This thesis presents FAx86, a hardware/software full-system emulator of commodity computer systems using x86 processors. FAx86 is based upon the open-source IA-32 full-system simulator Bochs and is implemented over a single Virtex-5 FPGA. Our first prototype uses an embedded PowerPC to run the software portion of Bochs and off-loads the instruction decoding function to a low-cost hardware decoder since instruction decode was measured to be the most time consuming part of the software-only emulation. Instruction decoding for x86 architectures is non-trivial due to their variable length and instruction encoding format. The decoder requires only 3% of the total LUTs and 5% of the BRAMs of the FPGA's resources making the design feasible to replicate for many-core emulator implementations. FAx86 prototype boots Linux Debian version 2.6 and runs SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks. FAx86 improves simulation performance over the default Bochs by 5 to 9\% depending on the workload.

This thesis presents FAx86, a hardware/software full-system emulator of commodity computer systems using x86 processors. FAx86 is based upon the open-source IA-32 full-system simulator Bochs and is implemented over a single Virtex-5 FPGA. Our first prototype uses an embedded PowerPC to run the software portion of Bochs and off-loads the instruction decoding function to a low-cost hardware decoder since instruction decode was measured to be the most time consuming part of the software-only emulation. Instruction decoding for x86 architectures is non-trivial due to their variable length and instruction encoding format. The decoder requires only 3% of the total LUTs and 5% of the BRAMs of the FPGA's resources making the design feasible to replicate for many-core emulator implementations. FAx86 prototype boots Linux Debian version 2.6 and runs SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks. FAx86 improves simulation performance over the default Bochs by 5 to 9\% depending on the workload.

In the microprocessor development, the high performance microprocessor applies the x86 complex instruction set is used widely. And the signal-core architecture towards slowly to multi-core one .But the variable-length instruction still creates the difficulties in instruction fetching and affects the whole executive- performance. There has the mechanism which supported the split-line and fetched fleetly the variable-lengths instruction. It has the problem in high time and hardware complexity, because it was accomplished with additional hardware. Accordingly, this paper proposed a fixed-length instruction set with design in compatible and extended x86 instruction set used the fixed-length instruction form to solve the difficulties in fetching the variable-length instructions. We considered the factor an overall arrangement of memory space and decided the length 4 bytes and 8 bytes to formulate the fixed-length instruction set. And we used the following six transitionary rules to complete the formulation for the coded form of the fixed-length instructions.(1)We used the auxiliary registers to save the value to decrease the data dependence between the original registers.(2)If it could use a few instructions to complete the translation with the original registers, we used the original registers to do it.(3)The complex case instructions were coded with eight bytes.(4)It did sign-extension by itself when displacement and immediate were moved to the auxiliary registers.(5)The auxiliary registers with the diacritic prefix were only coded in the r/m field or the index field.(6)One of displacement field and immediate field was moved first when its length was longer. And we considered the hardware complexity of saving memory space and fetching instructions, we analyzed the categories of instruction packages to compress the program space to decrease the space loss which the fixed-lengths of instructions created. In the case of verifiable and experimental framework, the CINT2006 was used to be benchmarks. And the function which translated the fixed-length instructions was succeeded to execute. It was successful to achieve the purpose the program space was compressed efficiently in the instruction package mechanism.

Nowadays, X86 CPU all have superscalar computing ability. Superscalar architecture can fetch, execute and commit more than one instruction per cycle. And it helps a lot to explore more instruction level parallelism. If a superscalar processor fetches instructions inefficiently, its performance speedup ratio will be limit. Program flow is not continuous. It is one of main reasons that Front-End can¡¦t fetch efficiently. And it is useless to get more speedup by enlarging fetch capacity of Front-End or other units. In this thesis, we present a new structure of branch target buffer and instruction stream buffer. They have abilities to predict advance branch information and reassemble cache lines. Front-End could fetch more valid instructions in a cycle by reassembling original line and line which contains instructions of the next basic block. The simulation and implement results show that we can get 43.2% speedup in fetch efficiency with 64 bytes cache line size and 6 fetch capacities. And 3.6 valid instructions per cycle with ABP buffer which buffers 4 cache line.

