não possui precipitados em sua microestrutura. Quanto a textura, na superfície e a ¼ da espessura, os alumínios de pureza comercial laminados a frio sem tratamento térmico, permaneceram com a textura de cisalhamento encontrada na superfície no estado como recebido com o surgimento da textura S. Após o tratamento térmico a 250 ºC por 1 hora apareceu a textura Goss e a 350 ºC por 1 hora a textura tipo cubo, cubo rodado e cubo ND, lembrando que em ambos os casos a textura de cisalhamento e S permaneceram. Com o auxílio da utilização da técnica de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) encontrou-se no alumínio AA1199, a textura tipo cubo, tanto laminado a frio sem tratamento térmico quanto após os tratamentos. Após a laminação a frio com aproximadamente 80% de redução em espessura, seguida de tratamentos isotérmicos, nas temperaturas de 150, 250 e 350 ºC e nos tempos de ½, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas, os alumínios de pureza comercial apresentaram uma temperatura para completa recristalização em torno de 350 ºC e por meio da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se arranjos celulares de discordâncias, mas não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre esses arranjos apresentados pelos três alumínios. Diferenças certamente existem, mas para serem caracterizadas é necessário um estudo detalhado com microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A presença de partículas de compostos intermetálicos foi observada em todas as amostras analisadas, essas partículas são resultado da baixa solubilidade do ferro e do silício no alumínio e se formaram durante as diversas etapas do processamento dos materiais. / The present work had as main objective to study the evolution of the microstructure and crystallographic texture of three commercial purity aluminums with different levels of purity, AA1100 (99.00%), AA1050 (99.50%) and AA1070 (99.70%), and of the super pure aluminum, AA1199 (99.995%). The plates of commercial purity aluminum were obtained through direct chill (DC) process followed by homogenization and hot rolling until the final thickness of 10 mm. The super pure aluminum was produced in laboratory and was in the ascast condition. Several techniques of microstructural analysis were used: conventional optical microscopy, optical microscopy using polarized light, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, measurements of electrical conductivity and Vickers hardness. The evolution of the texture of the commercial purity aluminum was analyzed by Xray diffraction and the super pure aluminum was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction. Variations in the chemical composition along thickness in the commercial purity aluminum produced by the DC process in the as-received condition and after annealing at 400 ºC for 1 and 24 hours were possible to observe. The precipitates in the aluminum AA1100 and AA1070, in the as-received condition were distributed in the rolling direction, including several sites of clusters of the same precipitates. In the aluminum AA1050 the precipitates were finely dispersed in the rolling direction. After annealing at 400 ºC for 1 and 24 hours the precipitate characteristics were maintained, and there was an increase in the volumetric fraction of the as-received condition in comparison to samples annealed at 400 ºC, showing that precipitation occurred during annealing. The shear texture was observed in the commercial purity aluminums, either in the as-received condition or after annealing, and this effect was due to the mechanical effort between the rolling mill and the samples. At ¼ of the thickness and in the center of the material after annealing the shear texture was still observed, and also the type cube, rotated cube and brass textures. The center of the material continues showing the type cube and brass textures. On the other hand, the aluminum AA1199 has a coarse structure (oligocrystalline grains), without the occurrence of precipitates, and texture results were not obtained due to the fact the grains are much coarser, due to the size of big grain. After cold rolling with approximately 70% of reduction in thickness, followed by isochronous treatments for 1 hour at temperatures of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 ºC, the aluminum AA1199 presented a smaller temperature for complete recrystallization, around 280 ºC, followed by the aluminum AA1050 (375 ºC) and of the aluminum AA1100 and AA1070 (both, 400 ºC). As the chemical compositions of the solid solutions matrixes are almost identical, the variation in the recrystallization temperature should be attributed to the presence of precipitates in the aluminum, and when finely dispersed in the matrix they impede the movement of the sub-boundary, delaying the beginning of the recrystallization. In comparison to the other aluminums, the aluminum AA1199 has a smaller temperature for complete recrystallization, since there are not precipitates in its microstructure. Observing the texture, in the surface and the ¼ of the thickness, the commercial purity aluminums, after cold rolling and without heat treatment, showed the shear texture found in the surface in the as-received condition with the appearance of the S texture. After heat treatment at 250 ºC for 1 hour the Goss texture appeared and at 350 ºC for 1 hour the type cube, rotated cube and cube ND textures; notice that in both cases the shear and S texture were still present. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (microanalysis) showed in the aluminum AA1199, the texture type cube, so cold rolled without heat treatment as after the treatments. After cold rolling with approximately 80% of reduction in thickness, followed by isothermal treatments, at temperatures of 150, 250 and 350 ºC and times of ½, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, the commercial purity aluminum presented a temperature for complete recrystallization around 350 ºC. Transmission electron microscopy technique showed dislocations cellular arrangements, but significant differences were not detected among those arrangements presented by the three aluminums. Differences certainly exist, but for their characterization detailed study with transmission electron microscopy is necessary. The presence of particles of intermetallic compounds were observed in all analyzed samples, those particles resulted of the low solubility of iron and silicon in the aluminum and were formed during the several stages of the processing of the materials.

