Cette thèse puise sa motivation dans l'industrie pétrolière, et plus particulièrement dans la phase de cimentation primaire des puits pétroliers. Le travail consiste en une étude expérimentale des écoulements biphasiques, stables et instables, des fluides utilisés durant cette opération. Dans les cas instables, l'instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor, qui est susceptible de se développer quand un fluide lourd repose sur un fluide léger sous le champs gravitaire par exemple, est l'une des instabilités responsables des phénomènes de mélange observés entre les fluides déplacés, notamment la boue et le ciment. Elle est étudiée dans ce travail dans le cas de fluides modèles, à seuil, reprenant le même comportement rhéologique que les fluides pétroliers, à la fois d'un point de vue qualitatif et quantitatif. Dans les cas stables où les fluides pétroliers laissent des dépôt sur les parois du puits, une étude expérimentale, se basant sur des fluides à seuil modèles, permet de relier l'épaisseur du dépôt aux paramètres importants du problème, à savoir les paramètres rhéologiques du fluide à seuil et les propriétés de l'écoulement / This thesis draws its motivation from the petroleum industry, and more particularly from the phase of primary cementation of the oil wells. The work consists of an experimental study of the biphasic, stable and unstable flows, fluids were used during this operation. In the unstable cases, the instability of Rayleigh-Taylor, which may develop when a heavy fluid rests on a light fluid under fields’ gravitaire for example, is one of the instabilities responsible for phenomena of mixture observed between the uncalled-for fluids, in particular the mud and the cement. It is studied in this work in the case of model fluids, in threshold, resuming the same rheologic behavior as the oil fluids, at the same time from a qualitative and quantitative point of view

The behaviour of viscoplastic drops during formation and detachment from a capillary nozzle, free-fall, impact on a solid substrate and subsequent spreading are investigated experimentally by high-speed imaging. Drop dynamic behaviour is an integral component of many contemporary industrial processes ranging from fuelinjection systems in combustion engines to spray coating, agrochemical and pharmaceutical delivery, fire extinguishment and ink-jet printing. Yield-stress fluids are commonly used nowadays in products ranging from mayonnaise to hair-gel. It is hoped that through understanding the dynamics of viscoplastic fluids, additional spray applications can be developed that will help to advance and optimise industrial processes. Viscoplastic fluids exhibit shear-thinning behaviour when the applied stress exceeds a certain threshold value, called the yield-stress. Below this threshold however, the fluid behaves like an elastic solid. By comparing the behaviour of viscoplastic drops with both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids, yield-stress is shown to be capable of altering detachment behaviour, drop shape during free-fall, impact morphology and the final sessile shape of drops after spreading. For drops attached to the end of a capillary tube, growth continues until a maximum supportable tensile stress is reached in the drop neck. After this critical point, drops become unstable and detach. The critical break-up behaviour of low yield-stress drops is found to be similar to those of Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids. Above a threshold value however, characterised in terms of the ratio between yield-stress magnitude and capillary pressure, yield-stress forces exceed surface tension forces and the maximum tensile stress achievable in the drop neck at critical stability is governed by the extensional yield-stress, established using the von Mises criterion. This threshold value can also be used to characterise equilibrium drop shapes during free-fall. Whereas Newtonian, shear-thinning and low yield-stress fluids form near spherical equilibrium drop shapes, fluids above a threshold value become increasingly more prolate as the yield-stress increases. Upon impact, viscoplastic drops can exhibit central peaks at the end of inertial spreading. The influence of yield-stress magnitude on impact behaviour is qualitatively established by measuring the size of these peaks. Peaks indicate that deformation during impact is localized and within a threshold radius, shear stresses will not be large enough to overcome the yield-stress, therefore fluid within this region will not deform from the drop shape prior to impact. After impact, spreading will be dependent on the surface energy. Again, the ratio of the yield-stress magnitude to the capillary pressure can be used to characterise the final sessile drop shape. Whilst the equilibrium contact angle of Newtonian, shear-thinning and low yield-stress drops is independent of the yield-stress magnitude, above a threshold value, contact angles vary as a function of yield-stress magnitude. Whilst the research presented in this thesis highlights how fluid yield-stress can influence drop dynamics, some results are only qualitative. To establish more quantitative results, computational fluid dynamics methods should be used to examine viscoplastic drop dynamics. This research should focus primarily on impact behaviour, an aspect that has not received much attention previously. Modelling shear-thinning and viscoplastic fluid behaviour can be achieved by incorporating the relevant rheological models into the flow equations and examining impact morphology using a volume of fluid method. Numerical results can then be directly compared with the experimental results. Useful further experimentation could examine the relaxation behaviour of diamagnetically levitated viscoplastic drops. The results from this work could provide further insight into what rheological model best describes viscoplastic behaviour for shear-stresses below the yield-point.

