Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:30:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:34:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:05:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T16:47:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T17:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T11:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T12:31:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T13:03:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T18:08:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T12:13:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:22:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:31:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T19:04:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-30T18:58:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-04T14:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-05T14:11:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-11T18:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-13T10:24:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribas_gtc_me_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T10:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribas_gtc_me_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O esperado aumento na produção do lodo de esgoto e o volume diário de lodo descartado em aterros sanitários reforçam a necessidade do reaproveitamento deste resíduo que pode fornecer nutrientes às plantas ao ser aplicado no solo, tornando-se importante alternativa de disposição, porém a presença de metais pesados limita seu uso. Assim, em duas áreas que receberam lodo de esgoto por 18 anos consecutivos, o objetivo foi avaliar a concentração de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo e plantas de milho após a 18ª aplicação do resíduo. Este experimento ocorreu no ano agrícola 2014/2015 em área de LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico e LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico, no município de Jaboticabal, SP; com 4 tratamentos (0, 5, 10 e 20 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto, respectivamente T0, T5, T10 e T20) organizados no delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 repetições. Foram avaliadas as concentrações pseudototal através do método 3050 B da USEPA e teor disponível através do método Mehlich 1 de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo, acúmulo desses metais na parte aérea das plantas, teor nos grãos e na folha diagnose; estado nutricional, produtividade e massa seca da parte aérea da planta. As concentrações de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo das duas áreas que receberam lodo de esgoto foram superiores aquelas que receberam apenas fertilização mineral convencional, porém no 18º ano de aplicação de lodo, os teores desses metais no solo ainda permanecem abaixo dos níveis estabelecidos para intervenção agrícola, de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Não foram observados na parte aérea das plantas, folhas e grãos de milho teores de Pb, Ni e Zn acima dos limites estabelecidos nas legislações vigentes. Maiores teores de Ni e Zn foram observados nos grãos das plantas cultivadas com a maior dose de lodo de esgoto. Para o estado nutricional, apenas P e B ficaram abaixo do nível crítico estabelecido, os teores de Mg e Mn tiveram efeito dos tratamentos na área do LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. O lodo de esgoto com as características discutidas nesse estudo, não interfere na produção de massa seca de parte aérea as plantas, mas provoca aumento da produtividade de grãos com doses de 10 e 20 t ha-1 na área de LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. Embora o Pb seja um elemento muito tóxico, não foi detectado nos grãos, Ni e Zn são micronutrientes que podem limitar a aplicação de lodo de esgoto ao solo. O LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico possui maior capacidade de acúmulo dos metais pesados estudados Pb, Ni e Zn, porém as quantidades fitodisponíveis são menores, devidos suas características, em relação ao LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. / The expected increase in the production of sewage sludge and the daily volume of sludge discarded in landfills reinforce the need to reuse this residue, which can provide nutrients to the plants when applied to the soil, making it important disposal alternative of heavy metals limits its use. Thus, in two areas that received sewage sludge for 18 consecutive years, the objective was to evaluate the concentration of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil and corn plants after the 18th application of the residue. This experiment occurred in the agricultural year 2014/2015 in the area of Red Oxisol eutroferric and Red Oxisol distrophic, in the municipality of Jaboticabal, SP; with 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge, respectively T0, T5, T10 and T20) organized in a randomized block design with 5 replicates. The pseudototal concentrations were evaluated using the USEPA method 3050 B and content available by the Mehlich 1 method of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil, accumulation of these metals in the aerial part of the