The gradually changing behavior of the population, towards urbanization, ledto an increased shortage of available housing. This development has resultedin a serious issue in Sweden, where too few firms are providing solutions formulti-family houses in wood. Potential firms that could fill this increasingdemand are those in the single-family house industry. Yet, these firms mightface considerable problems with productivity, predominately derived fromincreasing production costs and inadequate production development.Developing these firms are associated with long-term investments, whichis investigated by evaluating the industry structure for sellers, highlightingthe financial and market situation within their industry. These factors aregrowing in importance due to the current market concentration, where morefirms are required to focus on product development driven by the demand toprefabricate wooden elements, volumes or modules in an industrialized way.This thesis studies Swedish firms producing wooden single-familyhouses, with the aim to investigate their possibilities to enter the woodenmulti-family house industry in Sweden.Investigations will be conducted by applying Altman’s Z’ value, riskposition model, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, the Herfindahl-Hirschmannumber equivalent, productivity ratio model for profitability and finally amodel measuring market Concentration Ratio.Results show that the industry tends towards perfect competition with toomany firms involved, i.e. firms mainly have to compete by prices. Further,firms are grouped into three zones; risk, grey or safe zone. The levels withinthese zone show a reduction of firms in the red zone over time. Related to thecurrent risks, many firms have promising positions to invest in productdevelopment towards wooden multi-family houses, in addition to theircurrent products, even though firm productivity has declined during thestudied time frame. The results that the investigated firms have goodpossibilities gaining a competitive advantage by diversifying into thegrowing wooden multi-family house industry.

O crescimento é um processo dinâmico que muda ao longo da vida. O crescimento ósseo é um evento multicausal no qual, além dos fatores biológicos, intervêm outras características como as relacionadas ao nível socioeconômico, à raça, ao período perinatal, aos hábitos, entre outros. Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados ao crescimento transversal do osso maxilar representado pela medida da distância intermolar superior. Foi realizado um estudo seccional aninhado numa coorte, com uma amostra de 158 crianças entre 7 e 9 anos de idade das escolas urbanas de Acrelândia, município da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. A variável dependente foi a distância intermolar superior, medida entre as fossas centrais dos primeiros molares superiores permanentes. A partir da idade da introdução da mamadeira foi desenvolvida uma escala assumindo valores de 1 a 10. O sexo, o peso ao nascer, o padrão de uso da mamadeira e o escore Z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) para a idade foram consideradas como variáveis independentes, sendo analisadas por meio de modelo de equações estruturais (MEE). Foram encontrados efeitos diretos positivos significativos do sexo (CP=0,203; p=0,007), peso ao nascer (CP=0,155; p=0,046) e escore Z do IMC para a idade (CP=0,165; p=0,030) sobre o crescimento transversal do maxilar. Os efeitos indiretos (CP=0,058; p=0,029) e o efeito total (CP=0,262; p=0,000) do sexo sobre o desfecho mostraram significância estatística. Os efeitos indiretos do peso ao nascer sobre o desfecho não foram significativos (CP=0,018; p=0,508), porém, o efeito total foi significativo (CP=0,174; p=0,023). Em conclusão, o sexo, o peso ao nascer, a idade de introdução da mamadeira e o escore Z do IMC para a idade associam-se ao crescimento transversal do osso maxilar. Além de contribuir para um adequado peso ao nascer da criança, políticas e programas que favoreçam o cuidado pré natal e condições para garantir um parto a termo podem repercutir positivamente no crescimento transversal do maxilar. Do ponto de vista da Vigilância em Saúde, crianças com peso ao nascer diminuído, padrão inadequado de aleitamento materno e déficit nutricional para a idade podem apresentar maior probabilidade de desenvolver atrofia dos maxilares podendo, conforme a gravidade, redundar numa oclusopatia com importante impacto na qualidade de vida / Growth is a dynamic process that changes throughout life. Bone growth is a multicausal event in which other characteristics such as socioeconomic level, race, perinatal period, habits, and others are involved in addition to biological factors. This study aimed to identify with the associated factors transverse growth of the maxillary bone represented by the superior intermolar distance. A cross-sectional survey nested in a population-based cohort study was conducted with a sample of 158 children aged 7 to 9 years old from the urban schools of Acrelandia, a small town in the Brazilian Western Amazon. The dependent variable was the upper intermolar distance measured between the central fossae of the first permanent maxillary molars. From the age of bottle introduction, a scale was developed assuming values from 1 to 10. Sex, birth weight, bottle introduction scale and Z score of body mass index (BMI) for age (BAZ) were considered as independent variables, being analyzed with structural equations model (SEM). Significant direct positive effects of sex (CP=0,203; p=0,007), birth weight (CP=0,155; p=0,046) and BAZ (CP=0,165; p=0,030) on transverse maxillary growth were found. The indirect effects (CP=0,058; p=0,029) and the total effect (CP=0,262; p=0,000) of sex on the outcome were statistically significant. The indirect effects of birth weight on outcome were not significant (CP=0,018; p=0,508), however, the total effect was significant (CP=0,174; p=0,023). In conclusion, sex, birth weight, bottle beginning age and BMI Z score for age showed association with the transverse growth of the maxillary bone. In addition to contributing to an adequate birth weight of the child, policies and programs that favor prenatal care and conditions to guarantee a full-term birth can positively affect transversal growth of the maxilla. From a Health Surveillance point of view, children with reduced birth weight, inadequate breastfeeding pattern and nutritional deficit for age may be more likely to develop atrophy of the jaws which, depending on the severity, may result in malocclusion with an important impact on quality of life

O crescimento é um processo dinâmico que muda ao longo da vida. O crescimento ósseo é um evento multicausal no qual, além dos fatores biológicos, intervêm outras características como as relacionadas ao nível socioeconômico, à raça, ao período perinatal, aos hábitos, entre outros. Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados ao crescimento transversal do osso maxilar representado pela medida da distância intermolar superior. Foi realizado um estudo seccional aninhado numa coorte, com uma amostra de 158 crianças entre 7 e 9 anos de idade das escolas urbanas de Acrelândia, município da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. A variável dependente foi a distância intermolar superior, medida entre as fossas centrais dos primeiros molares superiores permanentes. A partir da idade da introdução da mamadeira foi desenvolvida uma escala assumindo valores de 1 a 10. O sexo, o peso ao nascer, o padrão de uso da mamadeira e o escore Z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) para a idade foram consideradas como variáveis independentes, sendo analisadas por meio de modelo de equações estruturais (MEE). Foram encontrados efeitos diretos positivos significativos do sexo (CP=0,203; p=0,007), peso ao nascer (CP=0,155; p=0,046) e escore Z do IMC para a idade (CP=0,165; p=0,030) sobre o crescimento transversal do maxilar. Os efeitos indiretos (CP=0,058; p=0,029) e o efeito total (CP=0,262; p=0,000) do sexo sobre o desfecho mostraram significância estatística. Os efeitos indiretos do peso ao nascer sobre o desfecho não foram significativos (CP=0,018; p=0,508), porém, o efeito total foi significativo (CP=0,174; p=0,023). Em conclusão, o sexo, o peso ao nascer, a idade de introdução da mamadeira e o escore Z do IMC para a idade associam-se ao crescimento transversal do osso maxilar. Além de contribuir para um adequado peso ao nascer da criança, políticas e programas que favoreçam o cuidado pré natal e condições para garantir um parto a termo podem repercutir positivamente no crescimento transversal do maxilar. Do ponto de vista da Vigilância em Saúde, crianças com peso ao nascer diminuído, padrão inadequado de aleitamento materno e déficit nutricional para a idade podem apresentar maior probabilidade de desenvolver atrofia dos maxilares podendo, conforme a gravidade, redundar numa oclusopatia com importante