Magister Economicae - MEcon / Land ownership, control and reform have been some of the most contentious issues in contemporary Zimbabwe. The land question has generated a lot of emotional debate and there is a general consensus that it represents a critical dimension to the crisis the country is going through. This thesis intended to offer some insights into the modus operandi and outcomes of land reform in the country. / South Africa

Thesis (M. A. ( Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014. / Land reform is one of the heavily contested issues the world over as reflected in the literature discussion. It is an indisputable fact that land is crucial for human survival across cultures, races, gender, and beliefs. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of land reform on poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe, Mwenezi district in Chikomati and Dungwe villages. The problem which was under investigation was, ‘why is poverty seemed not to be alleviated/reduced despite the era of land reform?’ The impact of land reform on poverty alleviation was pointed out. The respondents were selected through snowballing (one potential respondent leads to the other respondent) and the data was collected through focus group discussions. The analysis was done through thematic analysis. The research found out that land reform alone cannot alleviate the expected fraction of poverty in any country in general and Zimbabwe in particular. There is need for all sectors of the economy to join hands in order to alleviate poverty, for example, education, health, agriculture, finance, and many more. Swathes of land alone had proved that it is not enough to reduce poverty unless underpinned with other sectors. Rapid reforms are needed in social, economic, and political spheres in order for land reform programme to deliver positive results to the beneficiaries and the whole economy at large. Facts on the ground in Zimbabwe are that mere distribution of land cannot on its own alleviate poverty, but the fact remains that land reform is an irreplaceable arrow in poverty reduction.

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya. / Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya / Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izingqinamba zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane basemakhaya abaseZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Abesifazane basemakhaya bakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini futhi bakhishwa inyumbazane ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ngenxa yalokho izindima zabo zicekelwa phansi namazwi abo ezintweni ezibathintayo ayenziwa buthaka. Izici ezifana nesomiso esiqhubekayo, ukungabi bikho kwezinsizakusebenza, isiko nesimo sezulu esingesihle seziqhubekile nokubeka isikhundla sabesifazane basemakhaya engcupheni. Ukuziphilisa ngokulima kube ngomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ngabesifazane basemakhaya ekukhiqizweni kokudla emakhaya, kepha lokhu bekungalethi imiphumela elindelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komanyolo nemishini yokukhuthaza isivuno esingcono. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela ephathelene nesimo futhi kwaqoqwa nemininingwane ngezingxoxo zocingo ngokuya ngamaphrothokholi woKhuvethe Alert Level 3. Lolu cwaningo luveza izinselelo eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho abesifazane besemakhaya eZimbabwe ababhekana nazo. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abesifazane basakhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezingazinaki izidingo zabo. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi abesifazane basemakhaya bahlala besengozini futhi bavuleleke kumazinga aphezulu obuphofu njengoba behluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa okudingeka kakhulu kubayeni babo, abaholi bomphakathi kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke ngezinqubomgomo zabo ezibahlukanisile. Ngendlela yokukhishwa ngaphandle kwezenhlalo, amalungelo abesifazane aphuliwe futhi isithunzi sabo sonakalisiwe futhi sancishiswa, ngoba nje benganikwanga ukwesekwa okudingekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki. Amagama asemqoka afana nokuba sengozini, ubuphofu ngokuphelele nokuvalelwa ngaphandle emphakathini kuchazwa njengezinye zezinto ezibe nomthelela ebuphofini besifazane basemakhaya. Izinhlelo zomphakathi iv ziqhubekile nokubeka abesifazane enhluphekweni futhi bahlala njengeqembu elizimele elihluleka ukubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele futhi lisizakale ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlukile njengezindlela zokubhekana nabesifazane basemakhaya okudingeka bazilandele ukuze benze kangcono ngokwesimo sabo sobumpofu. Izisombululo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona njengoba amasu okubhekana nazo nezinhlelo zokungenelela zichaziwe ocwaningweni. Ukuze ekugcineni ngikwazi ukusho ukuthi igebe lobuphofu kubantu besifazane selivaliwe, kuzodingeka izinqubomgomo