Incident ions, from a Van de Graaff accelerator, in the MeV energy range, deposit their energy into the near surface of a sample. This, in turn, causes atomic, molecular, cluster and fragment ion species to be desorbed and ionized, while simultaneously emitting characteristic elemental X-rays. The multielemental X-rays provide qualitative elemental information, which may be deconvoluted and fit to a theoretical X-ray spectrum, generated by a quantitative analysis program, GUPIX, while the atomic, molecular, cluster, and fragment ion species are identified using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This methodology directly links elemental determinations with chemical speciation.The development of this particle desorption ionization particle induced X-ray emission mass spectrometer, the PDI-PIXE-MS (or PIXE-MS) instrument, which has the ability to collect both qualitative multielemental X-rays and mass spectral data is described. This multiplexed instrument has been designed to use millimeter-sized MeV particle beams as a desorption ionization (PDI) and X-ray emission (PIXE) source. Two general methods have been employed, one simultaneous and the other sequential. Both methods make use of a novel X-ray/ion source developed for use with the quadrupole mass spectrometer used in these experiments. The first method uses a MeV heavy ion particle beam, typically oxygen, to desorb and ionize the sample, while simultaneously producing characteristic multielemental X-rays. The resulting molecular, cluster, and fragment ions are collected by the mass spectrometer, and the X-rays are collected using a Si-PIN photodiode detector in conjunction with a multichannel analyzer (MCA). Heavy ions of N+, O+, O+2, Ar+, and Kr+ have been investigated, although heavy ion X-ray and mass spectra have focused on the use of oxygen particle beams. The second method is performed by first collecting the X-ray data with a MeV ion beam of He+ ions, then desorbing and ionizing the sample species with a MeV particle beam of heavy ions, producing good ion yields, for mass spectral data collection. The potential development of a scanning microprobe instrument, that would provide micron-scale, imaged, multielemental, and molecular and fragment ion chemical information is being investigated through the development of this prototype PIXE-MS instrument.

