Les standards consacrés à la conception des oléoducs se concentrent principalement sur les chargements opérationnels, tels que les pressions internes et externes, et les procédures d'analyse de défauts actuelles n'exploitent pas les capacités d'écrouissage du matériau. Pourtant, dans des conditions extrêmes, les oléoducs peuvent être soumis à des contraintes au-delà de la limite d'élasticité jusqu'à atteindre 2.5% de déformations plastiques. Ici, les procédures proposées par ExxonMobil et PRCI basées sur des critères en déformation sont présentées, et l'utilisation de l'éprouvette SENT (Single Edge Notched Tension) pour caractériser la ténacité est étudiée, en comparant les différentes procédures d'essais recommandées. Puis, une importante campagne expérimentale a été réalisée pour caractériser deux aciers pour oléoducs à température ambiante et à basses températures. Les comportements mécaniques des matériaux de base et d'apport ont été identifiés grâce à l'utilisation de l'analyse inverse, et il est montré que le modèle d'endommagement GTN permet de modéliser finement les essais sur éprouvettes de laboratoire. Enfin, deux essais sur structures (pression et flexion, puis pression et traction) ont été réalisés de manière à comparer les approches globales et le modèle d'endommagement GTN. Ce dernier démontre une bonne transférabilité de l'éprouvette vers la structure. / Pipeline design codes and standards traditionally focus on the operational loadings such as internal and external pressures that are likely to exist over the entire lifetime of the pipeline. Existing Engineering Critical Assessments are mostly based on stress considerations, where the design margin is given as a percentage of the yield strength. In extrem environments, pipelines may experience stresses beyond the yield and plastic deformations up to 2.5 %. In such conditions, strain-based design procedures apply. In this work, a literature review of the existing strain based methods is proposed, including ExxonMobil and PRCI multi-tier approaches. The use of the Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimen to measure the material toughness is then studied, benchmarking the recommended testing procedures from literature. A comprehensive experimental campaign was carried out to fully characterize two actual line pipes at room and low temperatures. The mechanical behavior of parent and weld materials are identified using an inverse analysis, and GTN damage model is shown to allow accurate modeling of the laboratory testings. Finally, two full scale tests (pressure + bending or pressure + tension) were carried out to benchmark the global approaches and GTN damage model. The latter showed a very good transferability from specimens to the structure.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-23T21:32:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO PAULO DANTAS DE CARVALHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2015..pdf: 1534561 bytes, checksum: 93959f6eca85fa51565d250b6a984284 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T21:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO PAULO DANTAS DE CARVALHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2015..pdf: 1534561 bytes, checksum: 93959f6eca85fa51565d250b6a984284 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-11 / CNPq / Desde a sua descoberta, em 1864 por Cailletet, a fragilização de metais por hidrogênio, foi sujeito a inúmeras investigações, sendo primeiramente estudado com a injeção de hidrogênio gasoso em metais e ligas. Devanathan e Stachurski (1962) desenvolveram a técnica eletroquímica de permeação de hidrogênio em metais e ligas, tornando o estudo mais prático, esta metodologia se baseia em uma dupla célula eletroquímica dispostas simetricamente onde o metal a ser estudado é inserido entre elas. Uma delas conhecida como célula de carga irá gerar o H2 a ser permeado através do corpo de prova e na outra, conhecida como célula de detecção, o mesmo será oxidado e quantificado seu fluxo. Toda a detecção é realizada potenciostaticamente, mas a geração pode ser realizada por meio galvanostático (método galvanostático-potenciostático), potenciostacamente (método duplo-potenciostático) ou por permeação em circuito aberto em meio ácido, chamado de „PCAA‟. As normas ASTM 148-97 (2003) e ISO 17081 (2004) padronizam os experimentos de permeação eletroquímica de hidrogênio. Como os diferentes métodos são baseados em soluções de contorno diferenciados para solução da segunda lei de Fick, tais normas não levam isto em consideração adotando o cálculo da difusividade do hidrogênio apenas pelo método duplo potenciostático, mesmo para aqueles que estudam o fenômeno, diga-se de passagem, em sua grande maioria, utilizando a metodologia galvanostático-potenciostático. Autores como McBreen et al (1966) e Boes & Zuchner (1972) descrevem o fenômeno de permeação de hidrogênio em metais de forma matemática, a partir da solução da segunda de lei de Fick, estes trabalhos atestam a diferença entre os métodos duplo-potenciostatico e galvanostático-potenciostático, porém nunca foi proposto um modelo que descreva o comportamento do método PCAA. Com isso, o trabalho tem como objetivo elucidar o emprego dos modelos matemáticos para determinação do coeficiente de difusão do hidrogênio em metais através das distintas técnicas eletroquímicas de permeação, utilizando os aços API 5L X70 e X65, além disto procurou-se um modelo matemático para o caso em que a geração de hidrogênio seja realizada pelo método PCAA. Neste trabalho atesta-se que que o uso das equações proposta pela norma, a princípio, subestimam o valor da difusividade. A equação proposta para o método PCAA, apresentou um perfeito ajuste de dados experimentais de permeação. A correlação proposta para o cálculo da difusividade mostrou-se coerente para estimar este parâmetro, não só para o caso PCAA, como também para todos os casos. / Since its discovery in 1864 by Cailletet, hydrogen embrittlement of metals, was subjected to numerous investigations, first being studied with the injection of gaseous hydrogen in metals and alloys. Devanathan and Stachurski (1962) developed the electrochemical technique of hydrogen