plants, grain content and diagnosis leaf; nutritional status, productivity and dry mass of the aerial part of the maize plant. The concentrations of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil of the two areas that received sewage sludge were higher than those that only received conventional mineral fertilization, but after the 18th year of sludge application, the levels of these metals in the soil still remain below the established levels for agricultural intervention, in Brazilian legislation. No Pb, Ni and Zn levels were observed in the aerial part of the plants, leaves and corn above the limits established in the current legislation. Higher levels of Ni and Zn were observed in the grains of the plants grown with the highest dose of sewage sludge. For the nutritional status, only P and B were below the established critical level, the Mg and Mn contents had effect of the treatments in the area of the Red Oxisol distrophic. The sewage sludge with the characteristics discussed in this study does not interfere in the production of dry mass of shoot plants, but causes increase of grain yield with doses of 10 and 20 t ha-1 in the area of Red Oxisol distrophic. Although Pb is a very toxic element, was not detected in the grains, Ni and Zn are micronutrients that can limit the application of sewage sludge to soil. The Red Oxisol eutroferric has a greater capacity of accumulation of the studied heavy metals Pb, Ni and Zn, but the phytodisposable amounts are smaller, due to their characteristics, in relation to the Red Oxisol distrophic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14MA135.pdf: 966363 bytes, checksum: 7ae19a20d65ccf7289abab243866784f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The seeds quality refers to genetic, physical, physiological and sanitary aspects. When looking for better quality seed is crucial to identify the genetic gain on each of these characteristics, ensuring gigh quality seeds at the end of the process. This work proposed determines the genetic gain for seed hybrid physiological quality according to characterization of their maize lines. Eight lines and three hybrids were evaluated from breeding program of Coxilha, RS. The analyzes were conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of the State University Santa Catarina UDESC. The seeds were evaluated by physiological tests of germination and vigor: accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, cold test and chemical composition (starch, total protein, total phosphorus, iron, zinc). The accelerated aging test contributed to genetic divergence for seed quality, with 48.6% and for the characteristic chemical composition of the starch contributed 46.7%. genetic gains were identified for hybrids: triple modified and triple, which were promising for the aspect of seed quality with 99% germination and vigor of 96% and 99%, respectively, cleary demonstrating the genetic gain. And, the characteristic of the chemical composition for the majority of the evaluated parameters (starch, phosphorus, iron and zinc), the simple hybrid showed higher heterosis, which allows the hybrid to indicate the most promising in the production of hybrid seed corn / A qualidade de sementes se refere a aspectos genéticos, físicos, fisiológicos e sanitários. Quando se busca melhor qualidade de sementes é fundamental determinar o ganho genético sobre cada uma destas características, garantindo sementes de alta qualidade no final do processo. Este trabalho tem a proposta de determinar o ganho genético para qualidade fisiológica em sementes de milho híbrido em função da caracterização prévia das respectivas linhagens. Foram avaliadas oito linhagens e três híbridos provenientes da sede de melhoramento genético localizado no município de Coxilha RS. As análises foram conduzidas no laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina UDESC. As sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes fisiológicos de germinação e vigor: envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, teste de frio e composição química (teor de amido, proteína total, fósforo total, ferro, zinco). O teste de envelhecimento acelerado contribuiu na divergência genética para qualidade fisiológica das sementes com 48,6% e para a característica de composição química o teor de amido contribuiu com 46,47%. Os ganhos genéticos foram identificados para os híbridos: triplo modificado e triplo, os quais foram promissores para o aspecto de qualidade fisiológica das sementes, com germinação de 99% e vigor de 96% e 99%, respectivamente, demonstrando claramente o ganho genético. E, para a característica de composição química para a maioria das características avaliadas (teor de amido, fósforo, ferro e zinco), o híbrido simples apresentou maior heterose, o que permite indicar o híbrido como o mais promissor na obtenção de sementes híbridas de milho

