Theatre history provides little information on theatre audiences and how the concept of an audience has changed over time. Through the investigation of theatre history texts, theatre theorists' manifestos, and interviews with workers in the field of theatre for young audiences, this thesis outlines the theatre audience from the first performance to the present and examines how the history of the concept of "child" and young audiences has developed in recent years. Opposing views exist on the subject of how a child is perceived as well as the purpose and role of a theatre audience. In this thesis, I investigate the classical, romantic, realist, modern, and current theatre movements and how scholars and theorists have perceived or written about their audiences in an effort to cultivate an understanding of what an audience is today and how the concept of theatre etiquette has or has not changed throughout history in order to relate these findings to experiences of audiences today. I began this thesis with a general knowledge of "audience," from a personal perspective as a performer and audience member. However, through my collected data, I find that audiences are valued in distinctive ways throughout various movements in theatre history. With this understanding, I wrote a short book to help young audience members to understand what the present conventions are as a theatre audience member.

[pt] Esta dissertação traça o perfil sócio-econômico das crianças que participaram da pesquisa O que penso da tevê? realizada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Educação e Mídia, e analisa, descritivamente, o consumo cultural dessas crianças, o tempo dedicado por elas à tevê, modos de interação com o veículo e níveis e formas de atuação da escola e da família como fatores intervenientes dessa relação. Os dados que sustentam o estudo foram construídos a partir de um questionário auto-administrável, respondido por 718 crianças, com idades entre 8 e 12 anos, estudantes de oito escolas públicas e três particulares dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Minas Gerais e foram feitas análises de fatores e análises bivariadas. As variáveis que foram objeto destas análises são: impacto da televisão na vida das crianças - correlacionada ao tempo dedicado à prática de ver tevê e às atividades que as crianças deixam de fazer em função disso; padrão de consumo cultural das crianças; diálogo familiar; expertise ou telefilia, relacionada ao conhecimento que as crianças têm sobre a televisão; relação escola/televisão e família/televisão; nível econômico delas. Como referências teórico- metodológicas foram utilizadas pesquisas de audiência infantil realizadas na Inglaterra por Livingstone; na Espanha, por Bailén e Aguaded; em Portugal, por Matos; os estudos de Ortigão e Aguiar sobre os conceitos de Coleman de capital econômico e social orientaram a análise e a descrição do perfil econômico das crianças, de seu consumo cultural e de seu diálogo familiar; a Teoria das Multimediações, desenvolvida por Guillermo Orozco-Gomez, orientou a análise dos dados relativos à atuação da família e da escola na relação das crianças com a tevê. Os resultados indicam que: 1) essas crianças têm um consumo de televisão muito intenso no que diz respeito ao tempo - mais de três horas diárias, todos os dias da semana - e ao conhecimento adquirido acerca do veículo e de sua linguagem - são experts no assunto; 2) têm clara preferência por narrativas de ficção (telenovelas, filmes e seriados) e sentem imenso prazer em se relacionar com elas; 3) vêem seus programas prediletos quase sempre acompanhadas por adultos, o que sugere presença da família como importante fonte de mediação; 4) a escola tem participação significativa na relação das crianças com o conteúdo televisivo. / [en] This dissertation defines the socio-economic profile of the children who participated in the poll What do I think about TV? carried out by the Education and Media Research Group (Grupo de Pesquisa em Educação e Mídia) and analyses on a descriptive manner, the cultural consumption of these children, the time they dedicate to watching TV, the ways they interact with the vehicle and levels and ways schools and families act as intervening factors. The data supporting this research were built based on factorial and bivariate analysis of the responses 718 children with ages varying between 8 as 12, students of eight public schools and three private schools in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, gave answering a self administered questionnaire. The variables which were analyzed are the following: impact of TV in the children´s lives - related to the time they dedicate to watching TV and the activities they end up not doing as a result of that; the children´s standard of cultural consumption; their family dialogue; their knowledge about TV; the school/television and family/television relationships; and their economic standards. As theoretical methodological references, infantile audience researches carries out in the UK by Livingstone; in Spain by Bailén and Aguaded and in Portugal by Matos were used. The studies of Ortigão and Aguiar about Coleman´s concepts of economic and social capital oriented the analysis and description of the children´s economic profile, cultural consumption and family dialogue. The Theory of Multimediations developed by Guillermo Orozco-Gómez, oriented the analysis of data related to the roles of family and school in the children´s relationship with TV. The results indicate that: 1) these children have very intense television consumption time wise - more than three hours per day every day of the week - and with respect to the knowledge about TV and its languages - they are experts in the area; 2) they have a clear preference for fictional programs (soap operas, movies and series) and have immense pleasure in watching these programs;; 3) they almost always watch their preferred TV shows with adults, what suggests that the presence of the family is an important mediation source; 4) the school has an significant role in the children´s relationship with television.