impacto na qualidade de vida / Growth is a dynamic process that changes throughout life. Bone growth is a multicausal event in which other characteristics such as socioeconomic level, race, perinatal period, habits, and others are involved in addition to biological factors. This study aimed to identify with the associated factors transverse growth of the maxillary bone represented by the superior intermolar distance. A cross-sectional survey nested in a population-based cohort study was conducted with a sample of 158 children aged 7 to 9 years old from the urban schools of Acrelandia, a small town in the Brazilian Western Amazon. The dependent variable was the upper intermolar distance measured between the central fossae of the first permanent maxillary molars. From the age of bottle introduction, a scale was developed assuming values from 1 to 10. Sex, birth weight, bottle introduction scale and Z score of body mass index (BMI) for age (BAZ) were considered as independent variables, being analyzed with structural equations model (SEM). Significant direct positive effects of sex (CP=0,203; p=0,007), birth weight (CP=0,155; p=0,046) and BAZ (CP=0,165; p=0,030) on transverse maxillary growth were found. The indirect effects (CP=0,058; p=0,029) and the total effect (CP=0,262; p=0,000) of sex on the outcome were statistically significant. The indirect effects of birth weight on outcome were not significant (CP=0,018; p=0,508), however, the total effect was significant (CP=0,174; p=0,023). In conclusion, sex, birth weight, bottle beginning age and BMI Z score for age showed association with the transverse growth of the maxillary bone. In addition to contributing to an adequate birth weight of the child, policies and programs that favor prenatal care and conditions to guarantee a full-term birth can positively affect transversal growth of the maxilla. From a Health Surveillance point of view, children with reduced birth weight, inadequate breastfeeding pattern and nutritional deficit for age may be more likely to develop atrophy of the jaws which, depending on the severity, may result in malocclusion with an important impact on quality of life

為因應新巴賽爾資本協定(BaselⅡ)於2007年開始實施，金管會與各大銀行莫不致力於相關作業流程與法規的修訂。根據巴賽爾監理委員會統計，銀行面對的風險以信用風險占60%的比重最高，可見信用風險對銀行風險控管的重要性。 依BaselⅡ信用風險內部評等法的規範，銀行對每個授信戶均需估計一個一年期的違約機率(PD)。針對銀行對企業的授信放款，本研究採用計量模型Logistic Regression model建置企業信用風險預警模型，並與Altman(1983)的Z-score model比較其模型預測能力，以期降低專家意見法最為人所詬病的缺乏一致性與客觀性的問題。 / 研究結果顯示，以財務變數加上公司治理變數並以規模為控制變數的logistic regression model比Altman(1983)提出的Z-score model更能有效降低型一誤差和型二誤差並提高整體的歸類正確率；在危機發生前一年、前兩年，財務變數仍具有鑑別力；但在財務危機發生前三年所有的財務變數已不具鑑別力，反而是公司治理變數較具鑑別力，故可知財務數據為落後指標，公司治理變數為鑑別企業發生財務危機事件的領先指標。實證結果證明，若企業長期公司治理不佳將不利於公司經營獲利。

Background: Obesity-related diseases are arising as a major problem among children. inflammation has recently been identified to play an important role in the relationship between obesity.- as well as stunting-related diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and a variety of cardiometabolic and anthropometric indices of children in a township outside Potchefstroom, South Africa. Methods: Blood samples of 115 girls and 78 boys (mean age 15.6 ± 1.35) in the Physical Activity in the Young (PLAY) study were cross-sectionally analysed. Trained fieldworkers collected the demographic, Tanner growth stage and habitual physical activity information. Physiologists measured the children’s blood pressure. Anthropometric measurements were taken by. trained post-graduate students with level 1 or 2 qualifications in anthropometrics. A standard test battery was administered by trained postgraduate students in Human Movement Science to assess muscular strength. flexibility and endurance of the children. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged and stored frozen until further analyses. Results: Stunted girls had a significantly higher serum TNF-α concentration than the non-stunted girls (p=0.03). The factor analyses showed that the inflammatory. status clustered with the height for age-z-scores (HAZ) scores and the waist-hip-ratio (WHR). The HAZ-score of the over-fat boys (- 1.46) was significantly smaller than the lean boys (- 1.14, p=0.0 1). whereas the over-fat girls had a trend for a smaller HAZ-score (-1.07) than the lean girls (-0.89). No significant differences were found between the over-fat and the lean children-s inflammatory status. TNF-α and CRP levels tended to be higher in the over-fat children than in lean children. The girls' scrum IL-6 and CRP concentrations correlated significantly with their body mass index (BMI) and WHR (p<0.05 )and their TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations correlated significantly with their WHR (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: In comparison to the non-stunted girls, stunted girls had a statistically significantly higher TNF-α concentration. Unusual fat distribution that is found in over-fat and stunted children may be associated with low-grade inflammation in children. More research is needed on these associations with markers of inflammation in a long-term longitudinal study. