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Crystallographic studies on redox enzymes containing the thioredoxin fold /Ren, Bin, January 1900 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 1999. / Härtill 4 uppsatser, 1 appendix.
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Νέα υλικά ανόδου κελιών καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (sofc) - παρασκευή, χαρακτηρισμός και έλεγχος ιδιοτήτων / New anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (sofc) - preparation, characterization and study of propertiesΜαντζούρης, Ξενοφών 07 April 2008 (has links)
Στα πλαίσια της αναζήτησης νέων μεθόδων παραγωγής ενέργειας υψηλής απόδοσης και φιλικής προς το περιβάλλον, ένα μεγάλο μέρος των ερευνητικών δραστηριοτήτων σε διεθνή κλίμακα έχει στραφεί στην ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας των κελιών καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη, SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells). Ένα από τα μειονεκτήματα που εμφανίζονται κατά την μακρόχρονη λειτουργία ενός ‘state of the art’ κελιού καυσίμου αποτελούμενο από Ni/8YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2) κεραμομεταλλικό (άνοδος) - 8YSZ (ηλεκτρολύτης) - (La,Sr)MnO3 περοβσκίτη (κάθοδος) - LaCrO3 περοβσκίτη (συνδέτης) είναι η υποβάθμιση της απόδοσής του, η οποία μεταξύ άλλων οφείλεται στην αστάθεια της μικροδομής του κεραμομεταλλικού ηλεκτροδίου της ανόδου στις υψηλές θερμοκρασίες λειτουργίας του, λόγω συσσωμάτωσης της μεταλλικής φάσης.
Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη νέων υλικών με σκοπό την εφαρμογή τους ως ανοδικά ηλεκτρόδια σε κελιά καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη τόσο υψηλών (High Temperature SOFCs, 800-1000oC) όσο και μέσων θερμοκρασιών (Intermediate Temperature SOFCs, 650-800oC). Για το σκοπό αυτό και όσον αφορά τα HT-SOFCs παρασκευάσθηκαν, χαρακτηρίσθηκαν και ελέγχθηκαν οι ιδιότητες μικτών κεραμικών οξειδίων επιλεγμένων συνθέσεων των τριμερών συστημάτων Y2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 (YZT), Y2O3-ZrO2-Nb2O5 (YZN) και Y2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 (YZC) σε σύγκριση με το κεραμικό 8YSZ, ενώ έπειτα από την εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων η έρευνα εστιάσθηκε στα κεραμομεταλλικά υλικά του συστήματος Ni/YZT με προσθήκη 30, 40 και 45 vol% Ni.
Tα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι τα Ni/YZT κεραμομεταλλικά συστήματα παρουσιάζουν βελτιωμένη μηχανική συμβατότητα με το στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη. Ο μεταλλογραφικός έλεγχος σε συνδυασμό με ανάλυση εικόνας έδειξε ότι η μικροδομή τους παραμένει σταθερή διατηρώντας τις τιμές της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας πρακτικά αμετάβλητες μετά από μακροχρόνια έκθεση (1000 h) σε αναγωγική ατμόσφαιρα (Ar/4%H2). Η εν λόγω συμπεριφορά παρουσιάσθηκε πιο ενισχυμένη ιδιαίτερα για τα κεραμομεταλλικά με αυξημένα ποσοστά TiO2 στην κεραμική φάση. Πειράματα διαβροχής σε συστήματα κεραμικών (YZT) σε επαφή με ρευστό Ni έδειξαν ότι η προσθήκη TiO2 βελτιώνει την ισχύ του δεσμού στη διεπιφάνεια μετάλλου/κεραμικού. Ηλεκτροχημικές μετρήσεις σε κελιά καυσίμου με Ni/YZT κεραμομεταλλικές ανόδους έδωσαν ενθαρρυντικά αποτελέσματα, επιτυγχάνοντας για ένα από τα υπό μελέτη συστήματα βελτιωμένη απόδοση σε σύγκριση με τη συμβατική άνοδο, Ni/8YSZ.
