Os fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento da Doença de Chagas e leishmaniose possuem eficácia insatisfatória, principalmente devido à resistência parasitária e reações adversas severas. Duas entomobactérias, Photorhabdus luminescens e Xenorhabdus nematophila, produzem uma variedade de metabólicos secundários tóxicos a células eucarióticas. Diante disto, testou-se a toxicidade de metabólitos secretados por P. luminescens e X. nematophila sobre Leishmania amazonensis e Trypanosoma cruzi, in vitro. Os meios condicionados de ambas bactérias mostraram significativo efeito parasiticida de forma concentração e tempo-dependente (L. amazonensis: IC50 P. luminescens = 21,80 μg/mL e X. nematophila = 0,33 mg/mL; T. cruzi: IC50 P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL e IC50 X. nematophila = 0,34 mg/mL) e apresentaram alta seletividade ao parasito (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3.92 e SIX. nematophila = 19,85; T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7,23 e SIX. nematophila = 14.17 para promastigotas e tripomastigotas, respectivamente). Além disso, os metabolitos estimulam a atividade de macrófagos contra amastigotas por um mecanismo independente de óxido nítrico. Com relação à caracterização dos compostos antiparasitários, sugere-se que moléculas com diferentes características atuem sobre cada parasito. P. luminescens secreta uma molécula leishmanicida de natureza peptídica menor que 3 kDa e uma molécula tripanocida de natureza não proteica, resistente a aquecimento a 100 ºC. X. nematophila produz uma molécula leishmanicida de polaridade inferior à tripanocida, uma vez que a atividade antiparasitária ficou em fases diferentes na extração com metanol. O mecanismo de ação de ambas bactérias sobre promastigotas parece estar relacionado à lesão mitocondrial, uma vez que ambas levaram à despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. X. nematophila, além disso, estimula a produção de ROS pelas formas promastigotas. A seletividade pelo parasito aliada a baixa citotoxicidade tornam estas bactérias promissoras fontes de compostos com potencial terapêutico contra leishmanioses e doença de Chagas. / Drugs currently available for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have unsatisfactory efficacy, mainly due to parasitic resistance and severe adverse reactions. Two entomobacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila, produce a variety of secondary metabolites toxic to eukaryotic cells. So, the toxicity of the metabolites secreted by Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila were tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. The mean values of both bacteria showed a significant concentration-dependent and time-dependent effect 14.17 (L. amazonensis: IC50P. luminescens = 21.80 μg / mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0.33 mg / mL, T. cruzi: IC50P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0 , 34 mg / mL), and showed a high selectivity to the parasite (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3,92 and SIX.nematophila = 19.85, T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7.23 and SIX.nematophila = 14.17 for promastigotes and trypomastigotes, respectively). In addition, cultures stimulate the activity of macrophages against amastigotes by an independent mechanism of nitric oxide. Regarding the characterization of antiparasitic compounds, it is suggested that molecules with different characteristics act on each parasite. P. luminescens secretes a leishmanicidal peptide molecule lesser than 3 kDa and a trypanocidal molecule of non-protein nature, resistant to heating at 100 °C. X. nematophila produces a leishmanicidal molecule of lower polarity than trypanocidal, since antiparasitic activity was at different phases in methanol extraction. The mechanism of action of both bacteria on promastigotes seems to be related to the mitochondrial injury, since both led to the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. X. nematophila, furthermore, stimulates the production of ROS by the promastigote. Selectivity by the parasite coupled with low cytotoxicity makes these bacteria promising sources of compounds with therapeutic potential against leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease.

No description available.