A principal motivação para o desenvolvimento do presente projeto de doutorado foi comparar as microestruturas e texturas resultantes da liga de alumínio 3003 obtida por lingotamento contínuo e semicontínuo. O processo “roll caster" (lingotamento contínuo em cilindros) tem sido crescentemente utilizado na indústria de laminação de alumínio. Produtos que antes sofriam altos graus de deformação durante seu processamento são hoje obtidos nas dimensões próximas da espessura final. Com o intuito de entender este processo relativamente novo, as microestruturas e as texturas (macrotextura e microtextura), ao longo da espessura, das chapas produzidas por lingotamento contínuo e por lingotamento semicontínuo (placas fundidas com 250 mm de espessura, seguido de homogeneização e laminação a quente) foram analisadas. Foi possível constatar que os materiais provenientes dos dois processos diferem bastante e que ao longo da espessura também há grandes diferenças. Foi possível observar que durante o processamento “roll caster" há considerável deformação plástica, com a formação de células de discordâncias e subgrãos. Foi possível observar, também, que a microestrutura, a morfologia e o tamanho de grão, da amostra “caster" bruta de fundição são mais homogêneos que na amostra laminada a quente. As duas chapas, a laminada a quente e a obtida por lingotamento contínuo, exibem forte gradiente de textura ao longo da espessura. A textura predominante nos dois processos, ao longo da espessura, é a do tipo latão {011}. A evolução da textura do material proveniente do processo “roll caster" também foi caracterizada após laminação e posterior recristalização, revelando a presença de componentes típicas de laminação e de recristalização de alumínio. Após laminação a frio com redução de 91% e posterior tratamento térmico de 400°C por 1 h, a chapa proveniente do processo “caster" apresentou uma textura de recristalização caracterizada pela presença da componente cubo (recristalização) somada à parcela de textura de deformação. No caso do alumínio e suas ligas, sabe-se que esta textura proporciona os melhores resultados para minimizar o efeito de orelhamento durante a estampagem. Outro ponto relevante do trabalho foi o aperfeiçoamento da técnica de extração de precipitados para a liga 3003, uma vez que, a extração de precipitados em ligas de alumínio é especialmente problemática, pois a maioria das partículas presentes dissolve-se até mais facilmente que a matriz de alumínio. Algumas técnicas foram testadas: 1. dissolução química em solução de iodo em metanol; 2. dissolução eletrolítica em solução de ácido benzóico e hidroxiquinolina em clorofórmio e metanol; 3. dissolução eletrolítica em solução de ácido perclórico, butil glicol, álcool etílico e água; 4. dissolução química em solução de fenol. A técnica que apresentou melhores resultados foi a dissolução química com fenol, onde foi possível separar os precipitados da matriz alumínio. Com o auxílio desta técnica foi possível analisar as transformações de fase do composto intermetálico Al6Mn durante tratamentos térmicos. Obtiveram-se dados da completa transformação da fase Al6Mn em alfa-AlMnSi, também conhecida na literatura como, transformação "six to alfa". A precipitação e os precipitados desempenham um papel importante na cinética de recristalização e no tamanho de grão final. Para se entender este comportamento, comparou-se uma chapa que sofreu tratamento térmico antes da laminação com outra chapa que foi laminada no estado bruto de fundição. Os resultados revelaram que a recristalização foi retardada na amostra, inicialmente, bruta de fundição. A precipitação ocorreu simultaneamente com a recristalização, com isso, os dispersóides precipitaram preferencialmente na microestrutura deformada, em