This article describes how young adult males experience relationships with older people in an economically deprived community. Intergenerational relations refer to the relationship between people who are either familially or non-familially related. Intergenerational relationships are important for communities in promoting connectedness, closeness and togetherness, which contribute to the well-being of all members. The relationships between generations are informed by the values and beliefs that underpin their interactions. Values and beliefs that guided intergenerational relations in this community in the past were that older people were regarded as the custodians of heritage, knowledge and wisdom, which they are expected to pass down to younger generations. Reciprocally, the younger generation was expected to take care of the older generation when they could not care for themselves. It is not clear, however, how young adult males in Africa experience their relationships with older people at the moment. An inductive, explorative approach was adopted to conduct this qualitative study. The research was conducted in Khuma, a township of Stilfontein in the North West Province of South Africa. The community is regarded as economically vulnerable community. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 35 years, participated in the research. Data were obtained by means of the Mmogo-method® (Roos, 2008; 2012), a visual data gathering method and group discussions about themuntil data saturation was achieved. The Mmogo-method® is a projective, qualitative data-gathering instrument which involves participants in the visual construction of their subjective and often subconscious experiences by using different materials (Roos, 2012). Participants in this research were asked to make visual representations based on the following open-ended instruction: “Use the materials provided to tell us about your experiences of your relationships with the older people in your community”. On completion, participants were asked to explain what they had done and why they had made specific objects so that the deeper meanings of their representations could be elicited. Their responses were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Ambivalence emerged as a predominant theme. Ambivalence refers to simultaneous, contradictory emotions towards older people and what they represent. One the one hand, the young people expressed appreciation for the way in which older persons cared for them physically and emotionally; and on the other hand, these young adults expressed feelings of dissatisfaction and hurt in relation to older persons. Ambivalence was also expressed in terms of traditional agriculatural practices. They realized the importance of being knowledgeable about traditional agricultural practices and customs as part of their heritage; but they were also negative and showed a disregard for traditional customs in the face of the realities of poor economic conditions, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and socio-political changes in? terms of their economic realities and they described conformity with traditional intergenerational arrangements of relationships. Ambivalence was also expressed in terms of terms of the way in which relationships were arranged. There as an acceptance of the leading position of older persons with the younger people in a following position, but they also expressed a need to negotiate different rules for engagement. The relational experiences of the young adult males are embedded in their financial situation. Young males who find themselves trapped in financially dependent relationships with older persons do not have much bargaining power. They find themselves in a position where, even if they want to challenge the traditional arrangement of intergenerational relations, they are bound to norms and values associated with their past and heritage. The question needs to be answered: What is the older generation‟s perspective on the possibility of renegotiation of the norms and values that guide intergenerational relations? This question is important for promoting social cohesion, particularly in economically deprived communities. It is recommended that a community-based intervention be developed to create awareness of the strengths of both generations. Enabling interpersonal space can assist generations to adopt a flexible attitude in the face of changing views of intergenerational relationships. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This article describes how young adult males experience relationships with older people in an economically deprived community. Intergenerational relations refer to the relationship between people who are either familially or non-familially related. Intergenerational relationships are important for communities in promoting connectedness, closeness and togetherness, which contribute to the well-being of all members. The relationships between generations are informed by the values and beliefs that underpin their interactions. Values and beliefs that guided intergenerational relations in this community in the past were that older people were regarded as the custodians of heritage, knowledge and wisdom, which they are expected to pass down to younger generations. Reciprocally, the younger generation was expected to take care of the older generation when they could not care for themselves. It is not clear, however, how young adult males in Africa experience their relationships with older people at the moment. An inductive, explorative approach was adopted to conduct this qualitative study. The research was conducted in Khuma, a township of Stilfontein in the North West Province of South Africa. The community is regarded as economically vulnerable community. