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This thesis reports on results in the fields of experimental spin- and general wave dynamics.

Accelerator driven transmutation systems could be a solution to the problem with long-lived nuclear waste and opening the way to thorium fuel cycle. Due to intensive neutron source based on spallation reaction are these systems very litle dependent on the arrangement of the core and fuel quality. These systems can transmute the spent fuel, eventually 232Th or 238U without affecting maintenance of fission reaction. Additionally subcritical blanket ensures high safety. For these systems it is necessary to know the cross sections of reactions of fast neutrons produced in the spallation reaction with different materials. This data is necessary not only for the selection of appropriate construction materials, but also for creation of programs simulating accelerator driven transmutation systems. This thesis is focused on the experimental determination of cross sections of reactions 89Y(n,2n)88Y and 89Y(n,3n)87Y with neutron energies from 17,6 to 33,6 MeV. Yttrium is analyzed for its (n,xn) threshold reactions, which makes it appropriet activation detector for study of the neutron fields in model configurations of accelerator driven transmutation systems. The obtained cross sections are unique, in that so far there are no experimental data for used neutron energies.

Dans ce travail, une nouvelle série de complexes d'Al(III) portant des ligands tridentates pyridine-bis(naphtolate) ortho-substitués ({ONOSiR3}2-, SiR3 = SiPh3, SiMe2tBu) et deux complexes d´Y(III) portant un nouveau ligand tridentate pyridine-bis(phénolate) ortho-substitués avec un group cumyle {ONOMe,Cumyl}2- ont été préparés. Leurs structures ont été élucidées à l'état solide par une étude de diffraction des rayons X et en solution par la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique multinucléaire. Des études préliminaires sur les performances catalytiques des complexes d'Al(III) et d'Y(III) dans la ROP du rac-lactide et de la β-butyrolactone sont décrits. D'autres études ont été aussi reportées sur des réactions en utilisant des quantités stoechiométriques des lactides avec des complexes homochiraux Al(III)-lactate ou Al(III){β-alkoxy ester} dont sont des complexes modèles des premiers intermédiaires et des espèces actives impliquées dans les étapes d´initiation et de propagation de la polymérisation de lactides et β-lactones. / A series of new Al(III) complexes bearing silyl ortho-substituted 2,6-bis(naphtholate)-pyridine tridentate ligands ({ONOSiR3}2-, SiR3 = SiPh3, SiMe2tBu) and two monomeric Y(III) complexes bearing a new cumyl ortho-substituted 2,6-bis(phenolate)-pyridine tridentate ligand {ONOMe,Cumyl}2 have been prepared and structurally characterized in solution and in the solid-state. Preliminary studies on the catalytic performances of the compounds in the ROP of racemic lactide and β-butyrolactone are described. Also, details of the reactions of chiral Al-lactate and -{β-alkoxy ester} complexes which are close models/mimics of the first intermediates and active species involved in the initiation and propagation steps of the ROP of lactides and β-lactones with stoichiometric amounts of lactide.

Devido a crescente busca por fontes de energia que utilizem combustíveis renováveis, a utilização do biogás (mistura de gases produzida durante a digestão de matéria orgânica) proveniente do tratamento anaeróbio de águas residuárias e esgotos, surge como um processo promissor para a produção de gás de síntese (mistura de H2 e CO), contribuindo para a geração de produtos de maior valor agregado e para o aproveitamento de rejeitos industriais e domésticos. O biogás normalmente é composto de 60-65% de CH4 e 30-35% de CO2 e, de acordo com a composição do biogás, pode-se combinar processos de reforma do metano com CO2 e reforma a vapor do metano de modo a maximizar o consumo do CH4 excedente presente no biogás, para a geração de gás síntese. Catalisadores baratos e eficientes devem ser desenvolvidos para estas aplicações. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das melhores combinações destas reações em função da composição de alimentação do reator, aliado ao desenvolvimento de catalisadores de níquel, ítrio e alumínio, buscando minimizar a deposição de carbono, que é o principal problema encontrado nestes processos. Os catalisadores foram preparados pela técnica de coprecipitação de óxido de ítrio e alumínio, no qual se impregnou o óxido de níquel. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas: EDX, método B.E.T., DRX, RTP, XAS, além dos ensaios catalíticos para as reações de reforma do metano: com CO2, a vapor e oxidativa. Os resultados mostraram que é possível a preparação de catalisadores de níquel suportado em mistura de Y2O3-Al2O3, e que eles são ativos para as reações de reforma do metano. / Due to the considerable growth in the demand for energy sources that use renewable fuels, the use of biogas (a mixture of gases produced during digestion of organic matter) from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater and sewage, appears as a promising process for the production of synthesis gas (mixture of H2 and CO), contributing to the generation of products with higher value and the use of industrial wastes and domestic. Biogas is typically composed of 60-65% of CH4 and 30-35% of CO2 and, according to the composition of biogas, it can combine the reform processes of methane with CO2 and steam reforming of methane to maximize the consumption of CH4 excess present in the biogas to the production of the synthesis gas. Cheap and efficient catalysts must be developed for these applications. This paper aims to study the best combinations of these reactions depending on the feed composition of the reactor, coupled with the development of catalysts of nickel, yttrium and aluminum in order to minimize the carbon deposition, which is the main problem in these processes. The catalysts were prepared by the technique of co-precipitation of yttrium oxide and aluminum, which is impregnated nickel oxide. The catalysts were characterized by different techniques: EDX, BET method, XRD, TPR, XAS, and catalytic tests for methane reforming reactions: CO2, steam and oxidative. The results showed that it is possible to prepare nickel catalysts supported on mixed Y2O3-Al2O3, and they are active for the methane reactions.

