京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19913号 / 理博第4213号 / 新制||理||1605(附属図書館) / 32999 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 前野 悦輝, 教授 石田 憲二, 教授 川上 則雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Both LiCoO2 and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 layered cathode materials are investigated in our studies. P3 phase of CoO2, the end member of the LixCoO2, is found in both chemically and electrochemically delithiated materials. Delithiated LixCoO2 specimens decompose into fine Co3O4 and LiCoO2 particles starting at around 200 °C. This decomposing reaction is proved by in-situ X-ray diffraction and in-situ transmission electron microscopy investigations. The structures of pristine and cycled LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 are investigated by electron diffraction. Single and polycrystalline crystals are found in this material. The partial substitution of Co by Ni and Mn in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 opens up the possibility of different cation configurations in the crystal lattice. Both 3Rm symmetry and superlattices are identified in this material. The number of particles with superlattices in pristine material (40%) is much bigger than cycled material at discharge state (10%).

<p>Understanding lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanisms in battery electrode materials is of crucial importance in developing new materials with better cycling performance. In this thesis, these mechanisms are probed for two different potential cathode materials by a combination of electrochemical and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The materials investigated are V₆O₁₃and cubic LiMn₂O₄spinel.</p><p>Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of lithiated phases in the Li_xV₆O₁₃ system (x=2/3 and 1) exhibit superlattice phenomena and an underlying Li⁺ ion insertion mechanism which involves the stepwise addition of Li⁺ions into a two-dimensional array of chemically equivalent sites. Each successive stage in the insertion process is accompanied by a rearrangement of the Li⁺ ions together with an electron redistribution associated with the reduction of specific V-atoms in the structure. This results in the formation of electrochemically active sheets in the structure. A similar mechanism occurs in the LiMn₂O₄ delithiation process, whereby lithium is extracted in a layered arrangement, with the Mn atoms forming charge-ordered Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ layers.</p><p>Lithium-ion insertion/extraction processes in transition-metal oxides would thus seem to occur through an ordered two-dimensional arrangement of lithium ions extending throughout the structure. The lithium ions and the host structure rearrange cooperatively to form superlattices through lithium and transition-metal ion charge-ordering. A picture begins to emerge of a universal two-dimensional lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism analogous to the familiar staging sequence in graphite.</p>

Understanding lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanisms in battery electrode materials is of crucial importance in developing new materials with better cycling performance. In this thesis, these mechanisms are probed for two different potential cathode materials by a combination of electrochemical and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The materials investigated are V6O13 and cubic LiMn2O4 spinel. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of lithiated phases in the LixV6O13 system (x=2/3 and 1) exhibit superlattice phenomena and an underlying Li+ ion insertion mechanism which involves the stepwise addition of Li+ ions into a two-dimensional array of chemically equivalent sites. Each successive stage in the insertion process is accompanied by a rearrangement of the Li+ ions together with an electron redistribution associated with the reduction of specific V-atoms in the structure. This results in the formation of electrochemically active sheets in the structure. A similar mechanism occurs in the LiMn2O4 delithiation process, whereby lithium is extracted in a layered arrangement, with the Mn atoms forming charge-ordered Mn3+/Mn4+ layers. Lithium-ion insertion/extraction processes in transition-metal oxides would thus seem to occur through an ordered two-dimensional arrangement of lithium ions extending throughout the structure. The lithium ions and the host structure rearrange cooperatively to form superlattices through lithium and transition-metal ion charge-ordering. A picture begins to emerge of a universal two-dimensional lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism analogous to the familiar staging sequence in graphite.