ezinamandla ezingekho lapho ngenjongo yokuhlobisa kuphela kepha ezifuna ukubhekana nokwenza ngcono amazinga okungalingani osekuyisikhathi eside kuthinta abesifazane basemakhaya. Lezi zinqubomgomo kuzofanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele ukubhekana nezidingo nezinselelo zabesifazane basemakhaya / Ngudo i ṱoḓa u wanulusa khaedu dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani a vho ngo katelwa kha matshilisano na u siwa nnḓa kha mbekanyamushumo dza mveledziso ya tshitshavha, nga nṱhani ha zwenezwo mishumo yavho i dzhielwa fhasi na musi vha tshi amba zwine zwa vha kwama zwi thudzelwa kule. Nyimele dzi ngaho sa gomelelo ḽi sa gumi, u shayea ha zwiko, mvelele na mihumbulo ya poḽotiki i sa takadzi zwo ḓi bvela phanḓa na u vhea vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha vhuimo ha khombo. Vhuḓilimeli ho vha muṅwe wa mishumo mihulwane ine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ita kha mveledzazwiḽiwa muṱani, fhedzi hezwi a zwo ngo bveledza mvelelo dze dza vha dzo lavhelelwa zwihulu zwo itiswa nga nṱhani ha u shaya zwishumiswa na manyoro u bveledza khaṋo dza khwine. Ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa kuitele kwa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ngeno data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha inthaviwu dza luṱingo u ya nga matshimbidzele a u Dzhiela nṱha Vhuimo ha 3 ha Covid-19. Ngudo yo wanulusa khaedu dzo vhalaho dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Mvelelo dza ngudo dzo sumbedzisa uri vhafumakadzi vha kha ḓivha vho siwa nnḓa kha masia manzhi a mveledziso dza tshitshavha nga nṱhani ha mbekanyamaitele dzine dza sa dzhiele nṱha ṱhoḓea dzavho. Ngudo yo topola zwauri vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha dzula vhe khomboni na u ṱanea kha vhuimo ha vhushai vhuhulwane musi vha tshi kundelwa u wana thikhedzo khulwanesa ine vha i ṱoḓa u bva kha vhafarisi vhavho, vharangaphanḓa vha zwitshavha na muvhuso wa lushaka nga kha mbekanyamaitele dzawo dze dza vha khethelula. Nga kha u siwa nnḓa kha matshilisano, pfanelo dza vhafumakadzi dzo pfukekanya ngeno tshirunzi vi tshavho tsho tsitsela fhasi na u hoṱefhadzwa, ngauri a vho ngo ṋetshedzwa thikhedzo yo teaho u dzhenelela kha tsheo dza zwa poḽotiki. Maipfi a ndeme a ngaho sa u vha khomboni, vhushai ha vhukuma na u sa katelwa kha matshilisano zwo ṱalutshedzwa sa dziṅwe dza nyimele dzo shelaho mulenzhe kha vhushai ha vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani. Sisiṱeme ya matshilisano yo bvela phanḓa na u ṱana vhushai ha vhafumakadzi na u dzula vhe tshigwada tsho khethululwaho tsho kundelwaho u dzhenelela tshoṱhe na u vhuelwa kha zwiimiswa zwa matshilisano. Mawanwa a ngudo o ṋetshedza nḓila dza u ṱhaḓula dzo fhambanaho sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila zwine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ṱoḓa u zwi tevhela u itela u ita zwa khwine kha vhuimo havho ha vhushai. Khonadzeo dzo fhambanaho dza thasululo sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila na mbekanyamushumo dza u dzhenelela dzo bviselwa khagala kha ngudo. U swikela hune ra kona u amba uri gake ḽa vhushai kha vhushai ḽo ṱumanywa, mbekanyamaitele dzo khwaṱhaho dzi ḓo ṱoḓiwa dzine dza sa vhe henefho fhedzi u itela u khavhisa fhedzi u itela u amba na u khwinisa vhuimo ha u sa lingana he ha kwama lwa tshifhinga tshilapfu vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani / Ngudo i ṱoḓa u wanulusa khaedu dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani a vho ngo katelwa kha matshilisano na u siwa nnḓa kha mbekanyamushumo dza mveledziso ya tshitshavha, nga nṱhani ha zwenezwo mishumo yavho i dzhielwa fhasi na musi vha tshi amba zwine zwa vha kwama zwi thudzelwa kule. Nyimele dzi ngaho sa gomelelo ḽi sa gumi, u shayea ha zwiko, mvelele na mihumbulo ya poḽotiki i sa takadzi zwo ḓi bvela phanḓa na u vhea vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha vhuimo ha khombo. Vhuḓilimeli ho vha muṅwe wa mishumo mihulwane ine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ita kha mveledzazwiḽiwa muṱani, fhedzi hezwi a zwo ngo bveledza mvelelo dze dza vha dzo lavhelelwa zwihulu zwo itiswa nga nṱhani ha u shaya zwishumiswa na manyoro u bveledza khaṋo dza khwine. Ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa kuitele kwa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ngeno data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha inthaviwu dza luṱingo u ya nga matshimbidzele a u Dzhiela nṱha Vhuimo ha 3 ha Covid-19. Ngudo yo wanulusa khaedu dzo vhalaho dza ikonomi ya matshilisano dzine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani kha ḽa Zimbabwe vha livhana nadzo. Mvelelo dza ngudo dzo sumbedzisa uri vhafumakadzi vha kha ḓivha vho siwa nnḓa kha masia manzhi a mveledziso dza tshitshavha nga nṱhani ha mbekanyamaitele dzine dza sa dzhiele nṱha ṱhoḓea dzavho. Ngudo yo topola zwauri vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha dzula vhe khomboni na u ṱanea kha vhuimo ha vhushai vhuhulwane musi vha tshi kundelwa u wana thikhedzo