[pt] Pesquisa sobre programação infantil, consistindo na interação com crianças entre 5 e 7 anos, buscando ouví-las sobre como definem e percebem o que é oferecido hoje, para crianças, na televisão brasileira. No decorrer do trabalho são abordadas questões como: a tênue linha divisória entre o que é ficção e o que é realidade para os telespectadores infantis, o papel desempenhado pelos adultos na ficção e na realidade, as diferenças de gênero nas preferências das crianças e a relevância da fama para infância contemporânea. / [en] Research on childrens television in Brazil, consisting of the interaction with 5 - to - 7 - year-old students with the purpose of understanding how they define and perceive their preferences about what is offered to them in the Brazilian TV networks. Along the project, we deal with issues such as the thin line separating reality from fiction for the childrens TV audience, the role played by adults in the real and fictional worlds, the gender differences in their preferences and the relevance of being famous in today childhood.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlaPollake-td.pdf: 597427 bytes, checksum: f255fa1f6e27915cb8e18d9f858bb607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-16 / This is an audience study focusing on a regional TV show called "Em Movimento". The show is locally produced and broadcast by TV Gazeta, a TV Globo affiliate. It aims at reaching the young audience (teenagers). The study objective is to bring out the motivations that drive the young audience to watch this show and the gratifications they derive from it. The research project is based on both the regional concepts and the uses and gratification perspective. The data were collected through focus groups of youngters in the age bracket of 15 to 18 years old. It is ended that the adolescents have as main motivations to attend the Em Movimento the will of learning on itself and on the atmosphere in that you/they live, to confirm concepts already established by them same and still if they feel close to the reality portrayed in the program. / Trata-se de um estudo de audiência do programa de televisão Em Movimento. Este é um programa regional produzido e exibido pela TV Gazeta, afiliada da Rede Globo, que tem como público-alvo os adolescentes. O objetivo consiste em compreender o conjunto de motivações que leva o adolescente capixaba a assistir ao programa. Também foi interesse deste estudo investigar quais os usos que os adolescentes fazem do conteúdo apresentado no programa e quais as gratificações que o mesmo traz aos adolescentes. Essa investigação teve como referencial teórico os conceitos sobre comunicação regional e a perspectiva dos usos e gratificações. A técnica utilizada para a coleta de dados foi a discussão em grupo, que consistiu na formação de grupos de adolescentes na faixa etária entre 15 e 18 anos para discussão do tema. Conclui-se que os adolescentes têm como principais motivações para assistir ao Em Movimento a vontade de aprender sobre si e sobre o ambiente em que vivem, confirmar conceitos já pré-estabelecidos por eles mesmos e ainda se sentirem próximos à realidade retratada no programa.

Après les évolutions qu'a connues le théâtre jeune public dans les années 1920-1936, l'instauration de la dictature franquiste a signifié la mise sous contrôle des activités culturelles. Devenu l'instrument d'une pédagogie au service du régime, le théâtre jeune public a fait l'objet, dans l'Espagne des années 1960, de l'attention toute particulière du Ministère de l'Information et du Tourisme, alors en charge de la culture, et de la Sección Femenina (troupe Los Títeres, 1959 ; Asociación Española para el Teatro Infantil y Juvenil, 1966). Dans le cadre délimité par ces politiques et pratiques culturelles, ce travail vise à mettre en évidence le rôle joué par certains dramaturges (issus du réalisme social, du Teatro Independiente et du Nuevo Teatro) dans la promotion d'un nouveau théâtre jeune public. Sans prétendre à une entreprise commune, ils se sont tous tournés sporadiquement et au même moment vers le jeune public et ont témoigné d’un engagement indissociable de la prise de risque inhérente à toute transgression esthétique et politique, mais aussi à la volonté de faire émerger une posture auctoriale nouvelle, marquée par un effort de fusionner conscientisation du jeune spectateur et dimension ludique. Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire (études théâtrales, études littéraires, sociologie du spectacle, histoire culturelle, anthropologie…), associe l’analyse littéraire à l’examen d’archives historicoculturelles afin de rendre compte des enjeux esthétiques, éthiques et politiques propres au corpus dans son contexte de création. / After the progress seen in spanish children’s theatre between 1920 and 1936, the arrival of the Franco dictatorship resulted in cultural activity being taken into state control. Children’s theatre became an educational tool to serve the interests of the regime, and during the 1960’s was the object of particular attention from the Ministry of Tourism and Information, which at the time was responsible of cultural affairs, and from the Sección Femenina (troupe Los Títeres , 1959 ; Asociación Española para el Teatro Infantil y Juvenil, 1966). Within the general context set by these political policies and cultural practices, this work aims to demonstrate the role played by certain dramatists, whose origins were in social realism, the Teatro Independiente and the Nuevo Teatro, in promoting a new kind of theatre for young audience. Although they did not work together in any organised way, at the similar time they all sporadically turned their attention towards a young audience. They gave witness to the element of risk inherent in any attempt to transgress aesthetic and cultural norms, and also to desire to create a new kind of theatre writing which aimed to combine awareness raising with an element of play. This thesis is written from an interdisciplinary perspective (theatre studies, literature, sociology of entertainment, cultural history, anthropology…). It brings together literary analysis and the study of historic and cultural records in order to give an account of the aesthetic, ethical an practical issues which influenced the dramatic work.