Όσον αφορά τη δυνατότητα μείωσης της θερμοκρασίας λειτουργίας ενός SOFC από τους 900-1000οC στους 650-800οC και την ανάπτυξη των IT-SOFCs, η έρευνα στράφηκε προς κεραμικές συνθέσεις βασισμένες στο CeO2 και πιο συγκεκριμένα προς τα συστήματα Y2O3-CeO2 (YC) και Y2O3-CeO2-TiO2 (YCT). Ο κρυσταλλογραφικός έλεγχος των κεραμικών κόνεων, μετά από θερμική ανόπτηση μέχρι τους 1400οC στον αέρα, έδειξε ότι η βασική κρυσταλλική τους δομή αντιστοιχεί στο κυβικό πλέγμα του φθορίτη. Στα συστήματα που περιέχουν TiO2 εμφανίζεται ο σχηματισμός μιας επιπλέον φάσης με πυροχλωριτική δομή (Y2Ti2O7). Οι μετρήσεις του συντελεστή θερμικής διαστολής (TEC) στον αέρα στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 25-1000°C έδωσε παρεμφερείς τιμές μειούμενες με αυξανόμενο το ποσοστό σε Ti. Σε ατμόσφαιρα Ar/4%H2 οι τιμές του TEC αυξάνονται σημαντικά για θερμοκρασίες T ≥ 800°C.
Οι απόλυτες τιμές της συνολικής ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας των κεραμικών σε αναγωγικές συνθήκες (Ar/4%H2) στη θερμοκρασιακή περιοχή 450-900°C εμφανίζονται σημαντικά υψηλότερες συγκριτικά με τις αντίστοιχες τιμές στον αέρα λόγω του μικτού ιοντικού-ηλεκτρονικού της χαρακτήρα. Οι απόλυτες τιμές της ιοντικής αγωγιμότητας παρουσιάζονται σημαντικά ενισχυμένες, περίπου μισή τάξη μεγέθους σε σχέση με τις αντίστοιχες του 8YSZ, για τις κεραμικές συνθέσεις του συστήματος Y0.20Ce0.80-xTixO1.9 με τις χαμηλότερες περιεκτικότητες σε Ti. Τα αντίστοιχα Ni-cermets με υψηλά ποσοστά σε ύττρια και χαμηλά ποσοστά σε τιτάνια στην κεραμική φάση επέδειξαν εξαιρετική μακροχρόνια σταθερότητα της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας, ενώ υπό τις συνθήκες λειτουργίας ενός SOFC (~900οC) η διάχυση του Ce προς το στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη 8YSZ είναι αμελητέα. / In the frame of research for the development of alternative, friendly to the environment methods for the production of energy, significant effort is focusing on SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) technology. This work aims to the development of new promising materials for their application as anode electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells operating at high temperatures (HT-SOFCs), as well as at the intermediate temperature range (IT-SOFCs). Concerning the HT-SOFCs, mixed ZrO2-based ceramic oxides of the ternary systems Y2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 (YZT), Y2O3-ZrO2-Nb2O5 (YZN) and Y2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 (YZC) were prepared, characterized and studied in terms of thermal expansion and electrical properties, as well as their potential application as the ceramic components in the anode cermet material of a SOFC, focusing on the Ni/YZT system containing 30, 40 and 45 vol% Ni.
The results showed that Ni/YZT cermets exhibit improved mechanical adjustment with the solid electrolyte and enhanced structural stability compared to Ni/8YSZ while the values of the electrical conductivity remain practical constant after long-term annealing at 1000oC for up to 1000 h in reducing atmosphere (Ar/4%H2), especially for the cermets with high TiO2-content in the ceramic phase. Wetting experiments in the system of YZT ceramics in contact with Ni showed that TiO2 presence enhances the bond strength at the metal/ceramic interface, which results in the decrease of the agglomeration tendency of the metallic particles. Electrochemical tests performed on fuel cells with Ni/YZT anode cermets showed encouraging results, whereas it is remarkable that for a specific composition was achieved improved performance compared to Ni/8YSZ anode.
With regard to the possible reduction of the operating temperature from 900-1000oC to 650-800°C and the development of IT-SOFCs, the study was focused on CeO2-based oxides and more specifically on the binary Y2O3-CeO2 (YC) and ternary Y2O3-CeO2-TiO2 (YCT) systems. The XRD analysis of the ceramic powders after heating at temperatures up to 1400°C in air showed the formation of the cubic fluorite structure for the YC ceramic, whereas for the YCT ceramics an additional phase (Y2Ti2O7) with pyrochlore structure was formed. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the ceramics measured in air between 25 and 1000°C gave comparable values, decreasing with increasing Ti content, while in Ar/4%H2 atmosphere the TEC values of the ceramics increase dramatically at T ≥ 800 °C.
The absolute values of the total electrical conductivity of the ceramics measured between 450-900°C in Ar/4%H2 increase significantly compared to those measured in air, due to their mixed conducting ionic-electronic character. The ionic conductivity of the Y0.20Ce0.80-xTixO1.9 ceramics with low amounts of Ti, measured in air, is appeared strongly increased, by about half order of magnitude, compared to 8YSZ. The corresponding Ni-cermets with high amounts of yttria and low amounts of titania in the ceramic phase exhibit improved long-term stability of the electrical conductivity, while under the operating conditions of a SOFC (~ 900oC) no detectable diffusion of Ce4+ in the 8YSZ electrolyte was observed.