Com o objetivo de encontrar novas matrizes dopadas com terras raras para aplicação em dispositivos como amplificadores ópticos, o estudo da otimização da emissão dos íons de érbio (Er3+) no sistema Y2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 foi realizado. Pós, cuja composição é dada por (100-x) Y3Al5O12 (x) SiO2 (x varia de 0 a 70, considerando porcentagem em mol) e com concentração fixa de Er2O3 igual a 1% em mol, foram sintetizados via método Pechini modificado e tratados termicamente a 900 e 1000 °C. Espectros de fotoluminescência (FL) na região do infravermelho próximo (transição 4I13/2 4I15/2 dos íons de Er3+) e espectros de up-conversion na região visível (2H11/2 + 4S3/2 + 4F9/2 4I15/2) foram medidos considerando excitação em 980 nm. Técnicas de caracterização como TG, DSC, DRX e FT-IR foram utilizadas para avaliar a cristalização e evolução das fases cristalinas em função da concentração de sílica (x) e da temperatura de tratamento térmico. As análises foram baseadas na comparação entre os dois diferentes solventes usados na preparação das resinas poliméricas: água e etanol. As condições ótimas encontradas para etanol são diferentes das condições encontradas quando água é usada como solvente, confirmando que as propriedades de FL na região do infravermelho próximo são bastante sensíveis às mudanças na estequiometria da matriz e às condições de processamento. A maior intensidade da emissão em 1540 nm foi observada em pós com x = 30 para etanol e x = 70 para água, tratados a 900 e 1000 °C, respectivamente. Este resultado pode estar atribuído à combinação de baixa simetria e boa dispersão dos íons de Er3+ nestas matrizes. Os filmes foram preparados por evaporação por canhão de elétrons (PVD) a partir das pastilhas dos pós estudados. O estudo desses sistemas ainda é pouco reportado na literatura. A caracterização estrutural, morfológica e composicional dos filmes foi considerada com o intuito de avaliar a aplicação destes filmes como guias de ondas amplificadores. Além do elevado índice de refração, estes materiais também podem ser usados em estudos envolvendo efeitos fotoinduzidos. / In order to find a new Er-doped host for near infrared (NIR) optical amplifiers, a study on the optimization of the erbium emission ions in the Y2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 system was performed. (100-x) Y3Al5O12 (x) SiO2 powders (x varies from 0 to 70, in mol%) with a fixed Er2O3 concentration of 1.0 mol% were synthesized by a modified Pechini method and heat-treated at 900 and 1000 °C. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 1540 nm of the 4I13/2 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions and the up-conversion spectra at visible region (2H11/2 + 4S3/2 + 4F9/2 4I15/2) upon 980 nm excitation were evaluated. Different techniques, such as thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were considered to evaluate crystallization and phase-evolution of the powders as a function of the silica content (x) and annealing temperature. The analyses were based on the comparison between two different solvents used in the preparation of the polymeric resins: ethanol and water. The optimal conditions for ethanol are quite different than the conditions for water used as solvent, confirming that the PL properties at the NIR region are highly sensitive to the changes in the host stoichiometry and processing conditions. The highest emission intensity at 1540 nm was observed for x= 30 for ethanol and x = 70 for water, treated at 900 and 1000 °C, respectively. This result could be attributed to the combination of low symmetry and good dispersion of the Er3+ ions in these hosts. The films were prepared by electron beam evaporation (PVD) from the pellets of the powders studied. The study of these systems is still little reported in the literature. The structural, morphological and compositional characterization of the films was considered in order to evaluate the application of these films as waveguide amplifiers. In addition to the high refractive index, these materials can also be used in conditions involving photoinduced effects.