subcontornos ou nas discordâncias isoladas, levando a um considerável atraso no rearranjo das discordâncias e na nucleação da recristalização. / The main reason for the development of this PhD Thesis was to compare the microstructures and textures of the 3003 aluminum alloy produced from continuous and semi-continuous casting processes. The roll caster process (continuous casting) has been increasingly used in the aluminum industry. Products usually obtained by means of heavy rolling operations in the past are nowadays obtained with dimensions close to the final ones using the roll caster technology. To understand this new process, microstructures and textures (macrotexture and microtexture) along the thickness of the sheet produced by continuos casting and semi-continuous casting (plates with 250 mm thickness, followed by homogenization and hot rolling) have been investigated. It was possible to verify that materials coming from these two processes did differ each other a lot mainly across the thickness. During roll casting the plastic deformation was large enough to promote the formation of dislocation cells and subgrains. It was also possible to notice that the microstructure, morphology, and grain size from as-cast sample are more homogenous than the ones found in hot rolled samples. Both the sheets obtained by hot rolling and continuous casting have shown a strong texture gradient across the thickness. The predominant texture in both processes is the Brass component {011} . The texture evolution from sheets obtained by roll casting was also determined after rolling and subsequent recrystallization. It shows the presence of typical components of rolling and recrystallization of aluminum. After 91% cold rolling and subsequent recrystallization at 400°C for 1 h, the cube component (recrystallization texture) and the deformation texture were observed. It is well known that this texture minimizes earing effects during deep drawing of aluminum products. Another relevant point in this work was the development of the technique for the extraction of precipitates for the aluminum 3003 alloy. The extraction of precipitates extraction is particularly problematic in aluminum because most of the particles tend to dissolve more readily than the aluminum matrix. Some of the techniques performed are the following: 1. chemical dissolution with iodine in methanol solution; 2. electrolytic dissolution with benzoic acid and hydroxyquinoline in chloroform and methanol; 3. electrolytic dissolution with perchloric acid, butyl-glycol and ethanol; 4. chemical dissolution with phenol solution. Chemical dissolution with the phenol solution was the technique that provided the best results. It was possible to separate precipitates from the aluminum matrix. With this extraction technique it was possible to analyze phase transformations of the intermetallic compound Al6Mn during heat treating of this alloy. The phase transformation of the Al6Mn compound into alfa-AlMnSi, also known as 6-to-alfa transformation, could be followed in detail by means of this technique. Precipitation plays an important role in the recrystallization kinetics and final grain size. Therefore, to understand this behavior, the roll cast aluminum alloy was cold rolled from two distinct starting conditions: as-cast and heat-treated (homogeneized) conditions. It was shown that recrystallization was delayed in the sheet rolled from the as-cast condition. Precipitation has occurred simultaneously with recrystallization, in such a manner that dispersoids did precipitate in the deformed microstructure, preferentially, at subgrain boundaries or at free dislocations. As a result, the rearrangement of the dislocations and further recrystallization nucleation has been significantly retarded.