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Charakterisierung von funktionellen Metalloxidgrenzflächen mittels Röntgenmethoden und ElektronenmikroskopieHanzig, Florian 05 July 2018 (has links)
Grenzflächen von Übergangsmetalloxiden in Halbleiterbauelementen bestimmen die Funktionalität auf vielfältige Art und Weise. In dieser Arbeit werden die Nb2O5|Metall- (Metall = Al, Ti, Pt), die TiN|TiO2- und die Si|SrTiO3-Grenzfläche mittels röntgenographischer Methoden sowie der Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie hinsichtlich ihrer Defektchemie, kristallographischen Anpassung und thermischen Stabilität untersucht. Die lokale elektronische Analyse der Nb2O5|Ti- sowie Nb2O5|Al-Grenzfläche zeigt die Ausbildung eines Sauerstoffleerstellengradienten im Nb2O5 durch die Oxidation der unedlen Elektrode. Der elektrische Widerstand dieser beiden Metall-Isolator-Metall-(MIM)-Stapel mit Pt-Bodenelektrode kann reversibel geschalten werden. Diese experimentellen Befunde lassen sich direkt miteinander verknüpfen, da an der Nb2O5|Pt-Grenzfläche weder eine Redoxreaktion stattfindet, noch im Pt|Nb2O5|Pt-Stapel der Widerstand geschaltet werden kann. MIM-Stapel bestehend aus TiN, TiO2 und Au weisen zwar Schaltverhalten des elektrischen Widerstandes auf, lassen aber keine Abweichung der Stöchiometrie im Transmissionselektronenmikroskop erkennen. Die strukturellen Betrachtungen der TiN|TiO2-Grenzfläche verdeutlichen, dass bei der Heteroepitaxie das Aufwachsen der thermodynamisch stabileren TiO2-Modifikation unterdrückt wird, insofern das Substrat eine geeignete kristallographische Orientierung aufweist. So kristallisiert Anatas, eher als Rutil, auf der (001)-Oberfläche des TiN mit einer festen Orientierungsbeziehung. Die thermische Stabilität der Si|SrTiO3-Grenzfläche hängt hingegen stark von der Kationenstöchiometrie des ternären Perowskites ab. Für die Kristallisation der amorphen SrTiO3-Dünnschichten ergibt sich eine Korrelation zwischen der Einsatztemperatur und der Schichtabscheidemethode. / Interfaces of transition metal oxides in semiconductor devices determine their functionalities in a variety of ways. In this work Nb2O5|metal- (metal = Al, Ti, Pt), TiN|TiO2- and Si|SrTiO3-interfaces are investigated by means of X-ray-based methods and transmission electron microscopy with respect to their defect chemistry, crystallographic orientation and thermal stability. From local electronic analysis of the Nb2O5|Ti- as well as Nb2O5|Al-interface the formation of an oxygen vacancy gradient in the Nb2O5 caused by an oxidation of the ignoble electrode can be inferred. The electrical resistance of both types of metal-insulator-metal-(MIM)-stacks, containing a Pt bottom electrode, can be switched reversibly. These experimental findings are directly linked to each other, since at the Nb2O5|Pt-interface no redox reaction based oxygen redistribution takes place and the Pt|Nb2O5|Pt-stack reveals no switching behavior. Using MIM-stacks consisting of TiN, TiO2 und Au switching the electrical resistance is possible, but no stoichiometric deviation was observed in the transmission electron microscope. Structural considerations at the TiN|TiO2-interface clarify that hetero-epitaxy can suppress the growth of the thermodynamically stable TiO2-modification due to suitable crystallographic orientation of the TiN-substrate. Thus, anatase, rather than rutile, crystallizes on the (001)-TiN-surface with a fixed structural coherency. The thermal stability of the Si|SrTiO3-interface strongly depends on the cation stoichiometry of the ternary perovskite. Therefore, crystallization onset temperature correlates to the specific technique of thin film deposition.