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-05-16T17:24:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cássio do Prado Borges - 2018.pdf: 1666721 bytes, checksum: f51abeeb5f0d89d62697065a578e27e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T13:23:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cássio do Prado Borges - 2018.pdf: 1666721 bytes, checksum: f51abeeb5f0d89d62697065a578e27e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T13:23:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cássio do Prado Borges - 2018.pdf: 1666721 bytes, checksum: f51abeeb5f0d89d62697065a578e27e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the application of fungicide and biostimulant, on different stages, sources and forms off aplication of nitrogen fertilization, on the agronomic characters of maize. Three experiments were carried out in the field, one for the evaluation of the application of biostimulant and fungicide, one for the evaluation of the application of only biostimulant and one for the evaluation of nitrogen fertilization in coverage. All experiments were implanted in the no - tillage system, with the same cultural treatments, in a randomized block design, with three replications. In the first experiment, it was evaluated the influence of the application of biostimulant and fungicide on the agronomic characters of maize hybrid cultivated in the first and second harvests, agricultural year 2016/2017. The other experiments were carried out only in the second harvest. The second experiment was evaluated only the effect of the application of biostimulant based on algae extract, applied in the treatment of seeds and in the phenological stages V4 and VT. The third experiment evaluated the effect of the application of nitrogen fertilization in cover, in the V4 stage, being the treatments formed by the combination of five sources of urea and two forms of application (on the surface or incorporated to the soil). The application of fungicide and biostimulant in the first harvest was only significant for stem diameter. In second crop presented for all the characters, except mass of a thousand grains. The application of biostimulant based on seaweed extract, in the treatment of seeds and in the V4 and VT stages, promoted increases in the agronomic characteristics, except for a thousand grain mass. The sources and forms of application of nitrogen fertilization based on urea did not differ from the fertilization done only in the planting for none of the characters evaluated, except for a thousand grain mass. / Objetivou se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência da aplicação conjugada ou não de fungicida e bioestimulante em diferentes estádios fenológicos, formas e fontes de adubação nitrogenada aplicada em cobertura, sobre os caracteres agronômicos de milho. Para isso foram conduzidos três experimentos em campo, sendo um para avaliação da aplicação conjugada ou não de bioestimulante e fungicida, um para a avaliação da aplicação de somente bioestimulante e um para a avaliação de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. Todos os experimentos foram implantados no sistema de plantio direto, com mesmos tratos culturais, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. No primeiro experimento avaliou se a influência da aplicação conjugada ou não de bioestimulante e fungicida nos estádios fenológicos V4 e VT, sobre os caracteres agronômicos de hibrido de milho cultivado em primeira e segunda safra, ano agrícola 2016 / 2017. Os demais experimentos foram desenvolvidos somente em segunda safra. O segundo experimento foi avaliado somente o efeito da aplicação de bioestimulante a base de extrato de algas, aplicado no tratamento de sementes e nos estádios fenológicos V4 e VT. O terceiro experimento avaliou o efeito da aplicação de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no estádio V4, sendo os tratamentos formados pela combinação de quatro fontes de ureia e duas formas de aplicação. A aplicação conjugada ou não de fungicida e bioestimulante em primeira safra apresentou significância somente para diâmetro de colmo. Em segunda safra apresentou para todos os caracteres, exceto massa de mil grãos. A aplicação de bioestimulante a base de extrato de alga, no tratamento de sementes e nos estádios V4 e VT, promoveu incrementos nos caracteres agronômicos, exceto massa de mil grãos. As fontes e formas de aplicação de adubação nitrogenada a base de ureia em cobertura, não diferiram da adubação realizada somente no plantio para nenhum dos caracteres avaliados, exceto massa de mil grãos.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / In the Northeastern Brazil, particularly in the Cearà state, irrigated agriculture contributes significantly to agricultural production: fruit, vegetable and grain crops. The Maize (corn) culture, traditional in the Region, has great socio-economic importance, being the most cultivated by small, medium and large farmers, contributing to the generation of employment and income, keeping workers from migrating. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica (agrometeorological station) of the Universidade Federal do CearÃ. The soil of the region is sandy red yellow podzolic. The experiment was carried out with AG-1051 hybrid maize. Localized drip irrigation was used in the experiment. The said experiment was performed through 2011 and 2012. The total acreage in each year was 602 m2, divided into three parts for installing each of the three (sub) experiments. The first (sub) experiment consisted in applying several irrigation levels based on Penman-Monteith EvapoTranspiration parametrized by FAO, corresponding to treatments: Li30, or 30% PMETo; Li60, or 60% PMETo; Li90, or 90% PMETo; Li120, or 120% PMETo; Li150, or 150% PMETo and Li180, or 180% PMETo. The experimental design was that of randomized blocks, with six treatments and five blocks (replicates). The second experiment consisted of evaluating the effects of different N doses, conventionally applied and applied by fertigation. The treatments were divided into F0 and C0 = 0.0 kg ha-1 (control); F45 = 45 kg ha-1 (fert); C45 = 45 kg ha-1 (conv); F90 = 90 kg ha-1 (fert); C90 = 90 kg ha-1 (conv); F180 = 180 kg ha-1 (fert); C180 = 180 kg ha-1 (conv). The third experiment consisted of evaluating the effects of different doses of K, conventionally applied and applied by fertigation. The treatments were divided into F0 and C0 = 0.0 kg ha-1 (control); F15 = 15 kg ha-1 (fert); C15 = 15 kg ha-1 (conv); F30 = 30 kg ha-1 (fert); C30 = 30 kg ha-1 (conv); F60 = 60 kg ha-1 (fert); C60 = 60 kg ha-1 (conv). The experimental design in the second and third (sub) experiments was that of randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial arrangement with eight treatments and four replicates. Irrigation levels showed significant effects on the following variables: Corn cob with and without husks, thousand grain weight and productivity in both years, all adjusting to the second degree polynomial model. The irrigation level that maximized the yield of corn (maize) was estimated to be 124.2% of PMETo, for the climatic conditions of 2012. Regarding the nitrogen dose and its form of application, it was observed that fertigation was superior to conventional fertilization, and the variables Corn cob with and without husks and productivity showed significant effects for the application form and Nitrogen dose. The dose of nitrogen fertilizer that maximized the Maize (or corn) productivity was estimated at 123.2 kg ha-1. However, relatively to the K dose and its form of application, it was observed that the conventional fertilization did not differ from fertigation, in the two years evaluated. However, the K doses were statistically different for following the variables: Corn cob with and without husks and productivity. Conventionally applied, the K dose which maximized the crop yield was 82.0 kg ha-1 for the cultivation conditions of 2011. / Na regiÃo Nordeste, particularmente no CearÃ, a agricultura irrigada contribui bastante com a produÃÃo agrÃcola: frutas, hortaliÃas, olerÃcolas e grÃos. A cultura do milho, muito tradicional na RegiÃo, apresenta grande importÃncia socioeconÃmica, sendo a mais cultivada por pequenos, mÃdios e grandes agricultores, contribuindo para a geraÃÃo de emprego e renda e para fixaÃÃo do homem no campo. O experimento foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. O solo da regiÃo à um argissolo vermelho amarelo de textura areia franca. O experimento foi com o milho hÃbrido AG-1051. O sistema de irrigaÃÃo utilizado nos experimentos foi do tipo localizado por gotejamento. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos em dois anos agrÃcolas (2011 e 2012). A Ãrea total cultivada em cada ano foi de 602 m2, dividida em trÃs subÃreas, para instalaÃÃo de cada um dos trÃs experimentos. O primeiro experimento consistiu na aplicaÃÃo de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo com base na ETo de Penman-Monteith (EToPM) parametrizada pela FAO, correspondendo aos tratamentos: Li30 â 30% EToPM; Li60 â 60% EToPM; Li90 â 90% EToPM; Li120 â 120% EToPM; Li150 â 150% EToPM e Li180 â 180% EToPM. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, composto de seis tratamentos e cinco blocos (repetiÃÃes). O segundo experimento consistiu em avaliar diferentes doses de N aplicadas de forma convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo. Os tratamentos foram divididos em: F0 e C0 â 0,0 kg ha-1 (controle); F45 â 45 kg ha-1 (fert); C45 â 45 kg ha-1 (conv); F90 â 90 kg ha-1 (fert); C90 â 90 kg ha-1 (conv); F180 â 180 kg ha-1 (fert); C180 â 180 kg ha-1 (conv). O terceiro experimento consistiu em avaliar diferentes doses de K aplicadas de maneira convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo. Os tratamentos foram divididos em: F0 e C0 â 0,0 kg ha-1 (controle); F15 â 15 kg ha-1 (fert); C15â 15 kg ha-1 (conv); F30 â 30 kg ha-1 (fert); C30 â 30 kg ha-1 (conv); F60 â 60 kg ha-1 (fert); C60 â 60 kg ha-1 (conv). O delineamento experimental utilizado no segundo e terceiro experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x4 com oito tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes. As lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo apresentaram efeito significativo para as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha, massa de mil grÃos e produtividade nos dois anos agrÃcolas, ajustando-se ao modelo polinomial do segundo grau. A lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo que maximizou a produtividade do milho foi estimada em 124,2% da EToPM, para as condiÃÃes climÃticas do cultivo realizado em 2012. Em relaÃÃo à dose de N e sua forma de aplicaÃÃo, observou-se que a fertirrigaÃÃo foi superior à adubaÃÃo convencional, e que as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha e produtividade apresentaram efeitos significativos para a forma de aplicaÃÃo e dose de N. A dose do adubo nitrogenado que maximizou a produtividade do milho foi estimada em 123,2 kg ha-1. JÃ, para a dose de K e sua forma de aplicaÃÃo, observou-se que a adubaÃÃo convencional nÃo diferiu da fertirrigaÃÃo, nos dois anos avaliados. Entretanto, as doses de K foram estatisticamente diferentes para as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha e produtividade. Na forma convencional, a dose de potÃssio que maximizou a produtividade da cultura foi de 82,0 kg ha-1, para as condiÃÃes de cultivo em 2011.