khulwanesa ine vha i ṱoḓa u bva kha vhafarisi vhavho, vharangaphanḓa vha zwitshavha na muvhuso wa lushaka nga kha mbekanyamaitele dzawo dze dza vha khethelula. Nga kha u siwa nnḓa kha matshilisano, pfanelo dza vhafumakadzi dzo pfukekanya ngeno tshirunzi vi tshavho tsho tsitsela fhasi na u hoṱefhadzwa, ngauri a vho ngo ṋetshedzwa thikhedzo yo teaho u dzhenelela kha tsheo dza zwa poḽotiki. Maipfi a ndeme a ngaho sa u vha khomboni, vhushai ha vhukuma na u sa katelwa kha matshilisano zwo ṱalutshedzwa sa dziṅwe dza nyimele dzo shelaho mulenzhe kha vhushai ha vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani. Sisiṱeme ya matshilisano yo bvela phanḓa na u ṱana vhushai ha vhafumakadzi na u dzula vhe tshigwada tsho khethululwaho tsho kundelwaho u dzhenelela tshoṱhe na u vhuelwa kha zwiimiswa zwa matshilisano. Mawanwa a ngudo o ṋetshedza nḓila dza u ṱhaḓula dzo fhambanaho sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila zwine vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani vha ṱoḓa u zwi tevhela u itela u ita zwa khwine kha vhuimo havho ha vhushai. Khonadzeo dzo fhambanaho dza thasululo sa zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u tshila na mbekanyamushumo dza u dzhenelela dzo bviselwa khagala kha ngudo. U swikela hune ra kona u amba uri gake ḽa vhushai kha vhushai ḽo ṱumanywa, mbekanyamaitele dzo khwaṱhaho dzi ḓo ṱoḓiwa dzine dza sa vhe henefho fhedzi u itela u khavhisa fhedzi u itela u amba na u khwinisa vhuimo ha u sa lingana he ha kwama lwa tshifhinga tshilapfu vhafumakadzi vha vhuponi ha mahayani / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

MENVSC (Geography) / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Science / Climate change has brought about a number of global environmental challenges and the worst, climatic disasters such as floods and droughts. In Zimbabwe, particularly in the semi-arid Chivi District, droughts have become more frequent. At the household level, there are a multiplicity of vulnerability and coping mechanisms to this scourge, which have gender dimensions. This study analysed the vulnerability of the Chivi South community to drought and its adaptation with specific consideration to the gender dynamics. The specific objectives for this dissertation were to establish the characteristics and extent of drought occurrences in Chivi District in the last 30 years, assess Chivi South‟s vulnerability to drought, evaluate levels of gender vulnerability to drought, and analyse gendered adaptation to drought. Subsequently, a strategy for drought adaptation in the rural areas of Zimbabwe was drawn. The research was based on the mixed methods approach, as it employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data collection methods included a review of official documents, key informant interviews with community leaders, Non-Governmental Organisations and government officials working in the area, household questionnaires and focus group discussions. The Standardized Precipitation Index was used to determine drought severity. Data was analysed using the SPSS 22.0 software. Capabilities such as Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to effectively analyse data. The Household Vulnerability Index was employed to infer vulnerability and adaptation of the community to drought. Research findings were illustrated using charts, graphs, tables and photographs. The study established the occurrence of droughts in Chivi, with a high prevalence of low magnitude droughts. A decrease in crop food production closely related to drought patterns was noted. Drought vulnerability cuts across the whole gender spectrum, with a sizable number of female headed households being severely exposed. However females adapt better to the effects of drought than males. A holistic approach which seeks to integrate both men and women in decision-making and to improve the community‟s adaptation to drought and other disasters was proposed

MGS / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / See the attached abstract below

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science to the Faculty of Political Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / This project employs a narrative and counter narrative lens to seek an understanding of the changing roles of traditional leaders in an independent Zimbabwe. A historical context was necessary in order to highlight changes in traditional leadership roles prior to the independence era. This process of using the historical context facilitated a discussion that was divorced from biases associated with colonialism and independence. To achieve this, a study was undertaken of the period prior to the colonial era, within the colonial era and post colonial period. This resulted in a rich discussion of the changing roles within each period together with implications to traditional leadership in an independent Zimbabwe. The study undertook a detailed review that provided the basis for the placement into the historical context that was supported by academic