permeation in metals and alloys, making it the study more practical this methodology is based on a dual symmetrically arranged electrochemical cell where the metal to be studied is inserted between them. One known as load cell will generate H2 to be permeated through the specimen and the other, known as the detection cell, it will be oxidized and its flow quantified. All detection is performed potentiostaticly, but the generation can be performed by galvanostatic (galvanostaticpotentiostatic method), potentiostaticly (double- potentiostatic method), or by hydrogen permeation on acid environment method known as a PCAA. The regulations ASTM 148-97 (2003) and ISO 17081 (2004) standardize the electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments. How different methods are based on different workarounds for solution of the second Fick's law, such rules do not take this into account by adopting the calculation of the hydrogen diffusivity only by the dual voltage method, even for those who study the phenomenon, say passing for the most part, using the galvanostatic-potentiostatic methodology. Authors such as McBreen et al (1966) and Boes & Züchner (1972) describe the hydrogen permeation phenomenon in mathematical form of metal from the solution of the second Fick law, these works attest to the difference between the double-potentiostatic methods and galvanostatic-potentiostatic, but has never proposed a model that describes the behavior of the PCAA method. Thus, the study aims to elucidate the use of mathematical models to determine the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in metals through the different electrochemical techniques permeation using the API 5L steels X70 and X65, in addition sought a mathematical model for the case where the hydrogen generation is performed by the PCAA method. This work testifies that the use of the equations proposed by the standard at first underestimate the value of diffusivity. The equation proposed for the PCAA method, presented a perfect fit experimental permeation data. The proposed correlations for calculating the diffusivity was found to be consistent to estimate this parameter not only to the case PCAA, but also for all cases.

Mit dem Resource Description Framework (RDF) können Eigenschaften von und die Beziehungen zwischen Ressourcen maschinenverarbeitbar beschrieben werden. Dadurch werden diese Daten für Maschinen zugänglicher und können unter anderem automatisch Daten zu einer Ressource lokalisieren und verarbeiten, unterschiedliche Bedeutungen einer Zeichenkette erkennen und implizite Informationen ableiten. Das Datenmodell von RDF und der zugehörigen Anfragesprache SPARQL basiert auf gerichteten und beschrifteten Multigraphen. Forschungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass relationale DBMS zum Verwalten von RDF-Daten ungeeignet sind. Native basierende RDF-DBMS können Anfragen in kürzerer Zeit verarbeiten. Der Leistungsgewinn wird durch redundantes Speichern von Tripeln in mehreren B+-Bäumen erzielt. Jedoch sind Join-ähnliche Operationen zum Berechnen des Ergebnisses erforderlich, was bei größeren Anfragen zu Leistungseinbußen führt. In dieser Arbeit wird der Resource Centered Store (RCS) entwickelt, dessen Speichermodell RDF-inhärente Eigenschaften ausnutzt, um Anfragen ohne die Notwendigkeit redundanter Speicherung effizient beantworten zu können. Die grundlegende Idee des RCS-Speichermodells besteht im Gruppieren der Daten als sternförmigen Teilgraphen auf Datenbankseiten. Die verwendeten Prinzipien ähnelt denen in RDBMS und daher können deren Algorithmen zur Beantwortung von Anfragen wiederverwendet werden. Darüber hinaus werden Transformationsregeln und Heuristiken zum Optimieren von SPARQL-Anfragen zum Finden eines möglichst optimalen Ausführungsplans definiert. In diesem Kontext wurden auch graphmusterbasierte Indexe spezifiziert und deren Nutzen für die Verarbeitung von Anfragen untersucht. Das RCS-Speichermodell wurde prototypisch implementiert und im Vergleich zum nativen RDF-DBMS Jena TDB evaluiert. Die durchgeführten Experimenten zeigen, dass das System insbesondere für das Beantworten von Anfragen mit großen sternförmigen Teilmustern geeignet ist. / The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is the conceptual foundation for representing properties of real-world or virtual resources and describing the relationships between them. Standards based on RDF allow machines to access and process information automatically and locate additional data about resources. It also supports the discovery of relationships between concepts. The smallest information unit in RDF are triples which form a directed labeled multi-graph. The query language SPARQL is also based on a graph model which makes it difficult for relational DBMS to store and query RDF data efficiently. The most performant DBMS for managing and querying RDF data implement a RDF-specific storage model based on a set of B+ tree indexes. The key disadvantages of these systems are the increased usage of secondary storage in cause of redundantly stored triples as well as the necessity of expensive join operation to compute the solutions of a SPARQL query. In this work we develop and describe the Resource Centered Store which exploits RDF inherent characteristics to avoid the requirement for storing triples redundantly while improving the query performance of larger queries. In the RCS storage model triples are grouped by their first component (subject) and storing these star-shaped subgraphs on database pages -- similar to relational DBMS. As a result the RCS can benefit from principles and algorithms that have been developed in the context of relational databases. Additionally, we defined transformation rules and heuristics to optimize SPARQL queries and generate an efficient query execution plan. In this context we also defined graph pattern based indexes and investigated their benefits for computing the solutions of queries. We implemented the RCS storage model prototypically and compared it to the native RDF DBMS Jena TDB. Our experiments showed that our storage model is especially suited to speed up the query performance of large star-shaped graph pattern.