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 35 years, participated in the research. Data were obtained by means of the Mmogo-method® (Roos, 2008; 2012), a visual data gathering method and group discussions about themuntil data saturation was achieved. The Mmogo-method® is a projective, qualitative data-gathering instrument which involves participants in the visual construction of their subjective and often subconscious experiences by using different materials (Roos, 2012). Participants in this research were asked to make visual representations based on the following open-ended instruction: “Use the materials provided to tell us about your experiences of your relationships with the older people in your community”. On completion, participants were asked to explain what they had done and why they had made specific objects so that the deeper meanings of their representations could be elicited. Their responses were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Ambivalence emerged as a predominant theme. Ambivalence refers to simultaneous, contradictory emotions towards older people and what they represent. One the one hand, the young people expressed appreciation for the way in which older persons cared for them physically and emotionally; and on the other hand, these young adults expressed feelings of dissatisfaction and hurt in relation to older persons. Ambivalence was also expressed in terms of traditional agriculatural practices. They realized the importance of being knowledgeable about traditional agricultural practices and customs as part of their heritage; but they were also negative and showed a disregard for traditional customs in the face of the realities of poor economic conditions, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and socio-political changes in? terms of their economic realities and they described conformity with traditional intergenerational arrangements of relationships. Ambivalence was also expressed in terms of terms of the way in which relationships were arranged. There as an acceptance of the leading position of older persons with the younger people in a following position, but they also expressed a need to negotiate different rules for engagement. The relational experiences of the young adult males are embedded in their financial situation. Young males who find themselves trapped in financially dependent relationships with older persons do not have much bargaining power. They find themselves in a position where, even if they want to challenge the traditional arrangement of intergenerational relations, they are bound to norms and values associated with their past and heritage. The question needs to be answered: What is the older generation‟s perspective on the possibility of renegotiation of the norms and values that guide intergenerational relations? This question is important for promoting social cohesion, particularly in economically deprived communities. It is recommended that a community-based intervention be developed to create awareness of the strengths of both generations. Enabling interpersonal space can assist generations to adopt a flexible attitude in the face of changing views of intergenerational relationships. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Yes / Objectives: Younger people with dementia face significant challenges in gaining access to age- and needs-appropriate support. In this paper, we tell the story so far, of the ANGELA Research Project, which seeks to develop guidance to improve the ‘dementia journey’ for younger people with dementia and their families/supporters. Design: Our story is one of a research group aiming to conduct clinically relevant research to achieve positive changes for younger people with dementia. Our research journey will last 3 years and is now almost one year in. In this article, we aim to convey some of the decisions we have made to date, and what lies ahead for a successful implementation. Methods: So far, we have been forming as a research group and turning our initial ideas into plans that will work in the real world. Our methods for ensuring all elements of the project work well have involved internal and external aspects and processes. These have included involvement with and feedback from experts-by-experience and an advisory panel. Results: To date we have generated a protocol for all the key elements and have launched the Improving Support and Service Use Survey; a national survey gathering evidence from younger people with dementia and their supporters. In this article, we present how we aim to move forward to bring positive real-life changes to the lives of those affected by young onset dementia. Conclusions: There is a cautiously happy ending to this first phase, as we are now collecting data. However, the judgement of whether the Angela Project is a success overall will depend on whether it makes a difference at its conclusion to younger people with dementia and their supporters. / Alzheimer’s Society (ref: 278 AS-PG 15b-034).

Intergenerational relationships refer to relationships between people in alternate generational groups. The increasing numbers of older people all over the world highlight the need for studies on psychological processes that enhance well-being through intergenerational relationships. People from different generations are co-dependent for care and support. Older people constitute a diverse group: some may experience a depletion of energy, physical, financial and emotional resources, while others have good health, financial security and stable social support networks. What all people, including older people, have in common, however, is a need for meaningful relationships. This makes it worthwhile to explore the experiences of relationships with younger people from the perspective of older people. This study is important because research indicates that the relationships between older people (60 years and older) and adolescents and young adults are strained. An initial study on intergenerational care experiences from the perspective of people aged 60 years and older and young people in the middle-adolescent developmental phase (at 16 years) revealed a lack of empathy from the older generation towards the younger generation. It was decided to focus in this study on intergenerational empathy specifically. Mutual empathetic understanding is suggested as a means to overcome challenges between members of generations that have to compete