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Dopo una delle peggiori crisi economica e finanziaria mondiale , gli studi sulla previsione delle insolvenze sono diventato uno degli argomenti più dibattuti tra gli studiosi e ricercatori. Al fine di soddisfare le esigenze sia di valutazione interna sia degli investitori professionali , lo studio riscopre il modello "Z - score" di Altman nella sua forma originale , nota per la sua semplicità. Il modello, ancora largamente utilizzato nei mercati statunitensi, è per sua natura poco utilizzato nell’analisi di società europee. La tesi analizza e descrive le caratteristiche dello Z -score, valutandone i risultati come strumento per la previsione di insolvenza nel mercato europeo. Lo studio è condotto su 568 società , prese dagli indici azionari di 7 mercati europei , tra il 2000 e il 2010 . I risultati del test evidenziano una grande variabilità di risultato tra i diversi settori industriali. Il modello risulta semplice ed efficace, ma sostanzialmente incapace di prevedere il rischio di default in Europa, se utilizzato nella sua forma originale . La seconda parte della ricerca studia pertanto come i risultati del modello possano essere valutati da una nuova prospettiva per i mercati europei, concentrandosi su singoli settori industriali. Lo Z score viene testato su un campione di imprese in buona salute ed un altro di aziende insolventi, per 3 gruppi industriali diversi. La ricerca cerca anche di valutare elementi qualitativi accanto a quelli quantitativi, al fine di analizzare in maniera completa il rischio di insolvenza. / After one of the worst world economic and financial crisis, the insolvency prediction has become one of the most debatable topics among scholars. In order to satisfy both the professional investors’ needs and the internal evaluation process, the Thesis rediscovers the original Altman “Z-score” model, known for its convenience. This model is still largely used in the US equity markets but, also for its origin, has hardly been applied to the European equity index. The Thesis investigates and describes the operating characteristics of Altman’s Z-score, evaluating its performance as a tool for insolvency prediction in today's European market. The base model capability is tested examining 568 companies, listed in the main stock indexes of 7 European markets, between 2000 and 2010. A large variability among different industries arises from the analysis conducted. The Thesis results prove that the model is user-friendly but a substantial inability to predict the risk of default in Europe if used in its original form. The second research question try to analyse how could the model be useful for the European markets, testing the Z score over good heath and insolvent firms from 3 industrial groups. The research studies how the model’s results could be evaluated from a new perspective, focusing on individual industrial sectors results. The research also tries to evaluate qualitative elements alongside the quantitative ones, in order to give a harmonized and comprehensive estimation of the insolvency risk.

The aim of this thesis is assessment and presumptions of inter-company comparisons and finds suitable methods for inter-company comparisons. The theoretical part is focused on the ways and appropriate methods for inter-company comparisons, pointer system and their use for inter-company comparisons is used in this part. The one-dimensional and selected multidimensional methods are applied in this work. These methods find position of company in a file of competitive companies. Good characteristics are prerequisite for selection of indicators. Ratio indicators, bankruptcy and solvent models evaluate rate efficiency of the company in period 2008 - 2010. The conclusion of this thesis identifies weaknesses in economy and proposes measures for increase of company´s efficiency.

