本論文旨在探討1990年後期興起的中國大陸鄉鎮選舉改革。四川省遂寧市市中區步雲鄉1998年的鄉長直選係全中國大陸首例。因此以步雲鄉鄉長直選為案例，探討其起源、歷程、困境及意義為何？特別是著重探究推動基層選舉改革的動因為何？本論文使用「次級資料分析法」與「案例分析法」為研究方法，進而分析中國大陸基層選舉制度的相關海內外文獻，另採用理性選擇制度變遷、自主性制度變遷及強制性制度變遷等理論，以及國家與公民社會研究途徑，以探析影響中國大陸基層選舉改革的因素。 / The theme of this thesis lies in probing into the reforms of China’s local election at Xiang/township level that was beginning to rise in late 1990's. The election of Buyun Xiang chief directly in the Shizhong District of Suining in Sichuan Province set a precedent for the first time at the end of 1998. So in order to regard Buyun Xiang as the case, probe into the origin, course, dilemma and meaning of the Xiang chief election directly? Especially understand emphatically what promote the incentive of the election reform at the basic level? The thesis uses “secondary materials analysis” and “case study analysis” as the research method, as to analysing about the relevant documents which study the Mainland China electoral system at the basic level both at home and abroad, and choose Rational Choice Institutionalism, Motivational and Compulsory of Institutional Transitions, complement it with research approach of State and Civil Society, do case analysis to the factor influencing electoral reform at the basic level.

吳志廉. / "2013年8月". / "2013 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-232). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Wu Zhilian.

Tang, Li. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-137). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Subaltern Public Sphere --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Public Sphere: Liberal Model --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Criticism on Unitary Public Sphere --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Subaltern Public Sphere --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Criteria for Subaltern Public Sphere --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- External Parties --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Public Sphere in the Cyberspace --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Public Sphere in Contemporary China --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Application of the Concept of Public Sphere in China --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Dominant Public Sphere in China --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Subaltern Groups in China --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Subaltern Public Spheres in Chinese Cyberspace --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- HBV Carriers Group and the Forum --- p.28 / Chapter 3 --- Research Design --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overall Conceptual Framework --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Questions --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Textual Analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Interviews --- p.39 / Chapter 4 --- Brief Overview of the Forum --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overall Development --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Structure --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Users --- p.50 / Chapter 5 --- Empowerment on the Discursive Level --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1 --- Characteristics of the Forum --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Alternative Topic --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Alternative Information of HBV --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Discourse of Self-Narrative --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Forum Accessibility --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Relative Equality --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2 --- Rhetoric of Innocence --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Attribution of the Spread of HBV --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Attribution of Discrimination --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.70 / Chapter 6 --- Empowerment and Collective Action --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- The State --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- State's Impact on HBV Carriers --- p.75 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Resistance Enabled by the Internet --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Challenges from the State --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Compromise with the State --- p.86 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Market --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Market Domination --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Resistance against the Market --- p.91 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Challenges from the market --- p.99 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Mass Media --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Mass Media's Domination --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Forum's Efforts to Get Favourably Represented --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Mass Media's Influence over the Forum --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1 --- Assessing Empowerment Capacity --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Formation of a Subaltern Public Sphere --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Discursive Empowerment --- p.117 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Transformed Relationships with External Parties --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2 --- Internet and Empowerment --- p.123 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.127 / Bibliography --- p.130

段玉明. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 262-280). / 中英文摘要. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Duan Yuming. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 262-280).

China's linguistic diversity is characterized by large diversity, featuring seven major dialect groups that are not mutually intelligible, each containing numerous subdialects. This complexity has led to the establishment of Standard Mandarin Chinese (SMC) as the official lingua franca to prevent communication challenges. The establishment of SMC, led to diglossia—using different dialects based on the context and setting. Furthermore, recent studies indicate a shift away from diglossia towards a dominant use of SMC, particularly among the younger generation, influenced by factors such as urbanization, migration, and language policies. This study explores language attitudes and family language practices focusing on SMC and the Xiang dialect, a lesser-studied dialect spoken in Hunan. The study examined two groups that conform to the diglossia of speaking Xiang and SMC, one permanently residing in Sweden and the other in Hunan. The study aimed to identify differences or similarities in their instrumental and integrative language attitudes and to determine how these attitudes influence language choice in a family setting. A qualitative approach was applied, using semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that the group in Sweden holds weak instrumental attitudes towards the Xiang dialect, perceiving it as offering no practical benefits within the local Chinese community in Sweden. However, the respondents hold integrative attitudes, associating the dialect with a sense of local identity and pride. In contrast, participants in Hunan show a stronger connection to the Xiang dialect, expressing deeper integrative attitudes. Both groups, however, expressed strong instrumental attitudes towards SMC, valuing it for its educational and career benefits and its wide usage. In terms of family language practices, both groups generally choose SMC while speaking to their children, driven mainly by the practical advantages that SMC provides. / 中国的语言具有多样性的特点，当中包含七大主要方言群，这些方言群之间往往不具有相互理解性，每个方言群下还包含许多子方言。这种复杂性导致了普通话（SMC）作为官方通用语的确立，以防止沟通上的困难。普通话的确立导致了语言的双重使用现象——根据不同的语境和环境使用不同的方言。此外，最近的研究表明，尤其是在年轻一代中，从双语使用的情况改变以普通话为主导，这种变化是受到城市化、迁移和语言政策等因素的影响。 本研究探讨了普通话和一种较少研究的方言——湖南湘方言的语言态度和家庭语言实践。研究检视了两个群体，这两个群体都遵循使用湘方言和普通话的双语模式，其中一个群体常驻瑞典，另一个常驻湖南。本研究旨在识别他们在工具性和整合性语言态度上的差异或相似之处，以及这些态度如何影响在家庭环境中的语言选择。本研究采用了定性方法，使用半结构化访谈来收集资料。 研究发现，瑞典的群体对湘方言持有较弱的工具性态度，认为在瑞典的本地华人社区中，湘方言没有实际的用处。不过，受访者对湘方言持有整合性态度，将该方言与地方身份和自豪感联系起来。相比之下，湖南的参与者对湘方言有更强烈的联系，表现出更深的整合性态度。然而，两个群体都对普通话表达了强烈的工具性态度，重视其在教育和职业上的好处及其广泛的使用性。 在家庭语言实践方面，两个群体一般在与孩子交流时选择使用普通话，主要是由于普通话能给孩子提供的实际优势。