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XRF/XRD combined spectroscopy for material characterization in the fields of Material science and Cultural heritageMartorelli, Damiano 18 October 2019 (has links)
Every investigation technique has its specific advantages: this is the reason why, in modern research, it is common to combine many investigation techniques – especially the non-destructive ones - to achieve deeper structural information about a sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence (XRF) techniques are useful non-destructive analytical techniques, with applications not only in industrial field and mining but also in environmental control and cultural heritage monitoring and conservation. In the present research, the advantages of a combined approach with XRF and XRD techniques are considered, due to their complementarity, and a new method of combining data is presented, executing the simultaneous computation of the refinement both for XRF and XRD. In this case, instead of the common approach with an iterative refinement, passing from XRF to XRD and vice versa, both XRF and XRD data are processed simultaneously with a combined Rietveld refinement. This innovative approach has been implemented in the program MAUD, combining original XRD algorithm with the XRF module implementation from the GimPy and JGIXA programs, creating comprehensive radiation–matter interaction model, which takes care of both elastic scattering and photoelectric absorption/fluorescence. Moreover, through a plugin-based application container, Eagle-X, specifically developed for this research project, some easy external wizards have been developed using JAVA language for preliminary XRF analysis and model set-up, which will be in the next future integrated into the MAUD current interface. This new approach has been applied to two case studies. The first study was in the cultural heritage field with the analysis of ancient Venetian coins, called sesini, which were never investigated before. These coins were widely used in the Venetian Republic over a time span ranging from the second half of the 16th until the early years of the 17th century. The rationale of the study was to establish a multilayer model that once validated could be used for fully non-destructive characterization of similar items. The approach, applied to 20 samples from different time periods, has given interesting results. First, the actual composition of the copper-based alloy used for these specific types of Venetian coin has been measured for the first time, using a three-layer model, with also direct measurements on the coin cross-section for validating the data obtained. Second, the detailed characterization of the coins provided essential background knowledge for fully non-destructive characterization of the same kind of coins. Third, the data obtained were very interesting from a historical point of view, because the silver depletion, which this research has investigated over the coin series, reflects a political and economic situation in strong evolution for the Venetian Republic in the second half of 16th century. Political and economic competitors and a continuous effort in military confrontations obliged Venice to revise its coin system and values not only for sesini but also for the other silver-based coins, with larger value, in a process called debasement. The second application of the combined approach regarded an industrial application concerning a sintered titanium alloy, Ti6AlV4, that has the widest use (about 45% of the total production), because of good machinability and excellent mechanical properties. This is an alloy which contains the two allotropic forms of Ti, the Ti-alpha, which has compact hexagonal cell, stable at room temperature, and Ti-beta phase, which has a body-centred cubic lattice, stable over 882°C. The presence of the two phases is related to the presence of atomic elements which are alpha- and beta-stabilizers. In this case study six samples, produced with Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology, with different production parameters, has been considered, and a model based on a surface layer of compact oxide and a bulk with the alloy only has been adopted. The model has evidenced the presence of the TiO2 oxide on the surface, as attended from existing literature, and confirmed the quality of the alloy because for all the samples, the investigated areas report Al e V content inside the ranges required by ASTM and ISO specifications. The analysis has allowed also to investigate the presence of contaminants like copper due to the cutting process by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), and to find a correlation between the content of Ti-beta phase inside the samples and the combined presence of iron and silicon, which increases as soon as increase also the two elements. Moreover, the increase of Ti-beta phase is boosted by the contemporary increase in energy density during SLM production process. This is consistent with the fact that higher energy allows a higher localized temperature in SLM process and the equilibrium fraction of beta phase rises at high temperatures. This then leads to a higher fraction of alpha+beta phases at room temperature and, because the cooling rate was the same for all samples, this means a higher fraction of phase at room temperature. The application of the technique to the two case studies is very productive from the informational point of view, but a critical aspect for a successful application of the technique is the sample. No preparation is virtually needed for analysis but, of course, this is immediately true for industrial components as soon as they are produced, but it is not so true for archaeological artefacts, where the condition of production, history and store conditions are unknown. Corrosion patinas can alter the read of the data, and some care must be taken for analysis, not only because the patinas may not be homogenous, but also because the depth of penetration for XRF and XRD are not the same, respect to the same substrate. The cleaning of the artefacts is not always possible or desired by the owners, so this can at first stage complicate the approach to combined analysis, regarding the model to be adopted in material simulation for data interpretation. In any case, the combined analysis remains a valid approach provided that the user is conscious of the limits in terms of depth of analysis, linked to the analysis tool (X-ray beam, detector, etc...) and to the surface conditions of the sample.