for limited resources, especially in low-resource areas such as the specific rural African community studied in Vaalharts, South Africa. It is suggested that empathy could increase intergenerational understanding between older and younger people dealing with their respective developmental challenges. The research was conducted in a community with high levels of poverty and limited physical and material resources. The study is qualitative in nature and used an interpretive descriptive research design. This design provided the basis to explore the perceptions of empathy by using theoretical constructs to derive at an understanding of experiences in the community and specifically those of the older generation. The 18 participants were all older than 60 and Setswana speaking but were also proficient in Afrikaans and English. Eight of the participants (1 man and 7 women) participated in study using the Mmogo-method®. This is a projective technique that uses visual presentations to gain a deeper insight into meaning that is developed between the participants. For the Mmogo-method®, participants (older people) were invited to make visual representations of how they experienced care in relation to young people in the middle adolescent developmental phase, at around 16 years. A further 10 participants (4 men and 6 woman), who were not part of the Mmogo-method® project, participated in semi-structured interviews. These interviews provided them the freedom to elaborate on their own unique experiences. Semi- structured interviews also provide a certain amount of structure for the interviewer to make sure that detailed information on empathy in arising relevant conversations are obtained. Data were analysed using an inductive approach as well as thematic analysis of experiences about intergenerational care: empathy (and specifically, a lack of empathy) emerged as a recurrent theme. The literature shows a connection between empathy and care, which accordingly served as the focus of this study. The data were further subjected to a directed form of content analysis (deductive category application) which was conducted after literature and theory on intergenerational empathy have been consulted. A visual analysis was conducted on the visual presentations that the participants built as part of the Mmogo- method®. Trustworthiness was ensured by using the principles proposed by Guba’s model of trustworthiness and that include: obtaining thick descriptions, ensuring credibility, member checking and ensuring confirmabillity. Ethical consent to conduct this study was given by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the North-West University (reference number NWU-00053-10-S1). A gatekeeper was used to gain access to the community studied and participants gave their informed consent. The lack of empathy from the perspective or the older people emerged from the way in which older people viewed the relationship with the young solely from their own perspective and from their inability to place themselves in the position of the younger persons. Older people were at first unable to visualize the young in their caring relationships; they expressed negative and judgemental attitudes towards them and perceived that the young people are rejecting the wisdom of their elders. Older people resorted to outsiders to assist in communicating with and disciplining the young. The lack of empathy on the part of the older people for the young can have dire effects on their vital intergenerational relationships. It is recommended that community-based interventions be developed to promote empathy between the two generations. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Intergenerational relationships refer to relationships between people in alternate generational groups. The increasing numbers of older people all over the world highlight the need for studies on psychological processes that enhance well-being through intergenerational relationships. People from different generations are co-dependent for care and support. Older people constitute a diverse group: some may experience a depletion of energy, physical, financial and emotional resources, while others have good health, financial security and stable social support networks. What all people, including older people, have in common, however, is a need for meaningful relationships. This makes it worthwhile to explore the experiences of relationships with younger people from the perspective of older people. This study is important because research indicates that the relationships between older people (60 years and older) and adolescents and young adults are strained. An initial study on intergenerational care experiences from the perspective of people aged 60 years and older and young people in the middle-adolescent developmental phase (at 16 years) revealed a lack of empathy from the older generation towards the younger generation. It was decided to focus in this study on intergenerational empathy specifically. Mutual empathetic understanding is suggested as a means to overcome challenges between members of generations that have to compete for limited resources, especially in low-resource areas such as the specific rural African community studied in Vaalharts, South Africa. It is suggested that empathy could increase intergenerational understanding between older and younger people dealing with their respective developmental challenges. The research was conducted in a community with high levels of poverty and limited physical and material resources. The study is qualitative in nature and used an interpretive descriptive research design. This design provided the basis to explore the perceptions of empathy by using theoretical constructs to derive at an understanding of experiences in the community and specifically those of the older generation. The 18 participants were all older than 60 and Setswana speaking but were also proficient in Afrikaans and English. Eight of the participants (1 man and 7 women) participated in study using the Mmogo-method®. This is a projective technique that uses visual presentations to gain a