Thesis advisor: Daniel A. Kirschner / The myelin sheath of the central nervous system contains a network of interlamellar tight junctions known as the radial component. Ablation of claudin-11, a tight junction protein, results in the absence of the radial component and compromises the passive electrical properties of the myelin sheath. Although tight junctions are known to regulate paracellular diffusion, this barrier function has not been directly demonstrated for the radial component, and some evidence suggests that the radial component may also, or instead, mediate adhesion between myelin membranes. To investigate the physical properties of claudin-11 tight junctions, we first compared fresh, unfixed Claudin 11-null and control nerves using X-ray diffraction. In Claudin 11-null tissue, we detected no changes in myelin structure, stability, or membrane interactions, which argues against the notion that myelin tight junctions exhibit significant adhesive properties. To examine myelin permeability in the absence of the radial component, we measured the kinetics of osmotic compaction and recovery in knockout and control myelin. We found that myelin lacking claudin-11 responded more rapidly to osmotic stress, indicating an increase in permeability to water and small osmolytes. To further test this hypothesis, we explored the possibility of measuring the diffusion of water through myelin using neutron diffraction, a technique that had been pioneered in myelin decades ago but was largely unused because of previous limitations in neutron technology. After establishing that present-day neutron instruments were capable of measuring diffusion in myelin, we applied this technique to samples from mice lacking claudin-11. Consistent with our X-ray diffraction studies, we found that H2O-D2O exchange was more rapid in Claudin 11-null mice compared to controls. Thus, our data indicate that the radial component serves primarily as a diffusion barrier and elucidate the mechanism by which tight junctions govern myelin function. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Thesis advisor: Daniel Kirschner / Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the United States. The neurodegenerative condition of this disease correlates with the formation in the brain of plaques consisting of insoluble protein aggregates, termed amyloid. The aggregates are caused by the misfolding of amyloid β, a 40—42 amino acid polypeptide that is naturally occurring in all humans. One approach to preventing the amyloid cytotoxicity is to prevent the formation of plaques altogether. Many types of inhibitors have been tested for their therapeutic value, including substituted peptide strands. In this study, the inhibitory potential of two such peptides was tested: methylated peptides and nitrile-substituted peptides. Aβ(16-22) was used for its fiber-forming properties, and x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess the extent of fibrillogenesis. The methylated peptide effectively inhibited fiber formation as previously recorded, and the cyanophenylalanine derivatives did not form fibers. The latter experiment provided insight on the structural and folding properties of Aβ more than its possible inhibitory potential. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Esta dissertação consiste de duas partes: Parte I: Descrição teórica suscinta dos fundamentos da cristalografia de raios-X. Parte II: Resolução de quatro estruturas cristalinas, três complexos de rutênio (capítulos V, VI, VII) e um ligante comumente encontrado em complexos de rutênio, o C28H28O2P2. As estruturas resolvidas foram: 1) C28H28O2P2, Mr= 458.48, triclínico, PI a= 5.826(1), b= 8.862(1), c= 12.517(2)&#197, &#945= 100.29(1), &#946= 102.67(1), &#933= 104.22(1)&#176, V= 592.5(3)&#1973, Z=1, Dx=1.285g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 2.00cm-1, F(000)=242, T=296K, Rint=0.01, R=0.031, Rw=0.030 para 1390 reflexões independentes observadas [I&#62 3 &#959 (I)]. Os átomos P estão a 0.126(1)&#197 do plano formado pelo grupo (CH2)4-. Os anéis fenil são planares dentro da margem de erro experimental. Os átomos P têm uma configuração tetraédrica distorcida. 