Το αντικείμενο της παρούσης εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση και η περιγραφή της προσπάθειας σχεδιασμού ενός λειτουργικού συστήματος χρησιμοποιώντας τις δυνατότητες που παρέχονται από την x86 αρχιτεκτονική υπολογιστών της Intel. Απώτερος σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας θα μπορούσε να είναι η συμβολή στην εκπαίδευση και επιμόρφωση των προπτυχιακών φοιτητών που επιλέγουν το μάθημα των προηγμένων μικροεπεξεργαστών. Η ανάθεση ατομικών ή ομαδικών εργασιών στα πλαίσια του μαθήματος για τη βελτίωση του λειτουργικού συστήματος, θα μπορούσε να αποτελέσει βάση εκμάθησης των λειτουργιών των επεξεργαστών, και να συμβάλει στην ανάπτυξη της ομαδικής εργασίας και συνεργασίας των φοιτητών. Στο πρώτα δύο κεφάλαια γίνεται μια σύντομη περίληψη της x86 αρχιτεκτονικής και στο τρίτο κάνουμε μια εισαγωγή στην διαδικασία αρχικοποίησης. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση του περιβάλλοντος ανάπτυξης και των χρησιμοποιηθέντων εργαλείων, ενώ αναλύεται ο κώδικας εκκίνησης του συστήματος και γίνεται μια πρώτη, αφαιρετική προσέγγιση στον πυρήνα σε υψηλό επίπεδο Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο εμβαθύνουμε το στάδιο αρχικοποίησης του πυρήνα ενώ στο έκτο γίνεται αναλυτική παρουσίαση της σχεδίασης σε επίπεδο αρχείων και συναρτήσεων. Τέλος, στο παράρτημα δίνεται ο πηγαίος κώδικας της διπλωματικής ανά αρχείο και η βιβλιογραφία. / The aim of this thesis is the educational platform based on Intel x86 architecture. Its purpose is to help students obtain better knowledge on assembly and low-level C language.

Este estudo buscou compreender o canal de marketing usado para distribuição de servidores de microinformática do tipo x86 que, segundo institutos de pesquisas como o IDC (2009), responderão pela maioria absoluta de todos os servidores vendidos no país. Dentro da categoria de servidores x86, foram explorados os que estão em fases de crescimento e maturidade no ciclo de vida, devido aos potenciais de venda e de agregação de serviços ao cliente final. Para tanto, foram entrevistados doze membros deste canal, incluindo o fabricante dos produtos, três atacadistas, quatro varejistas e quatro clientes finais. Estes foram questionados sobre suas funções no canal de marketing analisado, avaliação de capacitação técnica para venda e prestação de serviços ao cliente, além dos papéis dos clientes e suas expectativas quando ao serviço ao cliente prestado. Percebeu-se que deficiência na capacitação e falta de estruturação nos varejistas pode ser um fator crítico para o canal de marketing, podendo comprometer a imagem dos produtos vendidos, o entendimento das necessidades e a prestação de serviços ao cliente e, de certa forma, o resultado de todos os outros membros do canal. / The intent of this study was to understand the marketing channel used to distribute x86 servers which, according to research institutes such as IDC (2009), will account for the majority of the servers sold in Brazil. Within the x86 category only products in growth or maturing lifecycle were considered in the investigation. These were selected due to potential of sales and customer services aggregation to the final purchasing customers. To accomplish that, twelve members of this channel were interviewed, including the product manufacturer, three wholesalers, four retailers and four final customers. They were asked about their function in the studied marketing channel, about their technical capability to sell and to serve customers, in addition to understanding the customer roles and their expectations on the performed service. The results found that reseller deficiency in technical skills and poor structure definition may be a critical factor for the marketing channel. This possibly compromises the image of sold products, the understanding of customer needs, customer services delivered and, in a certain way, the results for the other channel members.

<p>The purpose of this Master Thesis is to analyze what suitable hardware platforms there are on the market in order to build a low price control and information system for mobile applications, called small display module. The thesis will be underlying material for making a decision for further development. The result of the thesis consists mainly of a Windows CE kernel and a schematic for a CPU card, on which it would be suitable to build the display module. Another major part of the report is the introduction of different techniques that could be of interest when designing a processor based system. The processor architecture that was chosen is the x86. This is mainly due to CPU availability, but as well as the fact that existing software can be used on the display module without any significant modifications. Many interesting processors were sorted out because they hade a very high price on the development kits from the manufacturer and because the possible production volume can not manage this cost. The development kit makes the development easier and can be used for performance tests before prototypes are built.</p>