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-15T12:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína de Assis Silva - 2017.pdf: 1125529 bytes, checksum: db2bd96979a55f5960d44d645ef02e20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-15T12:17:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína de Assis Silva - 2017.pdf: 1125529 bytes, checksum: db2bd96979a55f5960d44d645ef02e20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T12:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína de Assis Silva - 2017.pdf: 1125529 bytes, checksum: db2bd96979a55f5960d44d645ef02e20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of weeds in corn crop, cultivated on two spacings, under no-tillage system, in order to determine the periods of infesting community interference. The trial was conducted at Federal University of Goiás, Regional Jataí. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split-split plot design with three replications. The row spacings of plots were (0.45 and 0.90 m). The subplots were coexistence groups (with and without bush) and the split-split plots were seven periods of coexistence or control of the weed community (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 DAE). Weed control was performed by manual weeding. The weed community was evaluated by density and floristic composition. Plant height, cob insertion height, cob diameter, cob length, number of rows per cob, number of grains per row and grain yield were evaluated. In corn plants, it was verified that there coexistence with weeds was significant difference for cob insertion height, cob length and number of rows per cob. The 0.90 m row spacing provided a longer cob length. Interference periods (PAI, PCPI, PTPI) were not possibel determined for Feroz Vip at short season under two spacings / Objetivou-se avaliar a interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do milho, cultivado em segunda safra com dois espaçamentos, sob sistema de plantio direto, a fim de determinar os períodos de interferência da comunidade infestante sobre a cultura. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas foram compostas pelos espaçamentos (0,45 e 0,90 m). As subparcelas pelos grupos de convivência (Com e Sem Mato) e as subsubparcelas por sete períodos de capina manual da comunidade infestante (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 e 120 DAE). A comunidade infestante foi avaliada por meio da densidade e composição florística. Avaliou-se altura de plantas, altura de inserção de espiga, diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de espiga, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por fileira e produtividade de grãos. Na pesquisa foi verificado que a convivência com as plantas daninhas interferiu de forma negativa a altura de inserção de espiga e o número de fileiras por espiga. O espaçamento 0,90 m proporcionou maior comprimento de espiga. Não foi possível determinar os períodos de interferência (PAI, PTPI, PCPI) para o híbrido Feroz Vip cultivado no período de segunda safra sob dois espaçamentos.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-28T15:53:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andreia Vanessa da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1619459 bytes, checksum: 11df3f2a6fdab2aebb632cc402194b27 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-28T17:24:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andreia Vanessa da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1619459 bytes, checksum: 11df3f2a6fdab2aebb632cc402194b27 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T17:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andreia Vanessa da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1619459 bytes, checksum: 11df3f2a6fdab2aebb632cc402194b27 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The physiological effects of fungicides from the group of strobilurins were initially described for kresoxim - methyl molecule in wheat crop currently, the effects of strobilurins are reported by several authors in various crops such as soy, beans, tomatoes and corn. In order to evaluate the effects of pyraclostrobin fungicide, which belongs to the group of strobilurins applied at different periods on three corn genotypes. Were conducted two similar experiments, in the agricultural year of 2014/15, one being cultivated on season and other one off season, located in Jataí city, southwest of Goiás State. In both was used randomized blocks in a factorial design 3 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted in three corn genotypes and four periods of pyraclostrobin application. Were evaluated: nitrate reductase enzyme activity, chlorophyll index, percentage of senescent leaves, area under the disease progress curve, morphological