literature. The use of theory further consolidated the placement of the study in an academic context. Data collection and analysis were placed in narrative and counter narrative contexts using a thematic approach to find meaning to the study while addressing assertions that were raised in the study. The findings proved that traditional leaders in Zimbabwe have lost their powers and are partaking of new modern roles slowly divorced from the traditional context of both the pre and colonial era. It also proved that traditional leaders are aware of the changing roles and might be enjoying the benefits of the modern system at the expense of both tradition and culture. The other argument however is that traditional role conflicts with democratic processes and may not really be representative of a democratic government as these leaders are not elected. The findings of this study should highlight to the traditional leaders of the irreversible changing roles which only stand to maintain what could be an oppressive system similar to the colonial era unless it is checked and controlled. The study may also help academics and other interested parties that may be advocating for a separation of African systems in place of Western influenced governance despite the globalised nature of the world that maybe considered a disadvantage to poor countries. / MT2017

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No description available.

This study investigates to what extent "e"-communication is used successfully by Zimbabwean commercial banks. The study was done using the literature survey method and the questionnaire. The closed and open-ended questionnaires used for gathering data were administered personally by the researcher leading to 99% return rate of questionnaires. The major conclusions from this study are that "e"-communication is widely adopted by the commercial banks in Zimbabwe, examples being the use of email, statement enquiries or bill payment services. Recommendations drawn from this research are that commercial banks' top management should be committed to the establishment of more effective information systems programmes and invest substantially more in Information Technology to meet the demanding needs and expectations of customers. The study could be replicated in other sectors of business in order to strengthen the reliability and validity of the results revealed here. / Financial Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

Text in Afrikaans / This study aims to analyze the conflict resolution process in Zimbabwe after the Lancaster House Agreement and the subsequent elections from March 4, 1980 up until 2002. The objective is to determine what effect this process has had on all the people in Zimbabwe, both nationally and locally. It also endeavours to evaluate their attempts to transform from a violent culture of guerilla warfare, to an all-inclusive sustainable peaceful environment and culture. The reason for this specific time period of the study lies in the fact that the peace building process of the Zimbabwean conflict resolution process was supposed to be introduced during this time. This is the era during which the root of historic conflict, according to the peace building theory, has had to be transformed. It also implies the start of the implementation of the radical land reform process. From this perspective the following 5 key questions form the raison d‟être of the study and will be analyzed in the different chapters: 1. The requirements for sustainable peace, according to the conflict resolution and peace building theory, as developed by Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton and Anstey. 2. The characteristics of the historical conflict structure to be transformed during the post-1980 period. 3. An evaluation of the development of an all inclusive, multi-faceted and integrated program for the transformation of the historical conflict structure. 4. An evaluation of the international managers‟ contributions for laying the foundation for the integration of peace-making and the subsequent phases of the peace building process. It also questions the degree of reconciliation and peace building. 5. The lessons learnt from the Zimbabwean experience and its implications for conflict resolutions and peace implementation processes in Southern African societies. Included in this question is to seek clarification and to develop proposals about the roles and contributions of internal and external role players on all levels of society in such processes. Hence the conclusive finding that conflict resolution and peace building is an integrated multi-dimensional process. This conclusion is confirmed in the Zimbabwean situation. Conflict involves the entanglement of needs, unappeased perceptions and codes of conduct during the period of negotiations. In Zimbabwe the escalation and de-escalation of these influences are clearly observed. The evaluation and manipulation of the history of Zimababwe, of which the manipulation is still