deeper insight into meaning that is developed between the participants. For the Mmogo-method®, participants (older people) were invited to make visual representations of how they experienced care in relation to young people in the middle adolescent developmental phase, at around 16 years. A further 10 participants (4 men and 6 woman), who were not part of the Mmogo-method® project, participated in semi-structured interviews. These interviews provided them the freedom to elaborate on their own unique experiences. Semi- structured interviews also provide a certain amount of structure for the interviewer to make sure that detailed information on empathy in arising relevant conversations are obtained. Data were analysed using an inductive approach as well as thematic analysis of experiences about intergenerational care: empathy (and specifically, a lack of empathy) emerged as a recurrent theme. The literature shows a connection between empathy and care, which accordingly served as the focus of this study. The data were further subjected to a directed form of content analysis (deductive category application) which was conducted after literature and theory on intergenerational empathy have been consulted. A visual analysis was conducted on the visual presentations that the participants built as part of the Mmogo- method®. Trustworthiness was ensured by using the principles proposed by Guba’s model of trustworthiness and that include: obtaining thick descriptions, ensuring credibility, member checking and ensuring confirmabillity. Ethical consent to conduct this study was given by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the North-West University (reference number NWU-00053-10-S1). A gatekeeper was used to gain access to the community studied and participants gave their informed consent. The lack of empathy from the perspective or the older people emerged from the way in which older people viewed the relationship with the young solely from their own perspective and from their inability to place themselves in the position of the younger persons. Older people were at first unable to visualize the young in their caring relationships; they expressed negative and judgemental attitudes towards them and perceived that the young people are rejecting the wisdom of their elders. Older people resorted to outsiders to assist in communicating with and disciplining the young. The lack of empathy on the part of the older people for the young can have dire effects on their vital intergenerational relationships. It is recommended that community-based interventions be developed to promote empathy between the two generations. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Vor nicht einmal vier Jahren schien der weltweite Konjunktureinbruch auch die Automobilindustrie in eine tiefe Krise zu stürzen. Die Zahl der verkauften Fahrzeuge ging v.a. in Europa und Nordamerika dramatisch zurück und eine Botschaft war in unterschiedlichen Variationen in der Presse und in Fachdiskussionen zu vernehmen: Junge Menschen verlieren die Lust am privaten Pkw. Gestern noch Status- und Freiheitssymbol, wird das Auto morgen nur noch reines Funktionsgut sein, so die oft formulierte These. Vor allem in Großstädten sei der junge Mensch heute pragmatischer unterwegs und sehe das Auto insgesamt differenzierter. Anekdotische Beweise und Gegenbeweise für diese These waren seitdem vielfach zu vernehmen. Eine tiefergehende wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Trends fehlt jedoch bisher. Dies verwundert, könnte doch gerade dieser Bewusstseinswandel in einer jungen Zielgruppe einen wichtigen Impuls für die Gestaltung eines nachhaltigeren Mobilitätssystems darstellen. Dieser Text liefert die Grundlage für eine notwendige wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem o.g. Trend zur pragmatischen Verkehrsmittelnutzung bei jungen Menschen. Ziel ist es, auf wichtige unbearbeitete Fragestellungen hinzuweisen und ein Überdenken bisheriger Kommunikationsstrategien anzuregen. Zunächst stehen zwei Fragen im Mittelpunkt. Zum einen, welchen Einfluss haben überhaupt Einstellungen und Werte auf das Mobilitätsverhalten junger Menschen? Die Bedeutung des Automobils mag schwinden, doch sind es nicht vielmehr strukturelle Zwänge, die eine Nutzung des Pkw begründen? Und zum anderen: Inwiefern wird das Mobilitätsverhalten in Kindheit und Jugend geprägt? Ist tatsächlich von einer „Erziehung zur Automobilität“ auszugehen oder spielt die Sozialisation im Mobilitätsbereich nur eine untergeordnete Rolle? An die Aufbereitung des Forschungsstandes schließt sich eine Zusammenstellung empirischer Hinweise für geänderte Mobilitätsmuster junger Menschen an. Auf Basis nationaler und internationaler Studien können mehrere Trends identifiziert werden: ein leichter Rückgang des Führerscheinbesitzes, eine Abnahme der Pkw-Verfügbarkeit, ein Rückgang der Pkw-Nutzung und ein Trend zur Multimodalität. Sie sind v.a. bei jungen Männern nachzuweisen. Die betrachteten Studien stützen sich überwiegend auf nationale Verkehrserhebungen, die nur wenige Indikatoren zur Verfügung stellen, mit denen Ursache-Wirkungs-Beziehungen analysiert werden können. Deshalb wurden auf Basis einer Literaturrecherche mögliche Ursachen veränderter Mobilitätsmuster junger Menschen bestimmt und in fünf Thesen zusammengefasst. Es wird beschrieben, dass sich Biographien in jungen Alterskohorten verändern. Weiterhin wird auf das Zusammenspiel von Mediennutzung und Mobilität eingegangen. Es werden Aspekte eines möglichen Wandels von Wertorientierungen dargestellt und auf stärker ökonomisch-strukturelle Ursachen eingegangen. Zu diesen Ursachen zählen Budgetumschichtungen und Änderungen im Verkehrssystem selbst, die eine multimodale Verkehrsmittelnutzung fördern. Trends und Ursachen werden in einer Bewertungsmatrix gegenübergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung beurteilt. / Not even four years ago, the global economic crisis seemed to toss also the automotive industry into a deep struggle. The number of distributed vehicles decreased especially in Europe and North America dramatically and the variously phrased