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Absorption av koldioxid i ammoniaklösning / Absorption of carbon dioxide in ammonia solutionAndersson, Filippa, Bengtsson, Sofia, Lagergren, Jonas, Vikström, Madeleine January 2021 (has links)
Gasformig koldioxid kan absorberas i en ammoniaklösning och bilda salt. De möjliga produkterna är ammoniumvätekarbonat (NH4HCO3), ammoniumkarbamat (NH2COONH4) och ammoniumkarbonat ((NH4)2CO3). Ammoniak är gasformigt i rumstemperatur. För att förhindra avdunstning av ammoniak undersöktes det i den här rapporten om nedkylning av reaktionslösningen eller ett oljelager ovanför skulle kunna förhindra detta och därmed tillåta saltbildning i lösningen. Dessutom skulle absorptionen genomföras utan både oljelager och nedkylt förhållande för att bestämma vad som var mest effektivt för att ge ett så högt utbyte som möjligt. För bestämning av de bildade salternas sammansättning användes XRD som analysmetod. Resultatet från experimentet visade att salterna bildades i gasfasen och inget salt erhölls från vätskefasen. Orsaken till det är inte fastslagen, men tros bero på parametrar som salternas löslighet, lösningens pH, flödeshastighet på koldioxiden som gynnar ammoniakens avdunstning samt temperaturen. Utbytet från de olika försöksuppställningarna blev lågt i samtliga experiment, som högst erhölls relativt utbyte på 1,5%. Experimentet som gav högst relativt utbyte var försök vid 15% ammoniakkoncentration och koldioxidflöde på 181 ml CO2/min. Vid detta försök gjordes inga åtgärder för att förhindra ammoniakavdunstning från lösningen. Av de proverna som analyserades med XRD erhölls endast den önskade produkten med säkerhet i ett av proverna (isbad, 15 % NH3, 181 ml CO2/min). För att bestämma optimala reaktionsbetingelser krävs vidare studier.
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Crystal Chemistry of U and Th in ApatiteLuo, Yun 30 April 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Mechanistic study of the rubber-brass adhesion interphaseAshirgade, Akshay A. January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Cationic Exchange Reactions Involving Dilithium PhthalocyanineHart, Morgan M. 29 December 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Synthesis of β-Alumina-Type Compounds and their Transformation Via the TCON ProcessLoiacona, Dominic J. January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Microstructure Evaluation of Iron Nitride Interstitial Compound, as a Candidate for Permanent Magnetic MaterialMoradifar, Parivash 31 May 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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A PROCESSUAL APPROACH TO HOCKING VALLEY, OHIO, PREHISTORIC CERAMICS USING EDX AND XRD ANALYSISPatton, Paul E. 28 August 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Critical elements scavenged by secondary gypsum and HFO : Determined by sequential extraction combined with mineralogical studiesFlodin, Emma January 2022 (has links)
The demand for metals is great for the purpose of developing green technologies, and EU has listed 30 metals and minerals that are of critical importance for the maintenance and evolving of today’s society, so called critical materials. However, mining of raw materials generates mine waste which can have adverse effect on human health, ecosystems, and surrounding areas. To be able to prevent the release of toxic levels of elements from mine waste, an understanding of how different elements behave in the secondary environments is necessary in order to use the most successful methods for mining remediation. It is common that secondary minerals, such as gypsum and/or HFOs (hydrous ferric oxides), forms in mine waste or in downstream environments, depending on the geochemical conditions. From prior studies, it is well established that trace elements are sorbed by HFO. But studies are scares regarding co-precipitation of elements with secondary gypsum formation, and few studies investigates the possibility of critical elements to be captured by secondary minerals. In this study, a prior unknown white precipitation along with tailings material from the Smaltjärnen tailings beach in Yxsjöberg, Sweden, has been investigated by combining mineralogical studies (SEM-EDS and DXRD analysis) with sequential extraction. The aim with the study was to identify the precipitation and to examine if critical elements had co-precipitated with the precipitation and HFOs within the sample. From the results it was possible to prove that the white precipitation was gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O), and it was indicated that some of the critical elements (beryllium for instance) showed affinity for gypsum, and that bismuth, tungsten, and chromium were sorped by HFOs. The combining of chemical analysis with mineralogical studies was of great importance for determining in which mineral phases the leached elements were situated, and the study has shown that secondary gypsum formation can be an important sink for some critical elements. More studies should be performed within this field of research to further investigate the importance of secondary minerals for scavenging of elements, not only to prevent toxic levels to be leached, but also to capture these elements in the purpose of re-mining. / Idag är behovet av metaller stort inom användningsområden för att utveckla gröna teknologier. EU har därför listat 30 metaller och mineral (kritiska material) som anses vara kritiska för att underhålla och utveckla dagens samhälle. Men brytning av råmaterial resulterar i generering av gruvavfall där avfallet potentiellt kan utgöra en risk för att skada bland annat människors hälsa och ekosystem. För att kunna förhindra att giftiga halter av grundämnen släpps ut från gruvavfall så krävs en förståelse om hur olika ämnen beter sig i sekundära miljöer, för att på så sätt kunna tillämpa de mest framgångsrika metoderna för sanering och återställning av gruvområden. Det är vanligt förekommande att sekundära mineraler (såsom gips och järnhydroxider) fälls ut i gruvavfallet och/eller nedströms om gruvområdet beroende på de geokemiska förhållandena. Tidigare studier har visat att spårämnen kan binda till järnhydroxider, men endast ett fåtal studier undersöker samutfällning av olika spårämnen tillsammans med sekundärt gips. Hur specifikt kritiska metaller kan fångas upp av sekundära mineral är ännu inte välstuderat. I denna studie har en vit, tidigare okänd, utfällning provtagits från en av deponierna med anrikningssand i den historiska volframgruvan i Yxsjöberg. Utfällningen identifierades genom att kombinera mineralogiska studier (SEM-EDS och DXRD analys) med kemiska lakvattenanalyser från en sekventiell lakning. Målet med studien var att mineralogiskt karaktärisera den okända utfällningen och att undersöka om kritiska ämnen möjligen samutfällts tillsammans med de sekundära mineralen. Studien visade att utfällningen var sekundärt gips (CaSO4*2H2O) och det kunde påvisas att vissa kritiska metaller visade affinitet för gipset (exempelvis beryllium) och att andra kritiska metaller samutfällts/adsorberats av järnhydroxider. Att kombinera dom olika metoderna visade sig att vara till stor nytta för att kunna påvisa vilka mineral dom olika grundämnena var bundna till, och studien har även visat att sekundärt gips kan vara en sänka för vissa kritiska metaller. Mer studier bör utföras inom detta forskningsområde i framtiden för att vidare undersöka hur sekundära mineral kan binda kritiska metaller, inte endast för att förhindra att giftiga halter av metaller släpps ut, utan också för att undersöka möjligheten att återvinna gruvavfallet för utvinning av kritiska metaller.
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Fabrication and characterization of highly-ordered TiO2-CoO, CNTs@TiO2-CoO and TiO2-SnO2 nanotubes as novel anode materials in lithium ion batteriesMadian, Mahmoud 30 January 2018 (has links) (PDF)
Developed rechargeable batteries are urgently required to make more efficient use of renewable energy sources to support our modern way of life. Among all battery types, lithium batteries have attracted the most attention because of the high energy density (both gravimetric and volumetric), long cycle life, reasonable production cost and the ease of manufacturing flexible designs. Indeed, electrode material characteristics need to be improved urgently to fulfil the requirements for high performance lithium ion batteries. TiO2-based anodes are highly promising materials for LIBs to replace carbon due to fast lithium insertion/extraction kinetics, environmentally-friendly behavior, low cost and low volume change (less than 4%) therewith, high structural stability as well as improved safety issues are obtained. Nevertheless, the low ionic and electric conductivity (≈ 10−12 S m−1) of TiO2 represent the main challenge. In short, the present work aims at developing, optimization and construction of novel anode materials for lithium ion batteries using materials that are stable, abundant and environmentally friendly.