Le premier chapitre présente la finance islamique, ses principes, ses produits, ses institutions. Le deuxième chapitre, présente une comparaison entre les deux systèmes bancaires, islamique et conventionnel à partir d'une étude de ratios bancaires et une analyse en composantes principales. Le troisième chapitre a pour but de clarifier les différents facteurs attirant les clients vers les banques islamiques et montre que ceux-ci ne se limitent pas aux critères religieux pour faire leur choix. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les marges d'intermédiation des banques islamiques et conventionnelles, en utilisant une approche dynamique du panel (Arellano-Bond, 1991). Il conclut que les banques islamiques se caractérisent par des marges plus élevées. Le cinquième chapitre examine, pour les deux systèmes bancaires, l'impact de la pression réglementaire. Il apparait que les banques islamiques et conventionnelles opérant dans la région MENA se caractérisent par des niveaux de capital déjà bien au-dessus du minimum réglementaire, et que la pression réglementaire n’a donc pas d’impact sur les banques islamiques. Cette inefficacité de la réglementation prudentielle peut être expliquée par l’inadaptation de cette réglementation à la nature du risque de ces banques. Enfin, le sixième et dernier chapitre, étudie la relation entre le capital et le risque de défaillance. Il en ressort que, dans la zone MENA, la probabilité de défaillance serait plus élevée pour les banques islamiques. / The first chapter presents Islamic finance, its principles, its products, its institutions. The second chapter presents a comparison between the two banking systems, Islamic and conventional through a study of banking ratios and principal component analysis. The third chapter aims to clarify the factors attracting customers towards Islamic banks and shows that they are not confined to religious criteria for their choice. The fourth chapter analyzes the intermediation margins of Islamic and conventional banks, using a dynamic approach of the panel (Arellano-Bond 1991). It concludes that Islamic banks are characterized by higher margins. The fifth chapter examines, for the two banking systems, the impact of regulatory pressure. It appears that Islamic and conventional banks operating in MENA are characterized by high capital levels which already well above the regulatory minimum, and therefore regulatory pressure has no impact on Islamic banks. This inefficiency of prudential regulation can be explained by the inadequacy of the regulations to the nature of the risk of these banks. The sixth and final chapter examines the relationship between capital and the risk of failure. It shows that, in MENA, the probability of failure is higher for Islamic banks.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The knowledge of intense precipitation is primordial in hydraulic structures design. However, the determination of this variable stumbles on its monitoring deficiency. Thus, the use of statistical methods, such as regional frequency analysis, aims to support the determination or caracterization of these precipitation. The purpose of this study was to identify behavioral patterns of daily intense precipitation that allows the estimative of design storm in ungauged basins. The study was directed to the southernmost state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a region with one of the world highest intense precipitation events. The hydrometeorological monitoring of the region is accomplished mainly by the National Water Agency (ANA). In this study were analyzed 1070 rain gauges, containing records between 1912 and 2014. Firstly, the consistency procedure was performed, by pre-analyzing and classifying the precipitation events (adapted Z score), selection of annual maximum series of continuous periods, and punctual validation. In the second stage, the maximum events were submitted to a regional frequency analysis, based on the regionalization method of Hoskins e Wallis. Finally, was demonstrated a precipitation estimative method for ungauged basins. The results of the pre-analysis characterized the periods of greatest temporal and spatial continuity from the available records, which occurred in the decade of 1970. On the other hand, this period has the greatest number of monitoring inconsistencies. The classification of the precipitation records indicated possible inconsistent data. Parallel to this, the selection process allowed the elaboration of maximum series of 15 and 30 years, uninterrupted, which occurred between 1963 and 1977, and between 1971 and 2000, with 91 and 40 gauges, respectively. Among the series, 163 events were indicated as possibly inconsistent data, which then were analyzed by the punctual validation, resulting in more trustworthy maximum series. The results of the maximum series regionalization indicated that RS has from two to three regions of homogenous behavior. The estimative from the 15 years series generated the most accurate values for Return Periods (T) lower than ten years. In opposite, the 30 years series resulted in better approximations for T greater than 20 years. Nevertheless, the quality of the estimates is prejudiced in the regions with a low density of gauges. The processes applied to the consistency analysis were effective, and the suggested methodology demonstrated to be appropriate and flexible. / O conhecimento das precipitações intensas é primordial no projeto de estruturas hidráulicas. No entanto, a determinação desta variável esbarra nas deficiências do seu monitoramento. Assim, o emprego de métodos estatísticos, como análise de frequência regional visa auxiliar na determinação ou caracterização dessas precipitações. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar padrões comportamentais das precipitações intensas diárias que possibilitem estimar chuvas de projetos em locais sem informações. O estudo foi direcionado ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, cujas precipitações intensas estão entre as maiores do mundo. Seu monitoramento hidrometeorológico é efetuado, principalmente, pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Foram analisadas 1070 estações pluviométricas, com registros entre os anos de 1912 a 2014. Foi realizado, primeiramente, o processo de consistência, que contou com: pré-análise e classificação dos eventos de precipitação (Z-score adaptado), seleção de séries de máximos anuais de períodos contínuos, e validação pontual. Na segunda etapa, os eventos de máximos foram submetidos a uma análise regional de frequências, baseada no método de regionalização de Hosking e Wallis, em seguida, foi demostrada uma forma de estimar as precipitações em locais sem dados. Os resultados da pré-análise caracterizaram os momentos de maior continuidade temporal e espacial dos registros disponíveis, os quais ocorreram em meados da década de 70. Por outro lado, este período também foi o com maior número de inconsciências no monitoramento. A classificação dos registros de precipitação indicou possíveis dados inconsistentes. Paralelo a isto, o processo de seleção permitiu a construção de séries de máximos de 15 e 30 anos, ininterruptos, os quais ocorreram entre 1963 a 1977 e, 1971 a 2000, com 91 e 40 estações, respectivamente. Dentre estas séries, 163 eventos foram indicados como possíveis dados inconsistentes, os quais passaram pelo processo de validação pontual, resultando em séries de máximos de maior confiabilidade. O resultado da regionalização das séries de máximos demonstrou que o Estado possui de duas a três regiões de comportamento homogêneo. As estimativas produzidas pelas regiões formadas pelas séries de 15 anos produziram valores mais precisos para tempos de retorno (Tr) inferior a dez anos. Já as séries de 30 anos resultaram numa melhor precisão nas estimativas com Tr superior a 20 anos. Contudo, a qualidade das estimativas é prejudicada nas regiões em que a densidade de estações é baixa. Os processos empregados na análise de consistência foram eficientes, e a metodologia sugerida demonstrou ser flexível e aplicável.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DianaGL_TESE_1-60.pdf: 3945578 bytes, checksum: b60b2a1d9ab72539c6bd59f14847deca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Social behavior of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, at Pipa Beach, RN, Brazil: dynamics, sequence, breathing synchrony, and responses to dolphin watching. Social animals form groups that can range from temporary to permanent. Depending on the nature of the social relationships developed between individuals, groups present a particular social organization and the effect of these interactions shapes the activity patterns of these animals. This study investigates: (i) fission-fusion dynamics of Guiana dolphins, through the analysis of three dimensions of the social system (variation in spatial cohesion, variation in size and composition of groups), (ii) sequence, routine and behavioral stability, (iii) breathing intervals in synchronized groups and (iv) behavioral responses of the animals to dolphin watching. Systematic observations of Guiana dolphins were made from a platform located in cliffs about 25 m above sea level that surround Madeiro Bay, Pipa Beach. Sampling occurred from December 2007 to February 2009 between 0600 h and 1600 h, and the groups of Guiana dolphins were investigated according to their size (alone and group) and composition (adults, adults and juveniles, and adults and calves). According to the analysis of fission-fusion dynamics, Guiana dolphin groups frequently changed their composition, modifying their patterns of spatial grouping and cohesion every 20 minutes on average. More than 50% of the individuals maintained a distance of up to 2 m from other group members and new individuals were attracted to the group, especially during feeding, leaving it for foraging. Large groups were more unstable than small, while groups containing only adults were more stable than groups of adults and juveniles. According to the Z-score analysis to investigate the sequence and behavioral routine, lone individuals were more ! .7! ! involved in foraging and feeding, while resting was more common in groups. Foraging and feeding were more common in homogeneous groups (individuals of the same age class), while heterogeneous groups (different age classes) were often involved in socialization, displaying