[pt] O escoamento cisalhante oscilatório de grande amplitude (large amplitude oscillatory shear - LAOS) é considerado atualmente uma das metodologias mais promissoras para caracterização de materiais complexos. Como uma grande faixa de processos industriais envolve grandes deformações é de extrema importância entender como esses materiais se comportam mecanicamente sob essas circunstâncias para o correto projeto e operação. Através de uma caracterização reológica completa de um material elastoviscoplástico mostramos que o modelo de Jeffreys é adequado para interpretar fisicamente os resultados em LAOS de materiais complexos. Conforme a amplitude de tesão e frequência são variados independentemente, dois tipos de movimento, caracterizados por respostas não senoidais e senoidais, foram observados respectivamente: i) movimentos a estrutura variável, quando a amplitude de tensão é maior que a tensão limite de escoamento do material, e ii)movimentos a estrutura constante, para casos onde a amplitude de tensão é menor que a tensão limite ou onde a frequência é muito maior que o inverso do tempo característico do material. Assim, uma nova metodologia, a quasi-linear LAOS (QL-LAOS) foi desenvolvida para a caracterização reológica e interpretação de resultados em LAOS. Ademais, foi obtida excelente concordância entre as previsões teóricas e os resultados experimentais. / [en] Large amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) is presently considered one of the most promising methodologies to investigate the behavior of complex materials. Since a wide range of industrial processes involves large deformations, understanding how complex materials behave under these conditions is fundamental for operation and design purposes. By performing a thorough rheological characterization of a commercially available hair gel, it was shown that a Jeffreys framework is suitable to interpret physically LAOS rheology data of complex materials. As the stress amplitude and frequency are independently varied, two classes of motion are observed, characterized by a non-sinusoidal and a sinusoidal response, respectively: structure-changing motions, when the stress amplitude is above the yield stress and the frequency is of the order of the reciprocal of the thixotropic characteristic time; and constant-structure motions, when either the stress amplitude is below the yield stress or the frequency is much larger than the reciprocal of the thixotropic characteristic time. Thus, a novel methodology, the quasi-linear LAOS (QL-LAOS) methodology, is suggested for rheological characterization and interpretation of LAOS results. Moreover, a remarkable agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results was obtained.

Le ketchup, la moutarde, la mousse à raser, sont des fluides à seuil, ils s’écoulent uniquement lorsqu’on leur applique une contrainte supérieure à une valeur critique, appelée contrainte seuil. Sur des surfaces lisses, ces fluides peuvent s’écouler sous de petites contraintes : on a alors un phénomène de glissement. En étudiant par rhéométrie les écoulements de ces matériaux des séquences originales et une technique d’imagerie directe (vélocimétrie en IRM), on montre que le glissement ne se produit qu’au-delà d’une contrainte critique. Selon les cas, cette contrainte critique est due soit à un effet de bord, soit à un effet de surface. L’excès de contrainte par rapport à cette contrainte critique varie linéairement avec la vitesse de glissement. De ce fait le glissement peut être représenté comme le cisaillement d’une couche de liquide le long de la paroi, mais la réalité est plus complexe compte tenu de la structure du matériau au contact avec la paroi. Curieusement l’épaisseur de cette couche de liquide « équivalente » ne semble pas varier avec la concentration, la taille des gouttes, la force normale, etc. Ceci suggère que cette épaisseur est gouvernée par des forces plus élevées que la lubrification et la pression osmotique. Nous étudions également le glissement pour des écoulements plus complexes. Pour cela on impose une élongation au fluide à seuil par une expérience de traction avec des surfaces lisses. La force normale mesurée pour différents matériaux avec des structures différentes montre que la condition de transition solide-liquide en élongation est différente que ce que prédit la théorie standard, et l’épaisseur de la couche de glissement est de plusieurs ordres de grandeur supérieure à celle trouvée en cisaillement simple / Ketchup, mustard, shaving creams flow only when submitted to stresses greater than a critical stress – yield stress, these are yield stress fluids. On smooth surfaces, these fluids can flow under very small stresses; this phenomenon is the wall slip. Using gels, emulsions, clay suspensions, etc., and from rheometrical tests with original protocols and internal measurements (MRI velocimetry), we show that a minimal stress must be reached to initiate wall slip and, depending on cases, this value is either due to an edge effect or to an adhesion of the suspended elements to the wall. Above this critical value, the excess of stress is found to vary linearly with the slip velocity, except at the transition of the yield stress or using a microtextured surface: in that cases the relation becomes quadratic. The wall slip can be interpreted as the shear flow of a thin liquid layer between the yield stress fluid and the wall. However, given the complexity of the material structure in contact with the wall, the exact picture of the slip layer requires further investigations. The apparent thickness of the liquid layer seems to be independent of the concentration, the mean droplet size, the external normal forces, etc., suggesting that it depends on interactions between the suspended droplets and the surface which are much stronger than the lubricating and osmotic pressures. We also study wall slip under more complex flow conditions, by inducing an elongational flow during a traction test with smooth surfaces. The normal force measured for various materials with different microstructures shows that the yielding condition in an elongational flow is different from the standard theory, and the apparent thickness of the wall slip layer is several orders of magnitude larger than that found in shear flows