Herein, both of two-phase Ti80Co20 and single phase Ti-Sn alloys (with different Sn contents of 1 to 10 at.%) were used to fabricate highly ordered, vertically oriented and dimension-controlled 1D nanotubes of mixed transition metal oxides (TiO2-CoO and TiO2-SnO2) via a straight-forward anodic oxidation step in organic electrolytes containing NH4F. Surface morphology and current density for the initial nanotube formation are found to be dependent on the crystal structure of the alloy phases. Various characterization tools such as SEM, EDXS, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the grown nanotube films.
The results reveal the successful formation of mixed TiO2-CoO and TiO2-SnO2 nanotubes under the selected voltage ranges. The as-formed nanotubes are amorphous and their dimensions are precisely controlled by tuning the formation voltage. The electrochemical performance of the grown nanotubes was evaluated against a Li/Li+ electrode at different current densities. The results revealed that TiO2-CoO nanotubes prepared at 60 V exhibited the highest areal capacity of ~ 600 µAh cm–2 (i.e. 315 mAh g–1) at a current density of 10 µA cm–2. At higher current densities TiO2-CoO nanotubes showed nearly doubled lithium ion intercalation and a coulombic efficiency of 96 % after 100 cycles compared to lower effective TiO2 nanotubes prepared under identical conditions. To further improve the electrochemical performance of the TiO2-CoO nanotubes, a novel ternary carbon nanotubes (CNTs)@TiO2-CoO nanotubes composite was fabricated by a two-step synthesis method. The preparation includes an initial anodic fabrication of well-ordered TiO2-CoO NTs from a Ti-Co alloy, followed by growing of CNTs horizontally on the top of the oxide films using a simple spray pyrolysis technique. The unique 1D structure of such a hybrid nanostructure with the inclusion of CNTs demonstrates significantly enhanced areal capacity and rate performances compared to pure TiO2 and TiO2-CoO NTs without CNTs tested under identical conditions. The findings reveal that CNTs provide a highly conductive network that improves Li+ ion diffusivity promoting a strongly favored lithium insertion into the TiO2-CoO NT framework, and hence results in high capacity and extremely reproducible high rate capability. On the other hand, the results demonstrate that TiO2-SnO2 nanotubes prepared at 40 V on a Ti-Sn alloy with 1 at.% Sn display an average 1.4 fold increase in areal capacity with excellent cycling stability over more than 400 cycles compared to the pure TiO2 nanotubes fabricated and tested under identical conditions.
The thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter 1: General introduction, in which the common situation of energy demand, along with the importance of lithium ion batteries in renewable energy systems and portable devices are discussed. A brief introduction to TiO2-based anode in lithium ion batteries and the genera strategies for developing TiO2 anodes are also presented. The scope of this thesis as well as the main tasks are summarized.
Chapter 2: The basic concepts of lithium ion batteries with an overview about their main components are discussed, including a brief information about the anode materials and the crystal structure of TiO2 anode. A detailed review for TiO2 nanomaterials for LIBs including the fabrication methods and the electrochemical performance of various TiO2 nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanowires and nanotubes) as well as porousTiO2 nanostructures is presented. The fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes by anodic oxidation, along with the growth mechanism are highlighted. The factors affecting the electrochemical performance of anodically fabricated pure TiO2, TiO2/carbon composites and TiO2-mixed with another metal oxide are reviewed.
Chapter 3: In this chapter, the synthesis of TiO2-CoO, (CNTs)@TiO2-CoO and TiO2-SnO2 nanotubes, along with the characterization techniques and the electrochemical basics and concepts are discussed.
Chapter 4: Detailed results and discussion of synthesis, characterizations and the electrochemical performance of TiO2-CoO nanotubes and ternary (CNTs)@TiO2/CoO nanotube composites are presented.