Ces travaux ont permis d'approfondir les mécanismes de (dé)lithiation et de vieillissement dans des électrodes à base de silicium et de LiFePO4 pour accumulateurs Li-ion à partir d'observations multi-échelles. Des cartographies de phases, autant à l'échelle de la particule qu'à l'échelle de l'électrode, ont été menées par microscopie électronique mettant en évidence de fortes hétérogénéités. Pour le silicium, la mise en place de cartographie unique par STEM/EELS, s'appuyant sur une base de données des pertes faibles d'alliages sensibles à l'air et au faisceau d'électrons, a permis de comprendre les mécanismes de lithiation à l'échelle du nanomètre. L'étude de la première lithiation a montré des différences de mécanismes de réaction avec le lithium suivant deux facteurs : la taille des particules et les défauts au sein de celles-ci. Il a été observé une composition d'alliage LixSi plus faible pour les nanoparticules que pour les microparticules. Les défauts dus notamment au broyage constituent des sites préférentiels de lithiation. En vieillissement, les nanoparticules subissent de profonds changements structuraux et morphologiques, passant d'un état sphérique cristallin (50 nm) à un réseau de fils amorphe (5-10 nm d'épaisseur) contenu dans une matrice de SEI. Pour le LiFePO4, il a été clairement montré, par la combinaison de plusieurs techniques de microscopies électroniques (diffraction des électrons en précession, EFSD : Electron Forward Scattering Diffraction, EFTEM), que les particules de taille nanométrique (100-200 nm) étaient soit entièrement lithiées soit entièrement délithiées à l'équilibre thermodynamique. De fortes hétérogénéités ont été observées dans les électrodes fines comme dans les électrodes épaisses. A l'échelle des particules, l'analyse statistique de plus de 64000 particules a montré que les plus petites particules se délithient en premier. A l'échelle de l'agglomérat, les cartographies de phases ont révélé un mécanisme « cœur-coquille » : la réaction débute de la surface vers le centre des agglomérats. A l'échelle de l'électrode, le front de propagation de phase se déplace suivant des chemins préférentiels de plus grandes porosités de la surface de l'électrode vers le collecteur de courant. La conductivité ionique au sein de nos électrodes est le facteur limitant. / This work aimed at better understanding the (de)lithiation and aging mechanisms in LiFePO4 and silicon-based electrodes for Li-ion batteries from multiscale investigations. Phase mapping was performed by electron microscopy at the particle scale and at the electrode scale. This highlights some strong heterogeneities. The silicon study has shown some different lithium reaction mechanisms following two effects: particle size and crystalline defects. A smaller lithium amount in LixSi alloy was highlighted for the nanoparticles rather than for the microparticles. The defects mainly due to milling are preferential sites for the lithiation. In aging, the nanoparticles have undergone structural and morphological changes. The pristine crystalline spherical shape (50 nm) was transformed into an amorphous wire network (5-10 nm of thickness) contained in a SEI matrix. Thanks to a combination of electron microscopy techniques (precession electron diffraction, Electron Forward Scattering Diffraction, EFTEM), it was clearly shown that the LiFePO4 particles (100-200 nm) are either fully lithiated or fully delithiated at the thermodynamic equilibrium. Strong heterogeneities were observed in the thin and thick electrodes. At the nanoscale, the statistical analysis of 64000 particles unambiguously shows that the small particles delithiate in first. At the mesoscale, the phase maps reveal a core-shell mechanism at the scale of the agglomerates, from the surface to the center of these agglomerates. At the electrode scale, the phase front would move following preferential paths into the higher porosity from the surface in contact with electrolyte toward the current collector. The electrode ionic conductivity is the limiting parameter.

<p>Recycling valuable cathode material from end-of-life (EOL) Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential to preserve raw material depletion and environmental sustainability. Direct recycling reclaims the cathode material without jeopardizing its original functional structures and maximizing return values from spent LIBs compared to other regeneration processes. This work employed two chemically delithiated lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathodes at different states of health (SOH), which are analogous to the spent cathodes but free of any impurities, to investigate the effectiveness of cathode regeneration. The material and electrochemical properties of both delithiated SOHs were systematically examined and compared to pristine LCO cathode. Further, those model materials were regenerated by a hydrothermal-based approach. The direct cathode regeneration of both low and high SOH cathode samples restored their reversible capacity and cycle performance comparable to pristine LCO cathode. However, the inferior performance observed in higher current density (2C) rate was not comparable to pristine LCO. In addition, the higher resistance of regenerated cathodes is attributed to lower high-rate performance, which was pointed out as the key challenge of the cathode recycling process. This study provides valuable knowledge about the effectiveness of cathode regeneration by investigating how the disordered, lithium-deficient cathode at different SOH from spent EOL batteries are rejuvenated without changing any material and electrochemical functional properties.</p>