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Curvas de referência dos parâmetros ósseos obtidos por tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HR-pQCT) em homens saudáveis / Reference curves of bone parameters obtained by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in healthy menAlvarenga, Jackeline Couto 26 June 2019 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O surgimento da tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HR-pQCT) tornou possível medir a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) volumétrica e a microarquitetura óssea tridimensional in vivo, bem como avaliar a resistência óssea através da análise de elemento finito (FE). Como não há na literatura um banco de dados para a população masculina brasileira, o objetivo principal deste estudo transversal e estabelecer valores de referência para os parâmetros ósseos obtidos por HR-pQCT em homens, categorizados por décadas e ajustados por peso e altura, na região distal do rádio e da tíbia. Como objetivo secundário, correlacionar o parâmetro de resistência óssea - rigidez do tecido ósseo (S), com os demais parâmetros medidos por HR-pQCT, e com parâmetros obtidos por absorciometria de raios- X de dupla energia (DXA), incluindo escore de osso trabecular (TBS). METODOS: Homens brasileiros saudáveis (n = 340) entre as idades de 20 e 92 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. O antebraço não dominante e a perna esquerda foram imobilizados, e foram realizados métodos de segmentação padrão e avançado para as análises da região distal do rádio e da tíbia por HRpQCT. A partir das imagens HR-pQCT, a DMO volumétrica e microestrutura do osso trabecular e cortical foram avaliadas, e a resistência óssea foi estimada usando analise de FE. Também foi realizada medição da coluna lombar e fêmur por DXA para obtenção dos valores de DMO e TBS. Os dados foram descritos em mediana e quartis (IQR). Modelos de regressão linear múltipla em função da idade, peso e altura foram desenvolvidos e ilustrados por diagramas de dispersão com intervalos de 95% de normalidade. Foram calculadas as correlações de Pearson entre alguns parâmetros de interesse. RESULTADOS: Tanto na região distal do rádio como na tíbia, os parâmetros de DMO volumétrica, estrutura e de resistência óssea apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa com a idade (p < 0,05). As correlações entre S com os demais parâmetros de DMO volumétrica e microarquitetura, bem como com DMO areal e TBS, foram mais fortes na região da tíbia, exceto com espessura trabecular, que foi melhor na região do rádio. As correlações entre TBS com os parâmetros de densidade (trabecular e cortical), número e espessura trabecular, e espessura cortical nas regiões periféricas, foram significativas (p < 0,05), exceto com espessura cortical na tíbia. Quando o TBS foi avaliado de acordo com a categoria de risco, e correlacionado com a rigidez do tecido na região distal do rádio e da tíbia, e com DMO da coluna lombar, apenas o grupo de baixo risco (TBS ³ 1.310) apresentou correlações significativas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSOES: Este trabalho estabeleceu valores de referência para os parâmetros ósseos obtidos por HR-pQCT, com base em uma população saudável miscigenada do sexo masculino. As correlações entre os parâmetros ajudam a compreender o papel de cada variável em relação ao risco de fratura. Pesquisadores e clínicos poderão utilizar esses dados como uma ferramenta adicional para avaliar a saúde óssea e alterações na qualidade óssea / INTRODUCTION: The availability of high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) has made it possible to measure volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and three-dimensional bone microarchitecture in vivo, as well as to evaluate bone strength through finite element (FE) analysis. As there is no database for Brazilian male population, the main objective of this cross-sectional study was to establish reference values for the bone parameters obtained by HR-pQCT in men, categorized for decades and adjusted for weight and height, of the distal radius and tibia. As a secondary objective, to correlate the bone strength parameter - stiffness (S) and other parameters measured by HR-pQCT and parameters obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including trabecular bone score (TBS). METHODS: Healthy Brazilian men (n = 340) including ages of 20 to 92 years were included in this study. The non-dominant forearm and left leg were immobilized, and standard and advanced segmentation methods were performed for the distal radius and tibia analyzes by HR-pQCT. From HR-pQCT images, volumetric BMD and bone microstructure of trabecular and cortical were evaluated, and bone strength was estimated using FE analysis. Measurements of the lumbar spine and femur by DXA were also performed to obtain BMD and TBS values. The data were described as median and quartiles (IQR). Multiple linear regression models according to age, weight and height were developed and illustrated by dispersion diagrams with 95% normality intervals. Pearson correlations were calculated between some parameters of interest. RESULTS: Parameters of volumetric BMD, structure and bone strength, at distal radius and tibia, showed a significant association with age (p < 0.05). The correlations between S with the other parameters of volumetric BMD and microarchitecture, as well as with areal BMD and TBS, were stronger in the tibia except for trabecular thickness, which was better in the distal radius. The correlations between TBS and density parameters (trabecular and cortical), number and trabecular thickness, and cortical thickness in the peripheral sites were significant (p < 0.05), except with cortical thickness in the tibia. When TBS was evaluated according to risk category, and correlated with S in the distal radius and tibia, and lumbar spine BMD, only the low risk group (TBS ³ 1.310) had significant correlations (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This work developed reference values for the bone parameters obtained by HR-pQCT, based on a healthy population for males. Correlations between the parameters support to understand the role of each variable and the relationship with fracture risk. Researchers and clinicians can use these data as an additional tool to assess male bone health and changes in bone quality
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