Kontext: Die Sonnenkorona wird seit 1932 mit Koronographen beobachtet. Nur wenige Jahre später war klar, dass die Korona viel heißer ist als die sichtbare Sonnenoberfläche; seit dem ist der Mechanismus der koronalen Heizung ungeklärt. Viele Mechanismen wurden vorgeschlagen, die genügend Energie zur Basis der Korona liefern, es hat sich aber kein vollständig selbstkonsitentes Bild des Energietransports und der koronalen Dissipation etabliert. Ziele: Wir möchten ein selbstkosistentes Modell aufstellen, welches Bewegungen auf der Sonnenoberfläche enthält, welche das Magnetfeld verbiegen und verflechten, wodurch in der Korona Ströme induziert und Ohm’sch dissipiert werden. Die Modellbeschreibung soll durch den Vergleich von synthetischen mit realen Beobachtungen untermauert werden. Methoden: Wir treiben das 3D MHD Model mit beobachteten photosphärischen Magnetfeldern und Horizontalbewegungen an. Durch Wärmeleitung entlang des Feldes sowie Strahlungsverluste wird die koronale Energiebilanz realistisch. Wir synthetisieren Spektren in verschiedenen Emissionslinien mit einer Atom-Datenbank und der berechneten koronalen Plasmatemperatur sowie -dichte. Diese vergleichen wir mit entsprechenden Beobachtungen der Korona über der aktiven Region, mit der wir die Simulation antreiben. Wir vergleichen extrahierte Modell-Feldlinien mit empirischen und theoretischen Skalengesetzen, die die koronale Heizung entlang von Bögen voraussagen. Resultate: Im Modell bilden sich heiße koronale Bögen mit Temperaturen deutlich über 1 MK. Ihre 3D-Struktur entspricht den beobachteten koronalen Bögen; Doppler-Karten lassen auf ähnliche Plasmaströmungen entlang der Bögen schließen. An die Modell-Daten passen wir ein Skalengesetz an, welches von der Bogenlänge und der magnetischen Flussdichte an den Fußpunkten abhängt. Schlussfolgerungen: Aus der substanziellen Übereinstimmung zwischen Modell und Beobachtung schließen wir, dass das Modell eine genügende Beschreibung der Heizung und Wärmeleitung entlang von koronalen Bögen darstellt, um die Beobachtungen zu erklären.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientadores: Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins, Regina Maria Puppin Rontani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_CarlosdaCunha_M.pdf: 1147567 bytes, checksum: ddfbf68f2d9875bfd54560350ef18e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do acúmulo de placa na rugosidade e o da liberação de flúor de materiais restauradores na desmineralização do esmalte ao redor das restaurações. As hipóteses testadas foram que materiais liberadores de flúor promovem menor extensão da desmineralização da estrutura dental adjacente e os materiais com monômeros resinosos possuem menor rugosidade de superfície. Para este estudo in vitro, 40 blocos de esmalte dentais bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, cada qual com 10 fragmentos dentais restaurados com diferentes materiais: cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Vitremer), nanoparticulado (Ketac N100), cimento ionomérico convencional (Ketac Molar), compósito resinoso (Filtek Z250). Os blocos dentais foram submetidos a um modelo de desmineralização bacteriano. Em seguida, os blocos restaurados foram levados ao rugosímetro para avaliação da rugosidade a qual foi comparada com discos dos materiais testados, confeccionados como padrões de rugosidade, então, o teste de microdureza foi realizado para se obter a dureza Knoop da estrutura dentaria adjacente ao material restaurador com indentações nos pontos 50, 100 e 150 ?m de distância, nas profundidades de 10 a 120 ?m, considerando as medidas a partir de 100 ?m com valores similares ao do esmalte hígido e os valores foram convertidos em volume mineral pela fórmula de Featherstone (1983). Em seguida, foi feita a análise do conteúdo mineral da interface esmalte/restauração, após a ação dos ácidos bacterianos pela microanálise de raio-x. Os resultados mostraram que todos os grupos submetidos ao desafio cariogênico tiveram aumento significativo de rugosidade superficial. O grupo dos compósitos resinosos sofreu menor aumento significativo de rugosidade, seguida dos cimentos resinosos modificados por resina, o nanoparticulado e o convencional. Os valores de volume mineral no grupo da Z250 foi significativamente menor que os grupos com cimentos ionoméricos. A microanálise revelou conteúdo de cálcio significativamente maior nos grupos restaurados com cimentos ionoméricos. Isto permitiu concluir que os materiais com conteúdo resinoso possuem melhor polimento superficial e que o esmalte adjacente aos restauradores que liberam flúor sofreu menor desmineralização, além de apresentar maior conteúdo de cálcio / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plaque accumulation on roughness and fluoride release from dental materials on enamel demineralization around restorations. The hypothesis was that fluoride-releasing materials have lower extent of demineralization of adjacent tooth structure. For this in vitro study, 40 bovine dental enamel blocks were randomly divided into four groups, each with 10 dental fragments restored with different materials: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer), nanoionomer (Ketac N100), conventional glass ionomer cement (Ketac Molar), resin composite (Filtek Z250). The dental blocks were subjected to a bacterial demineralization model. Then the restored blocks were taken to rugosimeter for evaluation of the roughness which was compared with discs of the tested materials, prepared as roughness patterns, then the microhardness test was performed to obtain the hardness of tooth structure adjacent to the restorative material with indentations at points 50, 100 and 150 ?m apart, at depths from 10 to 120 ?m, considering the measures from 100 ?m with values similar to sound enamel and the values were converted to mineral volume by the formula Featherstone (1983). Next step was to analyze the mineral content of enamel interface / restore, after the action of bacterial acid by x-ray microanalysis. The results showed that all groups submitted to cariogenic challenge significantly increased surface roughness. The group of composite resins has increased significantly lower roughness, followed by resin-modified resin cements, the nanoionomer and conventional. The values of mineral volume in the group of Z250 was significantly lower than groups with ionomer cements. The microanalysis showed calcium content significantly higher in groups restored with glass ionomer cements. It was concluded that materials with resin content have better polishing surface and the enamel adjacent to fluoride releasing restorative suffered less demineralization, as well as the higher calcium content / Mestrado / Materiais Dentarios / Mestre em Materiais Dentários