Chapter 5: Detailed results and discussion of synthesis, characterizations and the electrochemical performance of ternary (CNTs)@TiO2-CoO nanotube composites are explained.
Chapter 6: Detailed results and discussion of synthesis, characterizations and the electrochemical performance of TiO2-SnO2 nanotubes are presented.
Chapter 7: Summarizes the results presented in this work finishing with realistic conclusions, and highlights interesting work for the future. / Um die zur Aufrechterhaltung unserer modernen Lebensweise unabdingbaren erneuerbaren Energiequellen effizient nutzen zu können, werden hochentwickelte wiederaufladbare Batterien dringend benötigt. Lithium-Ionenbatterien gelten aufgrund ihrer hohen Energiedichte (sowohl gravimetrisch als auch volumetrisch), ihrer langen Lebensdauer, moderater Produktionskosten und aufgrund der Möglichkeit, vielfältige Konzepte einfach herstellen zu können, als vielversprechend. Dennoch müssen die Elektrodenmaterialien dringend verbessert werden, um den Ansprüchen an zukünftige hochentwickelte Lithium-Ionenbatterien gerecht zu werden. TiO2-basierte Anoden gelten aufgrund ihrer schnellen Lade- und Entladekinetik, ihres umweltfreundlichen Verhaltens und niedriger Kosten als aussichtsreiche Alternativen zu Kohlenstoffen. Durch die geringe Volumenänderung beim Lithiumeinbau (unter 4%) werden außerdem eine hohe strukturelle Stabilität und erhöhte Sicherheit gewährleistet. Die hauptsächlichen Herausforderungen stellen die niedrige ionische und elektrische Leitfähigkeit (≈ 10−12 S m−1) von TiO2 dar.
Zusammengefasst liegt das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit in der Entwicklung, Optimierung und Herstellung neuartiger Anodenmaterialien für Lithium-Ionenbatterien unter Verwendung stabiler, verfügbarer und umweltfreundlicher Materialien.
In dieser Arbeit wurden sowohl zweiphasiges Ti80Co20 und einphasige Ti-Sn-Legierungen (mit verschiedenen Sn-Gehalten zwischen 1 und 10 at-%) zur Herstellung hochgeordneter, vertikal orientierter eindimensionaler Nanoröhren aus gemischten Übergangsmetalloxiden (TiO2–CoO und TiO2–SnO2) mittels anodischer Oxidation in NH4F-haltigen organischen Elektrolyten genutzt. Dabei wurden Abhängigkeiten der Oberflächenmorphologie und der Stromdichte für die Bildung der Nanoröhren von der Kristallstruktur der zugrundeliegenden Legierung beobachtet. Vielfältige Methoden wie REM, EDXS, TEM, XPS und Ramanspektroskopie wurden genutzt, um die Nanoröhren zu charakterisieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gemischte TiO2-CoO und TiO2-SnO2 Nanoröhren in den gewählten Spannungsfenstern erfolgreich gebildet werden konnten. Die so hergestellten Nanoröhren sind amorph und in ihren Dimensionen präzise durch die Wahl der Spannung einstellbar. Eine elektrochemische Beurteilung der Nanoröhren erfolgte durch Tests gegen eine Li/Li+-Elektrode bei veschiedenen Stromdichten. Die Resultate zeigen, dass TiO2-CoO-Nanoröhren, welche bei 60 V hergestellt wurden, die höchsten Flächenkapazitäten von ~ 600 µAh cm–2 (d.h. 315 mAh g–1) bei einer Stromdichte von 10 µA cm–2 aufweisen. Bei höheren Stromdichten zeigen TiO2-CoO-Nanoröhren nahezu verdoppelte Lithiuminterkalation und eine Coulomb-Effizienz von 96 % nach 100 Zyklen, verglichen mit weniger effektiven TiO2–Nanoröhren, welche unter identischen Bedingungen hergestellt wurden. Um die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften der TiO2-CoO-Nanoröhren weiter zu verbessern, wurde ein neuer Komposit aus Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren und TiO2-CoO-Nanoröhren ((CNT)s@TiO2/CoO) durch eine zweistufige Synthese hergestellt. Die Herstellung beinhaltet zunächst die anodische Bildung geordneter TiO2/CoO-Nanoröhren, ausgehend von einer Ti-Co-Legierung, gefolgt von einem horizontalen Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren-Wachstum auf dem Oxid mittels einer simplen Sprühpyrolyse. Die einzigartige 1D-Struktur einer solchen hybriden Nanostruktur mit eingebundenen CNTs zeigt deutlich erhöhte Flächenkapazitäten und Belastbarkeiten im Vergleich zu Nanoröhren aus TiO2 und TiO2/CoO-Nanoröhren ohne CNTs, die unter identischen Bedingungen getestet wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die CNTs ein hochleitfähiges Netzwerk bilden, welches die Diffusion von Lithium-Ionen und deren Einbau in die TiO2/CoO-Nanoröhren begünstigt und somit hohe Kapazitäten und reproduzierbare hohe Belastbarkeiten bewirkt. Außerdem zeigen die Resultate, dass TiO2-SnO2 Nanoröhren, welche bei 40 V auf einer Ti-Sn-Legierung mit 1 at.% Sn hergestellt wurden, im Mittel eine 1,4-fache Erhöhung der Flächenkapazität und eine exzellente Zyklenstabilität über mehr als 400 Zyklen, verglichen mit unter identischen Konditionen hergestellten und getesteten TiO2-Nanoröhren, zeigen.
Die Arbeit ist wie folgt organisiert:
Kapitel 1: Allgemeine Einführung, in der die Energienachfrage und die Bedeutung von Lithium-Ionenbatterien in erneuerbaren Energiesystemen und tragbaren Geräten diskutiert wird. Eine kurze Einleitung zu TiO2-basierten Anoden in Lithium-Ionenbatterien und allgemeine Strategien zur Entwicklung von TiO2-Anoden werden ebenfalls gezeigt. Das Ziel der Arbeit und hauptsächliche Aufgaben werden zusammengefasst.
Kapitel 2: Das grundlegende Konzept der Lithium-Ionenbatterie mit einem Überblick über ihre Hauptkomponenten wird diskutiert. Dies beinhaltet auch eine kurze Darstellung der Anodenmaterialien und der Kristallstruktur von TiO2-Anoden. Eine detaillierte Übersicht über TiO2-Nanomaterialien für LIB, welche Herstellungsmethoden und die elektrochemische Performance verschiedener TiO2-Nanostrukturen (Nanopartikel, Nanostäbe, Nanonadeln, Nanodrähte und Nanoröhren) und poröser TiO2-Nanostrukturen beinhaltet, wird gezeigt. Die Bildung von TiO2-Nanoröhren durch anodische Oxidation und der Wachstumsmechanismus werden hervorgehoben. Faktoren, welche die elektrochemische Performance anodisch hergestellter TiO2-Materialien, TiO2/Kohlenstoff-Komposite und TiO2 als Gemisch mit anderen Metalloxiden beeinflussen, werden diskutiert.
Kapitel 3: In diesem Kapitel werden die Synthese von TiO2-CoO, (CNTs)@TiO2/CoO und TiO2-SnO2-Nanoröhren, die Charakterisierungsmethoden, elektrochemische Grundlagen und Konzepte diskutiert.
Kapitel 4: Detaillierte Resultate und die Diskussion der Synthese, Charakterisierung und der elektrochemischen Performance der TiO2-CoO- Nanoröhren und der ternären (CNTs)@TiO2/CoO-Nanoröhrenkomposite werden gezeigt.
Kapitel 5: Detaillierte Resultate und die Diskussion der Synthese, Charakterisierung und der elektrochemischen Performance der der ternären (CNTs)@TiO2/CoO-Nanoröhrenkomposite werden diskutiert.
Kapitel 6: Detaillierte Resultate und die Diskussion der Synthese, Charakterisierung und der elektrochemischen Performance von TiO2-SnO2-Nanoröhren werden gezeigt.
Kapitel 7: Eine Zusammenfassung der Resultate, die in dieser Arbeit gezeigt wurden und Schlussfolgerungen, sowie interessante Ansatzpunkte für zukünftige Arbeiten werden präsentiert.
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