a broader behavioral repertoire. Foraging and resting behavior presented higher stability (continuous duration in minutes) than the other behaviors. The analysis of breathing intervals in synchronized groups showed significant differences depending on type of behavior, composition and area preference. During resting, breathing intervals were of longer duration, and groups with calves showed shorter breathing intervals than groups without calves. Lone individuals also preferred areas called corral , often used for the entrapment of fishes. The Markov chain analysis revealed behavioral changes in the presence of boats, according to the type of group composition. Groups composed of adults presented decreased resting and increased in traveling during the presence of boats. Groups of adults and juveniles showed a massive reduction of socialization, while the behavior transition probability traveling-traveling was higher in groups of adults and calves. In the presence of the boats, stability of resting was reduced by one third of its original duration and traveling more than doubled. The behavioral patterns analyzed are discussed in light of socio-ecological models concerning costs and benefits of proximity between individuals and behavioral optimization. Furthermore, significant changes in behavioral patterns indicate that Guiana dolphins, at Pipa Beach, have suffered the effects of tourism as a result of violation of rules of conduct established for the study area / Animais sociais formam grupos que podem variar de tempor?rios a permanentes. Dependendo da natureza das rela??es sociais que se desenvolvem entre os indiv?duos, grupos apresentam uma organiza??o social particular e o resultado destas intera??es moldar?o o padr?o comportamental desses animais. O presente estudo visa investigar: (i) a din?mica de fiss?o-fus?o de botos-cinza, por meio da an?lise de tr?s dimens?es do sistema social (varia??o na coes?o espacial, varia??o no tamanho e na composi??o dos grupos); (ii) a sequ?ncia, rotina e estabilidade comportamental; (iii) os intervalos respirat?rios em grupos sincr?nicos e (iv) as respostas comportamentais ao turismo de observa??o. Observa??es sistem?ticas de botos-cinza foram feitas a partir de um mirante localizado na enseada do Madeiro, praia de Pipa, a aproximadamente 25 m acima do n?vel do mar. As amostragens ocorreram entre dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009, entre 0600 h e 1600 h e os grupos de boto-cinza foram investigados de acordo com seu tamanho (sozinho e em grupo) e composi??o (adultos, adultos e juvenis, e adultos e filhotes). De acordo com a an?lise de din?mica de fiss?o-fus?o, botos-cinza mudaram sua composi??o frequentemente, modificando o tamanho dos grupos, em m?dia, a cada 20 min. Mais de 50% dos indiv?duos mantiveram dist?ncias de at? 2 m entre si e novos indiv?duos foram atra?dos ao grupo, principalmente durante alimenta??o, deixando-o durante o forrageio. Grandes grupos mostraram-se mais inst?veis do que pequenos grupos, enquanto grupos de adultos foram mais est?veis do que grupos de adultos e juvenis. De acordo com a an?lise de Z-score para investiga??o da sequ?ncia e rotina comportamental, indiv?duos sozinhos estiveram mais envolvidos em comportamentos de forrageio e alimenta??o, enquanto o repouso foi mais comum em indiv?duos em grupo. O forrageio e a alimenta??o foram mais comuns em grupos homog?neos (indiv?duos de mesma classe et?ria), enquanto grupos heterog?neos (de diferentes ! 5! ! classes et?rias) estiveram frequentemente envolvidos em socializa??o, apresentando um repert?rio comportamental mais amplo. Os comportamentos de repouso e forrageio apresentaram maior estabilidade (dura??o cont?nua em minutos), do que os demais comportamentos. A an?lise de intervalos respirat?rios em grupos sincr?nicos apontou diferen?as significativas quanto ao tipo de comportamento, composi??o e prefer?ncia de ?rea. Durante o comportamento de repouso foram observados os intervalos respirat?rios de maior dura??o, e grupos com filhotes apresentaram menores intervalos do que grupos sem filhotes. Indiv?duos sozinhos preferiram ?reas denominadas de curral , frequentemente utilizadas para o encurralamento de peixes. A partir da an?lise de cadeia de Markov, foram detectadas diferentes altera??es comportamentais na presen?a dos barcos, de acordo com o tipo de composi??o do grupo. Grupos de adultos sofreram a maior redu??o do repouso e o maior aumento do deslocamento. Adultos e juvenis apresentaram maior redu??o da socializa??o, enquanto a probabilidade de transi??o comportamental deslocamento-deslocamento foi maior em grupos de adultos e filhotes. Na presen?a dos barcos a estabilidade do repouso foi reduzida em um ter?o de sua dura??o original e o deslocamento aumentou mais do que o dobro em todas as composi??es de grupo. Os padr?es comportamentais analisados s?o discutidos ? luz dos modelos socioecol?gicos sobre custos e benef?cios da proximidade entre indiv?duos e otimiza??o comportamental. Ademais, mudan?as significativas no padr?o comportamental indicam que os botos-cinza, na praia de Pipa, v?m sofrendo os efeitos do turismo, como consequ?ncia da viola??o das normas de conduta estabelecidas para a ?rea de estudo