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Em conseqüência do aumento da demanda de gás e petróleo no mercado nacional e internacional, as especificações e certificações dos resultados de analises químicas de tubos para gasodutos e oleodutos têm se tornados cada vez mais exigentes. Um contínuo desenvolvimento tem sido realizado para a melhoria de aços microligados da classe API (American Petroleum Institute). As propriedades do aço dependem do controle da composição química e parâmetros de processo durante sua fabricação. Neste trabalho, foi realizada comparação das incertezas de medição entre as técnicas de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por comprimento de onda (WDXRF) e de emissão óptica com fonte de arco voltaico (OES-spark) nas análises de acompanhamento de processo na produção de aços classe API. Usualmente, este tipo de análise requer menos de 40 segundos para completa caracterização química para ajuste nos parâmetros de processo de produção. As principais fontes de influência nas análises químicas foram avaliadas por planejamento de experimentos. Os elementos constituintes e traço como Al, Si, P, S, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Nb, Mo e Sn foram determinados utilizando as metodologias normalizadas pela ASTM E-322, E-415, E-1009 e E-1085. Os materiais de referência certificados 185A e 187A da CMI (Czech Metrology Institute) foram utilizados para avaliação dos métodos. As incertezas das medições de resultados e a validação com relação a repetitividade e reprodutibilidade das medições foram obtidas conforme os testes estatísticos, recomendados pela norma ISO/IEC 17025. A incerteza de medição para cada elemento é discutida para ambas as técnicas. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Mercury is an environmental contaminant that preferentially accumulates in the kidney. It has been previously shown using proton-induced X-ray emission analysis that mercury (HgCl2) accumulated in precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices. In this study, the efficacy of seven chelating agents for the removal of Hg from renal dices has been examined. Rabbits were injected with HgCl2 (10 mg/kg) and 3 h later kidneys were sliced, or renal slices were exposed in vitro to a mildly toxic concentration of HgCl2 (5 x 10-5 M, 4 h). The slices were then treated in vitro with 10 mM concentrations of EDTA, lipoic acid (LA), penicillamine (PA), glutathione (GSH), 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), DMSA, or DMPS. DMPS proved to be the most effective in mobilizing Hg from in vivo or in vitro HgCl2-exposed renal tissue (>85% of control after 3 h incubation). Relative efficacies for the seven agents were DMPS > DMSA, PA > DTT, GSH > LA, EDTA. The use of renal slices appears to be a useful in vitro tool for assessing the efficacy of chelating agents on mobilizing accumulated Hg from renal tissue.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19497号 / 理博第4157号 / 新制||理||1597(附属図書館) / 32533 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 鶴 剛, 教授 谷森 達, 准教授 成木 恵 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

We report the discovery of weak yet hard X-ray emission from the Wolf-Rayet (WR) star WR 142 with the XMM-Newton X-ray telescope. Being of spectral subtype WO2, WR 142 is a massive star in a very advanced evolutionary stage shortly before its explosion as a supernova or gamma-ray burst. This is the first detection of X-ray emission from a WO-type star. We rule out any serendipitous X-ray sources within approximate to 1 '' of WR 142. WR 142 has an X-ray luminosity of L(X) approximate to 7 x 10(30) erg s(-1), which constitutes only less than or similar to 10(-8) of its bolometric luminosity. The hard X-ray spectrum suggests a plasma temperature of about 100 MK. Commonly, X-ray emission from stellar winds is attributed to embedded shocks due to the intrinsic instability of the radiation driving. From qualitative considerations we conclude that this mechanism cannot account for the hardness of the observed radiation. There are no hints for a binary companion. Therefore the only remaining, albeit speculative explanation must refer to magnetic activity. Possibly related, WR 142 seems to rotate extremely fast, as indicated by the unusually round profiles of its optical emission lines. Our detection implies that the wind of WR 142 must be relatively transparent to X-rays, which can be due to strong wind ionization, wind clumping, or nonspherical geometry from rapid rotation.

It is now well established that stellar winds of hot stars are fragmentary and that the X-ray emission from stellar winds has a strong contribution from shocks in winds. Chandra high spectral resolution observations of line profiles of O and B stars have shown numerous properties that had not been expected. Here we suggest explanations by considering the X-rays as arising from bow shocks that occur where the stellar wind impacts on spherical clumps in the winds. We use an accurate and stable numerical hydrodynamic code to obtain steady state physical conditions for the temperature and density structure in a bow shock. We use these solutions plus analytic approximations to interpret some major X-ray features: the simple power-law distribution of the observed emission measure derived from many hot star X-ray spectra and the wide range of ionization stages that appear to be present in X-ray sources throughout the winds. Also associated with the adiabatic cooling of the gas around a clump is a significant transverse velocity for the hot plasma flow around the clumps, and this can help to understand anomalies associated with observed line widths, and the differences in widths seen in stars with high and low mass-loss rates. The differences between bow shocks and the planar shocks that are often used for hot stars are discussed. We introduce an ‘‘on the shock’’ approximation that is useful for interpreting the X-rays and the consequences of clumps in hot star winds and elsewhere in astronomy.

No description available.