Este estudo buscou compreender o canal de marketing usado para distribuição de servidores de microinformática do tipo x86 que, segundo institutos de pesquisas como o IDC (2009), responderão pela maioria absoluta de todos os servidores vendidos no país. Dentro da categoria de servidores x86, foram explorados os que estão em fases de crescimento e maturidade no ciclo de vida, devido aos potenciais de venda e de agregação de serviços ao cliente final. Para tanto, foram entrevistados doze membros deste canal, incluindo o fabricante dos produtos, três atacadistas, quatro varejistas e quatro clientes finais. Estes foram questionados sobre suas funções no canal de marketing analisado, avaliação de capacitação técnica para venda e prestação de serviços ao cliente, além dos papéis dos clientes e suas expectativas quando ao serviço ao cliente prestado. Percebeu-se que deficiência na capacitação e falta de estruturação nos varejistas pode ser um fator crítico para o canal de marketing, podendo comprometer a imagem dos produtos vendidos, o entendimento das necessidades e a prestação de serviços ao cliente e, de certa forma, o resultado de todos os outros membros do canal. / The intent of this study was to understand the marketing channel used to distribute x86 servers which, according to research institutes such as IDC (2009), will account for the majority of the servers sold in Brazil. Within the x86 category only products in growth or maturing lifecycle were considered in the investigation. These were selected due to potential of sales and customer services aggregation to the final purchasing customers. To accomplish that, twelve members of this channel were interviewed, including the product manufacturer, three wholesalers, four retailers and four final customers. They were asked about their function in the studied marketing channel, about their technical capability to sell and to serve customers, in addition to understanding the customer roles and their expectations on the performed service. The results found that reseller deficiency in technical skills and poor structure definition may be a critical factor for the marketing channel. This possibly compromises the image of sold products, the understanding of customer needs, customer services delivered and, in a certain way, the results for the other channel members.

Este estudo buscou compreender o canal de marketing usado para distribuição de servidores de microinformática do tipo x86 que, segundo institutos de pesquisas como o IDC (2009), responderão pela maioria absoluta de todos os servidores vendidos no país. Dentro da categoria de servidores x86, foram explorados os que estão em fases de crescimento e maturidade no ciclo de vida, devido aos potenciais de venda e de agregação de serviços ao cliente final. Para tanto, foram entrevistados doze membros deste canal, incluindo o fabricante dos produtos, três atacadistas, quatro varejistas e quatro clientes finais. Estes foram questionados sobre suas funções no canal de marketing analisado, avaliação de capacitação técnica para venda e prestação de serviços ao cliente, além dos papéis dos clientes e suas expectativas quando ao serviço ao cliente prestado. Percebeu-se que deficiência na capacitação e falta de estruturação nos varejistas pode ser um fator crítico para o canal de marketing, podendo comprometer a imagem dos produtos vendidos, o entendimento das necessidades e a prestação de serviços ao cliente e, de certa forma, o resultado de todos os outros membros do canal. / The intent of this study was to understand the marketing channel used to distribute x86 servers which, according to research institutes such as IDC (2009), will account for the majority of the servers sold in Brazil. Within the x86 category only products in growth or maturing lifecycle were considered in the investigation. These were selected due to potential of sales and customer services aggregation to the final purchasing customers. To accomplish that, twelve members of this channel were interviewed, including the product manufacturer, three wholesalers, four retailers and four final customers. They were asked about their function in the studied marketing channel, about their technical capability to sell and to serve customers, in addition to understanding the customer roles and their expectations on the performed service. The results found that reseller deficiency in technical skills and poor structure definition may be a critical factor for the marketing channel. This possibly compromises the image of sold products, the understanding of customer needs, customer services delivered and, in a certain way, the results for the other channel members.

The purpose of this Master Thesis is to analyze what suitable hardware platforms there are on the market in order to build a low price control and information system for mobile applications, called small display module. The thesis will be underlying material for making a decision for further development. The result of the thesis consists mainly of a Windows CE kernel and a schematic for a CPU card, on which it would be suitable to build the display module. Another major part of the report is the introduction of different techniques that could be of interest when designing a processor based system. The processor architecture that was chosen is the x86. This is mainly due to CPU availability, but as well as the fact that existing software can be used on the display module without any significant modifications. Many interesting processors were sorted out because they hade a very high price on the development kits from the manufacturer and because the possible production volume can not manage this cost. The development kit makes the development easier and can be used for performance tests before prototypes are built.