2) PyH[RuCl4(CO)Py], Mr=430.11, monoclínico, P21/n, a= 7.821(1), b= 10.337(3), c= 19.763(3)&#197, &#946=93.07(1)&#176, V= 1595.5(5)&#1973, Z=4, Dx=1.791g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 14.86cm-1, F(000)=843.9, T=296K, Rint=0.03, R=0.062, Rw=0.063 para 1478 reflexões independentes observadas [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. A estrutura é composta essencialmente por dois planos perpendiculares entre si; um formado pelos quatro átomos de cloro (com ângulo de aproximadamente 90&#176 entre si), o outro pelos grupos Py e carbonila e o átomo de Ru na intersecção destes. O complexo tem carga líquida negativa, sendo necessário a presença do grupo PyH (com carga líquida positiva), para a estabilização do cristal. 3) PyH(RuCl4Py2), Mr= 481.20, monoclínico, P21/n, a= 8.080(7), b= 22.503(7), c= 10.125(6)&#197, &#946= 93.19(6)&#176, V= 1838(2)&#1973, Z=4, Dx= 1.739g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 13.06cm-1, F(000)=959.9, T=296K, Rint=0.03, R=0.038, Rw=0.039 para 1553 reflexões independentes observadas [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. Esta estrutura é bastante similar com a 2) descrita acima, ou seja, é composta essencialmente por dois planos perpendiculares entre si; um formado pelos quatro átomos de cloro (com ângulo de aproximadamente 90&#176 entre si), o outro pelos dois grupos Py e o átomo de Ru na intersecção destes. Pelo mesmo argumento usado acima, há um grupo PyH (com carga líquida positiva) no cristal. 4) [RuCl2(MeIm)2(CH3OH)(CO)], Mr= 396.24, triclínico, PI, a= 8.609(3), b= 8.060(3), c= 10.581(4)&#197, &#945= 77.78(3), &#946= 88.43(3), &#933= 66.88(3)&#176, V= 740.4(5)&#1973, Z=2, Dx= 1.777g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 12.80cm-1, F(000)=386, T=296K, Rint=0.004, R=0.025, Rw=0.027 para 2489 reflexões independentes observadas [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. As distâncias e ângulos médios das ligações dos quatro complexos aqui descritos são comparados entre si e com mais quatro complexos no capítulo VII. / This work consists of two parts: Part I: A brief theoretical description of the basic principles of X-ray crystallography. Part II: Resolution of the four crystal structures; three ruthenium compounds (chapter V, VI, VII) and a ligand commonly found in ruthenium complexes, C28H28O2P2. The structures resolved were: 1) C28H28O2P2, Mr= 458.48, triclinic, PI a= 5.826(1), b= 8.862(1), c= 12.517(2)&#197, &#945= 100.29(1), &#946= 102.67(1), &#933= 104.22(1)&#176, V= 592.5(3)&#1973, Z=1, Dx=1.285g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 2.00cm-1, F(000)=242, T=296K, final R=0.031 for 1390 independent observed reflections. The P atoms 0.126(1)&#197 away from plane formed by (CH2)4-. Both phenyl rings are planar to within experimental accuracy. The P atom has a distorced tetrahedral configuration. 2) PyH[RuCl4(CO)Py], Mr=430.11, monoclinic, P21/n, a= 7.821(1), b= 10.337(3), c= 19.763(3)&#197, &#946=93.07(1)&#176, V= 1595.5(5)&#1973, Z=4, Dx=1.791g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 14.86cm-1, F(000)=843.9, T=296K, Rint=0.03, final R=0.062, Rw=0.063 for 1478 independent observed reflections [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. The structure is essentially composed of two perpendicular planes; one consisting of four chlorine atoms (in a square-planar arrangement), and a second plane composed of Py and carbonyl groups, with the ruthenium atom at intersection of them. The molecules have a net negative charge and the presence of the PyH group (with net positive charge), is necessary for crystal stabilization. 3) PyH(RuCl4Py2), Mr= 481.20, monoclinic, P21/n, a= 8.080(7), b= 22.503(7), c= 10.125(6)&#197, &#946= 93.19(6)&#176, V= 1838(2)&#1973, Z=4, Dx= 1.739g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 13.06cm-1, F(000)=959.9, T=296K, Rint=0.03, final R=0.038, Rw=0.039 for 1553 independent observed reflections [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. This structures is very similar to that described in 2) above, being essentially composed of two perpendicular planes; one composed of four chlorine atoms (in a square-planar arrangement), and the other composed of two Py groups, with the ruthenium atom at the intersection of them. For the reason given above, there is one PyH group (with positive liquid charge) in the crystal. 4) [RuCl2(MeIm)2(CH3OH)(CO)], Mr= 396.24, triclinic, PI, a= 8.609(3), b= 8.060(3), c= 10.581(4)&#197, &#945= 77.78(3), &#946= 88.43(3), &#933= 66.88(3)&#176, V= 740.4(5)&#1973, Z=2, Dx= 1.777g.cm-3, &#955(M&#959K&#945)=0,71073&#197, &#956= 12.80cm-1, F(000)=386, T=296K, Rint=0.004, final R=0.025, Rw=0.027 for 2489 independent observed reflections [I&#62 3&#959 (I)]. In chapter VII, the average inter-atomic distances and angles for the four compounds are compare one with another and with four previously determinate structures.