characteristics, yield components and productivity. The results were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by Tukey test by 5% probability. Both for the experiment on season as off season there were no interaction between genotype and applications for the variables evaluated, the only interaction was for the area under the disease progress curve cercospora spot in the on season. It was not observed pyraclostrobin application effects on physiology, development and productivity of corn plants grown on season and off season. / Os efeitos fisiológicos dos fungicidas do grupo das estrobilurinas foram inicialmente descritos para a molécula de metil-cresoxima na cultura do trigo, atualmente, os efeitos das estrobilurinas são relatados por vários autores, em diversas culturas, como soja, feijoeiro, tomateiro e milho. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do fungicida piraclostrobina, do grupo das estrobilurinas, aplicado em diferentes épocas sobre genótipos de milho. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos semelhantes, no ano agrícola de 2014/15, sendo um cultivado em primeira safra e o outro em segunda safra, localizados no munícipio de Jataí, sudoeste do estado de Goiás. Em ambos empregou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três genótipos de milho e quatro épocas de aplicação de piraclostrobina. Foram avaliadas: atividade enzimática da redutase do nitrato, índice de clorofila, porcentagem de folhas senescentes, área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, características morfológicas, componentes de produção e produtividade. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Tanto para o experimento de primeira safra quanto de segunda safra não houveram interação entre genótipos e aplicações para as variáveis avaliadas, havendo interação apenas para área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença de mancha de cescoscpora na primeira safra. Não foi observado efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina na fisiologia, desenvolvimento e produtividade de grãos sobre as plantas de milho cultivados em primeira safra e segunda safra.

Orientador: Ricardo Antonio Ferreira Rodrigues / Resumo: O manejo eficiente do solo pode provocar mudanças benéficas na qualidade física, química e microbiológica do solo refletindo em alta produtividade de grãos de milho. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais exigido pela planta de milho. A aquisição de fertilizantes nitrogenados pode ser responsável por 50% dos custos variáveis da lavoura. Dessa forma, a utilização de bactérias diazotróficas é considerado uma fonte alternativa economicamente viável e sustentável para aquisição desse nutriente por meio da fixação biológica de N por esses microrganismos. Em vista do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o desenvolvimento, componente produtivo e produtividade de grãos de milho sob diferentes manejos de solo e inoculado via foliar por Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola de 2016/17 em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico localizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE) – Setor de Produção Vegetal pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, município de Selvíria - MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, esquema de faixas. Foram estabelecidos 12 tratamentos com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 3 tipos de sistemas de manejo do solo: Sistema convencional (SC), cultivo mínimo (CM) e sistema plantio direto (SPD). Os tratamentos de inoculação via foliar de bactérias diazotróficas consistiram em: Azospirillum brasilense (AB), Bacillus amylol... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Efficient soil management can lead to beneficial changes in the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the soil, reflecting high yields of corn grains. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most required by the corn plant. The acquisition of nitrogen fertilizers can account for 50% of the variable costs of the crop. Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria is considered an economically viable and sustainable alternative source for the acquisition of this nutrient through the biological fixation of N by these microorganisms. In view of the above, the objective of this research was to verify the development, productive component and productivity of corn grains under different soil management and foliar inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense and / or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The experiment was conducted during the agricultural year of 2016/17 in a Distroferric Red Oxisol located at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm (FEPE) - Vegetable Production Sector belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, Selvíria - MS. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Twelve treatments with four replicates were established. The treatments were constituted by 3 types of soil management systems: Tillage (SC), minimum tillage (CM) and notillage (SPD). The treatments of foliar inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria consisted of: Azospirillum brasilense (AB), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), Azospirillum brasilense + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (AB + BA) and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Field experiments were conducted on an Alfisol in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling in the leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) alley cropping system. This is a farming system in which maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in alleys formed by leucaena hedgerows spaced 4.5 metres apart. Mineralization of N from Ieucaena (prunings) and maize residues was studied under field conditions. Response of maize growth to addition of N fertilizer and plant residues was evaluated both in field plot and microplot experiments. The fate of fertilizer N and leucaena N was examined over four consecutive seasons. The decomposition (loss of mass) of dry, cut 15N-labelled leucaena residues differed from that of intact fresh leucaena prunings in the first cropping season although no difference was detected after one year. At the end of one cropping season, 3 months after application, 58-72% of 15N-labelled leucaena had decomposed compared to only 34-36% of fresh leucaena prunings. Similar trends occurred at 20 and 52 days after application. The extent of decomposition of fresh leucaena prunings (28-33%) was similar at two loading rates (2.4 and 4.7 t DM ha -1) by 3 months after addition. About 72% of young 15N labelled maize residues was decomposed by 3 months after addition in the presence of fresh leucaena prunings. Decomposition of 15N-labelled leucaena residues and unlabelled fresh prunings was 91% and 88% respectively 14 months after addition. After 2 years the corresponding values were 96% and 94%. When N content of the recovered residues was taken into account, the values were 95% and 94% after 14 months, and the same (97%) after 2 years. Maize yield and N uptake were significantly increased following addition of either unlabelled fresh leucaena residues or 15N-labelled thy Ieucaena residues. Application of N ferilizer produced a thither increase in the presence of the residues. The maize yield and N uptake with the 15N-labelled leucaena were not different from those with the unlabelled residues. There was a significant positive interaction between N fertilizer and leucaena prunings which increased maize production. Addition of maize residues decreased the yield and N uptake of maize compared with that obtained in the presence of N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha~1 and leucaena residues (2.4 t DM ha-1). There was a marked residual benefit of N fertilizer applied in the first season at 36 kgN hat in the presence of leucaena prunings on the second maize crop yield and N uptake, but not on the third crop. However, a significant residual benefit of leucaena prunings added in the first season was found in DM yield and N uptake of the second and third maize crop. The short-term fate of 15N applied in plant residues was examined during two separate cropping seasons. By 20 days after application of separate 15N-labelled leucaena leaves, stems and petioles, 3-9% of the added 15N could be found in maize plants, 33-49% was in surface residues, 36-48% in the 2 m soil proffle and 0.3-22% unaccounted for. In a separate experiment when leucaena components were not separated, 5% of 15N applied in leucaena residues was taken up by maize 52 days after addition, 45% was in residues, 25% was in soil and 25% was unaccounted for. Jn another experiment, maize recovered 6% of added leucaena 15N after 2 months, 39% remained in residues, 28% was in soil and 27% was not recovered. Incorporation of 15N-labelled leucaena residues in the soil did not increase recoveiy of leucaena 15N by maize compared with placement of the residues on the soil surface. By the end of one cropping season (3 months after application), 9% of added 15N was recovered by maize from 15N-labelled leucaena. There was a similar 15N recoveiy from 15N-labelled maize residues applied as mulch at 1.7 t DM ha1 together with unlabelled leucaena prunings at 2.4 t DM ha ~. In both cases, 30-32% of added 15N was detected in soil, 28% in residues, and 31-34% apparently lost. The short-term fate of fertilizer 15N was different from that of 15N added in plant residues. In a 52-day experiment, maize recovered 65-79% of fertilizer 15N applied at low rates (6.1 and 12.2 kg N ha -1) in the presence of leucaena prunings, 21-34% was present in soil, and less than 1% was not recovered. By 2 months after application, recoveiy of fertilizer 15N by maize was 41% from N fertilizer added at 80 kg N ha -1, 35% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, and 24% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of maize residues and leucaena prunings. The corresponding deficits (unaccounted-for 15N) were 37%, 38% and 47% respectively. A small but significant amount of the fertilizer 15N was present in the unlabelled leucaena residues (3%) and in the mixture of unlabelled leucaena and maize residues (7%) present on the soil surface. However, application of the plant residues did not affect recoveiy of the fertilizer 15N in soil (21-24%). When N fertilizer was applied at 40 kg N hi1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, 43% of fertilizer 15N was