The diploma thesis named "Do we need more information? Using of multiple media at the same time" examines the phenomen of simultaneous media usage in young audience aged 18-35 years. This thesis is based on the hypotheses of international surveys that demonstrate a new trend in consumption of media by which people use multiple media simultaneously. The aim of the thesis is to provide an insight into this issue. The first part defines basic concepts such as the media, media audience and related theories. Furthermore, international studies and their conclusions are presented, serving as a starting point for my own research. The second part presents the research methodology. The thesis makes use of a combination of a quantitative and qualitative approach, the so-called mixed research. The methodological section briefly describes the selected method - survey and an semi-structured interview. The next two sections deal with the implementation of the research itself. The sample consisted of 103 young people for the quantitative part of the survey, and 15 young people for the qualitative analysis section. The conclusion summarizes the research results and approaches each thematic area, including the possible hypotheses.

Au coeur des problématiques culturelles récentes, les institutions muséales portent un projet de démocratisation culturelle visant la mise en accessibilité de l’art et de l’environnement muséal à une diversité de publics. Appuyée par la loi française de 2002 relative aux musées, ce projet est d'autant plus accentué à destination des enfants et des adolescents avec la mise en place d'une médiation culturelle et d'une diversité d'offres muséales spécifiques. Considéré comme le visiteur de demain, ce jeune public cristallise un ensemble d'attentes et de questionnements auprès des institutions culturelles en termes de connaissance du public, et de leviers pour la fréquentation, la fidélisation de ces espaces et l’accessibilité à l’art. Ces lieux de médiation culturelle représentent une opportunité pour suivre le parcours des visiteurs et comprendre les diverses dynamiques subjectives à l'oeuvre à travers diverses configurations tout en mobilisant le prisme de l'ergonomie : des rencontres avec les oeuvres en situation de visite d'une part, et des activités de création plastiques et narratives en situation d'atelier d'autre part. L'analyse de l'activité dans ces situations constituera une portée d'entrée privilégiée pour explorer et alimenter notre compréhension des traces des activités constructives et du développement afin de les conceptualiser. Ces contributions empiriques et épistémiques permettront de concevoir un ensemble de ressources et d'offres de médiation culturelle adaptées aux activités du jeune public et aux professionnels de la médiation. / At the heart of recent cultural issues, museum institutions implement a cultural democratization project promoting art and museum spaces accessibility to a diversity of audiences. Based on France’s law on museums from 2002, this project is focusing on children and teenagers thanks to the creation of cultural mediation and specific museum offers. Regarded as the visitor of tomorrow, this young audience generates to museums a set of expectations and questionings regarding visitor knowledge, tools for increasing attendance, loyalty and art accessibility. These cultural mediation spaces become an opportunity for tracking visitors' journey and understanding intrinsic points of views. We will study various situations throughout the prism of Ergonomics by highlighting encounters with works of art during a guided tour on one hand, plastic and narratives creation during workshops on the other hand. Activity analysis will be an effective way for exploring and improving our understanding of traces of constructive activities and development in order to conceptualize them. These empirical and theoretical contributions will help developing appropriate resources of cultural mediation offers to young audiences and mediation professionals.