message in media and scientific discussions was that young people lose interest in a privately owned vehicle. A status symbol and metaphor for freedom yesterday, tomorrow just a mean to an end is the often repeated assumption. Primarily in agglomerations, young people tend to be more and more pragmatic in their travel behaviour or might even show a reserved attitude towards cars. Anecdotal examples and contrary evidence for the assumption could be registered many times ever since. However, a deeper scientific debate regarding this matter is still missing. An irritating state, since an attitude change within a young target group could deliver an important impulse for the creation of a sustainable mobility system. This paper delivers the basis for a sound scientific discussion on the observed trend regarding a more pragmatic travel behaviour within younger age groups. It is the aim to point out important unaddressed research questions and to stimulate a reassessment of the current marketing strategies. Current studies are evaluated and empirical clues for changed travel behaviour of younger people are collectively displayed. The state of research for two main assumptions is reviewed. On the one hand, which impact do attitudes and values have on mobility of younger people? Maybe the importance of the car is diminishing, but are not structural constraints rather the reasons for a possible change of usage? On the other hand, how far is the individual travel behaviour influenced by childhood and coming of age? Is a “breeding toward a car society” existent or is the socialization just a minor aspect regarding mobility? The preparation of the state of research is followed by a collection of empirical clues for changed travel behaviour of young people. Five trends can be identified on the basis of German and also international studies regarding the mobility of young people: a slight decline in the ownership of driver licences, a decreased car ownership as well as a decreased car usage and a trend towards multi-modal travel patterns. Finally, the four trends can be primarily observed for young males. The studies regarded are mainly based on national travel surveys, which usually only include a limited number of indicators necessary for an assessment of cause and effect relations. Hence, possible causes were identified based on the literature research and aggregated into five theses. It is described, that biographies of younger age groups are changing. The usage of new communication technologies and its influence on mobility is mentioned. Aspects of a possible change in the value orientation are responded, too. Finally, economic and structural causes are analysed. Budget shifts and changes in the transportation system itself are examples of such causes, which may lead to a more multi-modal usage. Trends and theses are systematically assessed regarding the strength of influence.

Bakgrund: Kognitiv sjukdom är ett övergripande begrepp för sjukdomar som drabbar hjärnans funktioner såsom minne, tal och intellekt. Antalet som insjuknar i kognitiv sjukdom förväntas fördubblas fram till 2050 och antalet som insjuknar innan 65 års ålder ökar. Det är rimligt att anta det är en livsomställning med påverkan på livskvaliteten att drabbas av kognitiv sjukdom innan 65 års ålder. Det kan således vara viktigt ur ett omvårdnadsperspektiv att undersöka livskvalitet i relation till kognitiv sjukdom. Livskvalitet är ett begrepp som är centralt för omvårdnad då detta indirekt är ett mål som sjuksköterskan strävar efter att förbättra med hjälp av olika omvårdnadsåtgärder. Därför är det av vikt att undersöka individers upplevelse av livskvalitet och faktorer som kan tänkas påverka detta. Syfte: Syftet är att genom en litteraturstudie beskriva upplevelsen av livskvalitet hos yngre personer med kognitiv sjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudie av kvalitativa studier analyserad utifrån en integrerad analys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i ett huvudtema, två teman och sex subteman. Resultatet visar att livskvaliteten varierar över tid och upplevs olika av olika individer, dock hittas gemensamma teman och faktorer som används för att stärka livskvalitén och välmåendet för yngre personer med kognitiv sjukdom. Konklusion: Livskvalitet är ett subjektivt begrepp som varierar över tid. Upplevelsen av livskvalitet stärks av meningsfull aktivitet och genom upprätthållandet av identiteten. Det är viktigt att som omvårdnadspersonal att vara ett stöd för personer med kognitiv sjukdom vilket görs fördelaktigt genom att tillämpa ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt i omvårdnaden. / Background: Dementia is a disease that affects the memory, speech, intellect and other cognitive functions. The number of people diagnosed will double by 2050. Dementia is often associated with an older population but the number who will be diagnosed before the age of 65 will presumably increase. Being diagnosed with young onset dementia (YOD) is presumably a life-changing event which affects the quality of life (QoL). To further examine the experience of living with YOD is of great importance to future health-care research. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the experience of quality of life among people with young onset dementia (YOD). Method: A literature review of qualitative studies using an integrative analysis. Result: The analysis resulted in one main theme, two themes and six subthemes. The findings show that QoL among people with YOD is affected negatively by a range of factors, but they manage to use coping strategies to improve QoL. Quality of life varies over time and different people have different perceptions of the concept. Many factors are similar which are presented in the result. Conclusion: Quality of life is a subjective phenomenon that varies over time. The experience of quality of life is empowered by meaningful activity and the ability to preserve the identity. It is important for health care staff to be a support for people with young onset dementia and applying a person centered care-approach can be a key element to this.