Les nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema sont associés symbiotiquement à des bactéries du genre Xenorhabdus. Leur cycle de vie comprend deux phases : une phase libre, dans le sol, où les nématodes portent leurs symbiotes dans le tube digestif, et une phase parasite, dans l'insecte, où les deux partenaires se multiplient côte à côte. Le bilan fin de l'interaction, globalement bénéfique pour les deux partenaires, a été peu étudié pour le moment. Dans un premier temps, nous avons abordé ces symbioses d'un point de vue coûts-bénéfices pour le nématode afin d'identifier les pressions de sélection agissant sur son investissement dans la symbiose. Nous montrons que l'association est à la fois bénéfique (reproduction en phase parasitaire) et coûteuse (mortalité en phase libre) pour le nématode, en proportion de sa charge symbiotique. Ces corrélations engendrent un compromis survie-reproduction pour le nématode, médié par ses symbiotes. Selon les conditions environnementales, elles pourraient éventuellement déstabiliser l'association, et, notamment, altérer sa spécificité. Dans un second temps, nous avons donc exploré la spécificité de ces associations dans la nature et au laboratoire. Lors d'un échantillonage de terrain, nous avons retrouvé la spécificité de ces associations largement décrite par ailleurs. Au laboratoire, la réassociation expérimentale entre nématodes et bactéries non natives montre que le spectre des bactéries retenues est plus étroit que le spectre des bactéries bénéfiques. De plus, des différences de modalités d'association apparaissent entre espèces de nématodes, qui suggèrent que la correspondance nématode - bactérie ne serait pas aussi stricte que prévu.

Apolipophorin-III is a hemolymph protein known for its role in lipid transport. Apolipophorin-III isolated from the hemolymph of last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella bound to the surface of the insect pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophilus and to the lipid A moiety of its lipopolysaccharide. This binding reduced the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide to hemocytes and decreased the inhibitory effect of the lipopolysaccharide on phenoloxidase. Apolipophorin-III also bound to the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus lysodeikticus; this enhanced the activity of hen egg lysozyme on the organism as well as the lytic activity of G. mellonella cell-free hemolymph. / The involvement of apolipophorin-III in the immune responses of G. mellonella larvae to lipoteichoic acids, surface components of Gram-positive bacteria, was examined. Lipoteichoic acids from Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus hirae and Streptococcus pyogenes caused a dose- and time-dependent drop in the total counts of circulating hemocytes and a partial or complete depletion of plasmatocytes depending on the species of lipoteichoic acid. All lipoteichoic acids tested activated phenoloxidase in vitro; however, in vivo, only B. subtilis lipoteichoic acid elevated the phenoloxidase activity while the other two suppressed it. Binding of apolipophorin-III to lipoteichoic acids was demonstrated. Apolipophorin-III prevented the complete depletion of plasmatocytes and depressed the activation of phenoloxidase by lipoteichoic acid from B. subtilis. The concentration of apolipophorin-III in hemolymph two hours post injections of lipopolysaccharides or lipoteichoic acids into larvae of G. mellonella did not change with respect to control insects that received phosphate-buffered saline. The concentration of apolipophorin-III in hemolymph at the end of the feeding larval stage was 8--12 mg/mL of hemolymph. Apolipophorin-III was present in significant amounts in the prepupal, pupal and adult stages. The protein was detected immunologically in hemocyte lysates, plasma and fat body. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and immunoblots of fresh hemolymph suggested that apolipophorin-III is associated with a 77 kDa protein.

The following studies were done to identify factors that influence the virulence of Xenorhabdus nematophilus and the interactions of the bacterium with the nonself defence systems of nonimmune Galleria mellonella. Isolates of X. nematophilus that are qualitatively similar in biochemical properties differed significantly in virulence for G. mellonella larvae. The production of enzymes such as proteases could not account for differences in the virulence of the isolates. / Growth conditions, influenced the growth rate and the interactions of the bacterium with nonimmune G. mellonella larvae. In general, X. nematophilus cells grown under aerobic conditions were more susceptible to the nonself defences of G. mellonella larvae than those grown under less than ideal conditions, resulting in increased clearance of the bacteria from the hemolymph (blood) of the insects. Clearance of the bacteria from the hemolymph of the insect was positively correlated with culture condition, culture age, and attachment to insect hemocytes in vitro. / Isolates of X. nematophilus produced flagella and fimbriae when grown under microaerobic and aerobic conditions. The type of fimbriae produced was influenced by culture conditions. The injection of both flagella and fimbriae in picogram quantities into nonimmune G. mellonella caused an increase in total hemocyte counts within these insect larvae. The injection of fimbrial and flagellar antigens into G. mellonella larvae caused changes in the hemocyte types found in circulation in the insect's hemolymph. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Kiel.