continuing, is harming the process of reconciliation and peace building. The absence of an inclusive raison d‟être for all parties involved (regarding differences and diversities on ethnical, social, economical and other levels) implies a strong escalating and de-escalating factor in the irreconcilability in Zimbabwe. The initiation of an integrated and multi-dimensional process, mechanism and framework of reconciliation and peace is strongly advised. This process, mechanism and framework has to have an integrated structure starting at international level (United Nations Peace Building Commission) decentralizing into regional, national, provincial and local government structures. The process and mechanism must be part of the establishment of conflict resolution and peace building as an generic management style and approach aimed at the political and governing processes of societies in transformation. This is especially important for the current Zimbabwean situation. / Die oogmerk van die studie is „n ontleding van die konflikresolusie-proses in Zimbabwe sedert die Lancaster House-ooreenkoms en die daaropvolgende verkiesings van 4 Maart 1980 tot en met die jaar 2002. Die doelstelling is om te bepaal in watter mate en op welke wyse, daar op alle vlakke van die gemeenskap nasionaal en op plaaslike vlak, gepoog is om die geweldskultuur, wat kenmerkend van die guerrilla-oorlog was, te transformeer tot „n volhoubare inklusiewe vredesomgewing en -kultuur. „n Primêre motivering vir die keuse van die bepaalde navorsingstydperk is dat dit veronderstel is om die vredebou-periode van die Zimbabwiese konflikresolusie-proses in te lui. Dit is die era waartydens die bronne van die historiese konflik, ooreenkomstig die vredebou-teorie, getransformeer moes word. Dit sluit ook die era in waartydens die eerste stappe van die radikale grondhervormingsproses geïmplementeer is. In die lig hiervan word die onderstaande 5 kernvraagstukke as raison d‟être van die studie op „n hoofstukbasis ondersoek: 1. Wat is die vereistes vir volhoubare vrede, ooreenkomstig die konflikresolusie- en vredebouteorie soos veral ontwikkel deur Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton en Anstey? 2. Wat was die kenmerke van die historiese konflikstruktuur wat in die post-1980- periode moes transformeer? 3. Het daar in die post-1980-periode „n inklusiewe, multi-vlakkige en geïntegreerde program vir die transformasie van die historiese konflikstruktuur, ontwikkel? 4. Het die internasionale bestuurders van die proses die grondslag gelê vir „n integrering van vredevestiging met die verdere fases van vredebou? In watter mate was versoening en vredebou enigsins „n prioriteit? Indien nie, waarom nie? 5. Watter lesse kan vanuit die Zimbabwiese ervaring geleer word wat kan bydra tot 'n beter begrip van praktiese konflikresolusie en vredebou-implementeringsprosesse in veral Suider-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe? Watter bydraes kan en moet interne en eksterne rolspelers speel? Voortspruitend hieruit word daar ook aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen oor die integrasie van internasionale en nasionale (eerste, tweede en derde vlakke) rolspelers in hierdie verband. Teen hierdie agtergrond word samevattend bevind dat konflikresolusie en vredebou, „n geïntegreerde multi-dimensionele en multi-vlakkige proses is. Vanuit die Zimbabwe situasie word bevind en bevestig dat konflik uit „n geïntegreerde wisselwerking van behoefte- en doel-onversoenbaarheidspersepsies met voort-spruitende konflikterende gesindhede en gedragspatroon-verskynsels, bestaan. Daar word ook aangetoon dat daar duidelike eskalerende en de-eskalerende invloede teenwoordig is. Daar is ook bevind dat die wyse hoe die geskiedenis van Zimbabwe evalueer en hanteer is en steeds word, die bou van versoening en langtermyn vrede benadeel. Die afwesigheid van „n inklusiewe raison d‟être wat alle rolspelers inbind tot een Zimbabwiese sentiment, ten spyte van diepliggende verskille en diversiteite op etniese, stam, sosiale, ekonomiese, klas en ander terreine, is „n sterk eskalerende faktor en gevolg in hierdie verband. Die loodsing van „n diepliggende en veelvlakkige versoeningsproses, sal die identifisering van sódanige sentiment – die aorta van Zimbabwe se konstruktiewe, volhoubare voortbestaan – as primêre samebindende prioriteit moet neem. Teen hierdie agtergrond word „n geïntegreede versoenings- en vredebou meganisme en raamwerk ontwikkel en voorgestel. „n Meganisme en proses wat multi-vlakkige deelname vanaf „n internasionale (United Nations Peace Building Commission) tot en met „n streeks, nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike fokusvlak, verseker. „n Proses en meganisme wat ook deel uitmaak van die meer prominente vestiging en institusionalisering van konflikresolusie en vredebou as „n generiese bestuurstyl en program in die politieke en regeerprosesse in oorgangsamelewings, maar veral ook in die Zimbabwe situasie. / Political Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrika-Politiek)