In this work the author presents simulation procedures (mathematical models) with the aim to help determining and analysing the mechanical properties of coating-substrate-systems and finding an “optimal” coating structure which should protect the compound from inelastic deformation under a given range of load conditions. Such procedures may be used as a tool to minimise the search field for experimental work. For this purpose one would need a mathematical model which allows one to calculate the complete elastic field with all its displacement and stress components within a multilayer film on a substrate under given mechanical loading and intrinsic stress conditions. Due to copyright restrictions the author is not allowed to publish the Part II of his habilitation thesis at this place. It concerns the references in meta data. / In der Arbeit werden mathematische Modelle zur Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften geschichtet aufgebauter Materialien unter unterschiedlichsten Lastbedingungen (Kontakt- und intrinsische Beanspruchung) vorgestellt und diskutiert. Auf Grund von Schutzrechtsbestimmungen ist eine Veröffentlichung der in der Habilitation angegebenen Literatur im Teil II an dieser Stelle nicht möglich. Der interessierte Leser wird gebeten die Arbeiten in den entsprechenden Journalen einzusehen. Dies betrifft die in den Metadaten angegebenen Veröffentlichungen des Autors.

No description available.

The addition of coarse particles to a flocculating fine particle slurry increases the Bingham yield stress of the resulting mixture, which can drastically alter the laminar-to-turbulent transition velocity. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of coarse particle size and volume concentration on mixture rheology. Fine particle (kaolin) mixtures of 10% to 22% (by volume) were prepared, to which sand particles were added to provide a coarse solid concentration of 5% to 20% (by volume). Sand particles of two different sizes – 90 and 190 microns – were added and these kaolin-sand-water mixtures tested with a concentric cylinder viscometer. At higher total solids concentrations, the Bingham yield stress of the bimodal mixture can increase by as much as 80% over that of a kaolin-only slurry. Coarse particle diameter had little effect. This study demonstrates that the use of existing correlations should be eschewed. System-specific high-quality measurements are necessary. / Chemical Engineering

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_jfa_me_ilha.pdf: 4095503 bytes, checksum: 7b68949931b17d9ea9723fac44c2e518 (MD5) / As propriedades reológicas do concreto no seu estado fresco são importantes principalmente no período em que o material é lançado nas fôrmas e podem ser determinadas em qualquer momento durante o período de indução da hidratação do cimento. Entretanto, o uso da reologia para estudar a taxa de fluidez ou trabalhabilidade do concreto não é muito comum. Geralmente, o abatimento de tronco de cone é o único parâmetro medido e, mesmo em laboratório, os estudos raramente fornecem informações adicionais sobre o comportamento ao escoamento desses materiais. O ensaio do tronco de cone modificado proposto de LARRARD permite avaliar a tensão crítica e a viscosidade plástica do concreto, de maneira simples e sem grandes custos, uma vez que reômetros de laboratórios são aparelhos sofisticados e relativamente com custos elevados. Este estudo avalia a tensão de escoamento e a viscosidade plástica obtida pelo teste de abatimento de tronco de cone modificado para dois tipos distintos de concreto, a saber: o concreto fresco convencional e o concreto de alto desempenho (CAD), elaborados com cimento CPV ARI-Plus. E também foi realizado correlações entre o ensaio de abatimento de tronco de cone modificado e o ensaio de reometria clássica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se bastante satisfatórios para o cálculo da tensão e da viscosidade dos concretos avaliados. / The concrete rheological properties in fresh state are mainly important in the period that the material is thrown in the molds and it can be certain in any moment during the induction period of the cement hydration. However, the use of the rheology to study the fluidity rate or concrete workability is not very common. Usually, the slump is just an unique measured parameter and, even in laboratory, the studies rarely supply additional information about the flow behavior of those materials. The slump modified test proposed by LARRARD it allows to evaluate the critical tension and concrete plastic viscosity so simply and without significant costs, because rheometers of the laboratories are very sophisticated and relatively expensive apparels. This study evaluates the yield stress and the viscosity obtained by the slump modified test for two different types of concrete, like to: the conventional fresh concrete and the concrete of high acting (CAD), elaborated with cement CPV ARIPlus. And it was done to test the correlation between slump modified test and test classical rheometer. For the concretes of high performed starting from the specific line the addictive volume addition superplastificante was varied obtaining initial slumps that varied between 100mm and 260mm. The initial results obtained have proved very satisfactory in tension and viscosity calculus of the evaluated concretes.