The aim of the present study was to study the occurrence of scavenging behavior among different species and strains of entomopathogenic nematodes. Another part of the study was focused on scavenging of the selected entomopathogenic nematodes in insects killed by various non-native strains of Xenorhabdus bovinenii. Further aim was to investigate the interspecific competition of the selected entomopathogenic nematodes with the nematode Oscheius myriophila for dead hosts. The final aim was the search for possible toxicity of the selected X. bovienii strains against nematode Oscheius myriophila.

Os fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento da Doença de Chagas e leishmaniose possuem eficácia insatisfatória, principalmente devido à resistência parasitária e reações adversas severas. Duas entomobactérias, Photorhabdus luminescens e Xenorhabdus nematophila, produzem uma variedade de metabólicos secundários tóxicos a células eucarióticas. Diante disto, testou-se a toxicidade de metabólitos secretados por P. luminescens e X. nematophila sobre Leishmania amazonensis e Trypanosoma cruzi, in vitro. Os meios condicionados de ambas bactérias mostraram significativo efeito parasiticida de forma concentração e tempo-dependente (L. amazonensis: IC50 P. luminescens = 21,80 μg/mL e X. nematophila = 0,33 mg/mL; T. cruzi: IC50 P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL e IC50 X. nematophila = 0,34 mg/mL) e apresentaram alta seletividade ao parasito (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3.92 e SIX. nematophila = 19,85; T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7,23 e SIX. nematophila = 14.17 para promastigotas e tripomastigotas, respectivamente). Além disso, os metabolitos estimulam a atividade de macrófagos contra amastigotas por um mecanismo independente de óxido nítrico. Com relação à caracterização dos compostos antiparasitários, sugere-se que moléculas com diferentes características atuem sobre cada parasito. P. luminescens secreta uma molécula leishmanicida de natureza peptídica menor que 3 kDa e uma molécula tripanocida de natureza não proteica, resistente a aquecimento a 100 ºC. X. nematophila produz uma molécula leishmanicida de polaridade inferior à tripanocida, uma vez que a atividade antiparasitária ficou em fases diferentes na extração com metanol. O mecanismo de ação de ambas bactérias sobre promastigotas parece estar relacionado à lesão mitocondrial, uma vez que ambas levaram à despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. X. nematophila, além disso, estimula a produção de ROS pelas formas promastigotas. A seletividade pelo parasito aliada a baixa citotoxicidade tornam estas bactérias promissoras fontes de compostos com potencial terapêutico contra leishmanioses e doença de Chagas. / Drugs currently available for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have unsatisfactory efficacy, mainly due to parasitic resistance and severe adverse reactions. Two entomobacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila, produce a variety of secondary metabolites toxic to eukaryotic cells. So, the toxicity of the metabolites secreted by Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila were tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. The mean values of both bacteria showed a significant concentration-dependent and time-dependent effect 14.17 (L. amazonensis: IC50P. luminescens = 21.80 μg / mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0.33 mg / mL, T. cruzi: IC50P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0 , 34 mg / mL), and showed a high selectivity to the parasite (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3,92 and SIX.nematophila = 19.85, T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7.23 and SIX.nematophila = 14.17 for promastigotes and trypomastigotes, respectively). In addition, cultures stimulate the activity of macrophages against amastigotes by an independent mechanism of nitric oxide. Regarding the characterization of antiparasitic compounds, it is suggested that molecules with different characteristics act on each parasite. P. luminescens secretes a leishmanicidal peptide molecule lesser than 3 kDa and a trypanocidal molecule of non-protein nature, resistant to heating at 100 °C. X. nematophila produces a leishmanicidal molecule of lower polarity than trypanocidal, since antiparasitic activity was at different phases in methanol extraction. The mechanism of action of both bacteria on promastigotes seems to be related to the mitochondrial injury, since both led to the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. X. nematophila, furthermore, stimulates the production of ROS by the promastigote. Selectivity by the parasite coupled with low cytotoxicity makes these bacteria promising sources of compounds with therapeutic potential against leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease.