abstract: The need for sustainability in construction has encouraged scientists to develop novel environmentally friendly materials. The use of supplementary cementitious materials was one such initiative which aided in enhancing the fresh and hardened concrete properties. This thesis aims to explore the understanding of the early age rheological properties of such cementitious systems. The first phase of the work investigates the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in combination with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the rheological properties of fresh paste with and without the effect of superplasticizers. Yield stress, plastic viscosity and storage modulus are the rheological parameters which were evaluated for all the design mixtures to fundamentally understand the synergistic effects of the SCM. A time-dependent study was conducted on these blends to explore the structure formation at various time intervals which explains the effect of hydration in conjecture to its physical stiffening. The second phase focuses on the rheological characterization of novel iron powder based binder system. The results of this work indicate that the rheological characteristics of cementitious suspensions are complex, and strongly dependent on several key parameters including: the solid loading, inter-particle forces, shape of the particle, particle size distribution of the particles, and rheological nature of the media in which the particles are suspended. Chemical composition and reactivity of the material play an important role in the time-dependent rheological study. A stress plateau method is utilized for the determination of rheological properties of concentrated suspensions, as it better predicts the apparent yield stress and is shown to correlate well with other viscoelastic properties of the suspensions. Plastic viscosity is obtained by calculating the slope of the stress-strain rate curve of ramp down values of shear rates. In oscillatory stress measurements the plateau obtained within the linear visco-elastic region was considered to be the value for storage modulus. Between the different types of fly ash, class F fly ash indicated a reduction in the rheological parameters as opposed to class C fly ash that is attributable to the enhanced ettringite formation in the latter. Use of superplasticizer led to a huge influence on yield stress and storage modulus of the paste due to the steric hindrance effect. In the study of iron based binder systems, metakaolin had comparatively higher influence than fly ash on the rheology due to its tendency to agglomerate as opposed to the ball bearing effect observed in the latter. Iron increment above 60% resulted in a decrease in all the parameters of rheology discussed in this thesis. In the OPC-iron binder, the iron behaved as reinforcements yielding higher yield stress and plastic viscosity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil Engineering 2016

Orientador: Mônica Pinto Barbosa / Banca: Edson Del Rio Vieira / Banca: Paulo Roberto do Lago Helene / Resumo: As propriedades reológicas do concreto no seu estado fresco são importantes principalmente no período em que o material é lançado nas fôrmas e podem ser determinadas em qualquer momento durante o período de indução da hidratação do cimento. Entretanto, o uso da reologia para estudar a taxa de fluidez ou trabalhabilidade do concreto não é muito comum. Geralmente, o abatimento de tronco de cone é o único parâmetro medido e, mesmo em laboratório, os estudos raramente fornecem informações adicionais sobre o comportamento ao escoamento desses materiais. O ensaio do tronco de cone modificado proposto de LARRARD permite avaliar a tensão crítica e a viscosidade plástica do concreto, de maneira simples e sem grandes custos, uma vez que reômetros de laboratórios são aparelhos sofisticados e relativamente com custos elevados. Este estudo avalia a tensão de escoamento e a viscosidade plástica obtida pelo teste de abatimento de tronco de cone modificado para dois tipos distintos de concreto, a saber: o concreto fresco convencional e o concreto de alto desempenho (CAD), elaborados com cimento CPV ARI-Plus. E também foi realizado correlações entre o ensaio de abatimento de tronco de cone modificado e o ensaio de reometria clássica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se bastante satisfatórios para o cálculo da tensão e da viscosidade dos concretos avaliados. / Abstract: The concrete rheological properties in fresh state are mainly important in the period that the material is thrown in the molds and it can be certain in any moment during the induction period of the cement hydration. However, the use of the rheology to study the fluidity rate or concrete workability is not very common. Usually, the slump is just an unique measured parameter and, even in laboratory, the studies rarely supply additional information about the flow behavior of those materials. The slump modified test proposed by LARRARD it allows to evaluate the critical tension and concrete plastic viscosity so simply and without significant costs, because rheometers of the laboratories are very sophisticated and relatively expensive apparels. This study evaluates the yield stress and the viscosity obtained by the slump modified test for two different types of concrete, like to: the conventional fresh concrete and the concrete of high acting (CAD), elaborated with cement CPV ARIPlus. And it was done to test the correlation between slump modified test and test classical rheometer. For the concretes of high performed starting from the specific line the addictive volume addition superplastificante was varied obtaining initial slumps that varied between 100mm and 260mm. The initial results obtained have proved very satisfactory in tension and viscosity calculus of the evaluated concretes. / Mestre