Os fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento da Doença de Chagas e leishmaniose possuem eficácia insatisfatória, principalmente devido à resistência parasitária e reações adversas severas. Duas entomobactérias, Photorhabdus luminescens e Xenorhabdus nematophila, produzem uma variedade de metabólicos secundários tóxicos a células eucarióticas. Diante disto, testou-se a toxicidade de metabólitos secretados por P. luminescens e X. nematophila sobre Leishmania amazonensis e Trypanosoma cruzi, in vitro. Os meios condicionados de ambas bactérias mostraram significativo efeito parasiticida de forma concentração e tempo-dependente (L. amazonensis: IC50 P. luminescens = 21,80 μg/mL e X. nematophila = 0,33 mg/mL; T. cruzi: IC50 P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL e IC50 X. nematophila = 0,34 mg/mL) e apresentaram alta seletividade ao parasito (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3.92 e SIX. nematophila = 19,85; T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7,23 e SIX. nematophila = 14.17 para promastigotas e tripomastigotas, respectivamente). Além disso, os metabolitos estimulam a atividade de macrófagos contra amastigotas por um mecanismo independente de óxido nítrico. Com relação à caracterização dos compostos antiparasitários, sugere-se que moléculas com diferentes características atuem sobre cada parasito. P. luminescens secreta uma molécula leishmanicida de natureza peptídica menor que 3 kDa e uma molécula tripanocida de natureza não proteica, resistente a aquecimento a 100 ºC. X. nematophila produz uma molécula leishmanicida de polaridade inferior à tripanocida, uma vez que a atividade antiparasitária ficou em fases diferentes na extração com metanol. O mecanismo de ação de ambas bactérias sobre promastigotas parece estar relacionado à lesão mitocondrial, uma vez que ambas levaram à despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. X. nematophila, além disso, estimula a produção de ROS pelas formas promastigotas. A seletividade pelo parasito aliada a baixa citotoxicidade tornam estas bactérias promissoras fontes de compostos com potencial terapêutico contra leishmanioses e doença de Chagas. / Drugs currently available for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have unsatisfactory efficacy, mainly due to parasitic resistance and severe adverse reactions. Two entomobacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila, produce a variety of secondary metabolites toxic to eukaryotic cells. So, the toxicity of the metabolites secreted by Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila were tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. The mean values of both bacteria showed a significant concentration-dependent and time-dependent effect 14.17 (L. amazonensis: IC50P. luminescens = 21.80 μg / mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0.33 mg / mL, T. cruzi: IC50P. luminescens = 1,0 mg/mL and IC50X. nematophila = 0 , 34 mg / mL), and showed a high selectivity to the parasite (L. amazonensis: SIP. luminescens = 3,92 and SIX.nematophila = 19.85, T. cruzi: SIP. luminescens = 7.23 and SIX.nematophila = 14.17 for promastigotes and trypomastigotes, respectively). In addition, cultures stimulate the activity of macrophages against amastigotes by an independent mechanism of nitric oxide. Regarding the characterization of antiparasitic compounds, it is suggested that molecules with different characteristics act on each parasite. P. luminescens secretes a leishmanicidal peptide molecule lesser than 3 kDa and a trypanocidal molecule of non-protein nature, resistant to heating at 100 °C. X. nematophila produces a leishmanicidal molecule of lower polarity than trypanocidal, since antiparasitic activity was at different phases in methanol extraction. The mechanism of action of both bacteria on promastigotes seems to be related to the mitochondrial injury, since both led to the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. X. nematophila, furthermore, stimulates the production of ROS by the promastigote. Selectivity by the parasite coupled with low cytotoxicity makes these bacteria promising sources of compounds with therapeutic potential against leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease.

No description available.