recovered by maize at the end of cropping season, 20% in soil, 2% in residues, and 35% unaccounted for. The long-term fate of fertilizer 15N was compared with that of leucaena 15N in an experiment over four cropping seasons. In the first season, maize tops recovered 50% of the fertilizer 15N but only 4% of the leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, maize (tops + roots) recovered 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3% of the initial fertilizer 15N compared with 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4% of the initial leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, recovery of the initial fertilizer 15N (12-14%) in soil was much lower than that of the initial leucaena 15N (38-40%). There was no further loss of the fertilizer 15N after the first season. However, the cumulative 15N deficit for the leucaena 1N in the first two seasons was 50%--thissuggested an additional loss of 23% since the end of the first season. There was no further loss of 15N from either residual fertilizer 15N or residual leucaena 15N in the third and fourth seasons. In conclusion, application of leucaena prunings could substantially increase maize yield and N uptake although some supplementary N fertilizer may be required to achieve maximum crop yield. Maize recovered only a small amount of added leucaena N in the first year. Most of the leucaena residue N was present in the soil and remaining residues after one season. This residue N would be gradually available for plant uptake by subsequent crops. Of course, annual additions of leucaena prunings would appreciably increase the pool of available N over time. Thus, application of leucaena prunings could substantially improve soil fertility in the long term.

Orientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Banca: Mário Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: José Branco de Miranda Filho / Banca: Pedro Mário de Araújo / Resumo: O milho é uma planta cultivada no mundo todo e de importância econômica mundial. Em função de sua importância, amplos programas de melhoramento são realizados nesta cultura. Das várias técnicas utilizadas, a seleção recorrente recíproca tem sido importante na melhoria do cruzamento entre duas populações e, consequentemente, na obtenção de melhores híbridos entre linhagens extraídas das mesmas. No entanto o sucesso da seleção recorrente recíproca depende da existência de variabilidade genética interpopulacional e heteroze. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de variabilidade genética nas populações de milho de porte baixo Isanão-VF1 e Isanão-VD1, em condições de espaçamento reduzido e alta densidade de plantas, visando o início de um programa de seleção recorrente recíproca. Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos para oito caracteres, avaliando-se 80 progênies de meios irmãos interpopulacionais Isanão-VF1 e 72 Isanão-VD1, semeadas na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), em Selvíria/MS. Foi encontrada variabilidade genética interpopulacional, expressa através dos caracteres florescimento feminino (FF), altura de plantas (AP), altura de espigas (AE) e rendimento de grãos (RG), com herdabilidades (em nível de médias de progênies) de 68,8%, 76,9%, 75,0% e 54,78%, respectivamente. Os índices de variação (coeficiente de variação genético/coeficiente de variação experimental) foram de 0,9; 1,1; 1,0 e 0,6, respectivamente para FF, AP, AE e RG. Espera-se um ganho de 10,76%/ciclo de seleção no RG do híbrido interpopulacional, 19 qualificando as populações Isanão-VF1 e Isanão-VD1 para serem submetidas a um programa de seleção recorrente recíproca. Com uma heterose de 38,2% do híbrido interpopulacional sobre as populações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Maize is a cultivated crop around the globe, and of worldwide economic importance. Due to its importance, wide genetic breeding programs are constantly applied upon it. Among the techniques employed, reciprocal recurrent selection has been important in improving the cross between two populations and in obtaining superior hybrids of inbred lines originated from them. However, the success of reciprocal recurrent selection is dependent of interpopulation genetic variability. The objective of this research was to verify the presence of genetic variability in brachytic populations Isanão-VF1 and Isanão-VD1 maize, cultivated in reduced row spacing and high plant density, aiming at beginning a reciprocal recurrent selection breeding program. Were Genetic parameters estimated for eight traits, evaluated in 80 interpopulation half-sib progenies of Isanão-VF1 and 72 of Isanão-VD1, at the UNESP Research Farm, located in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Interpopulational genetic variability was expressed in the traits silk emergence (FF), plant height (AP), ear height (AE) and grain yield (RG). The coefficients of heritability progeny mean basic were 68.8%, 76.9%, 75.0% and 54.8%, respectively. Estimates of the index of variation (genetic variation coefficient/experimental variation coefficient) were 0.9, 1.1, 1.0 and 0.6, for SE, PH, EH and GY, respectively. A gain of 10.76%/cycle on GY is expected on the interpopulation hybrid, indicating Isanão-VF1 and Isanão-VD1 populations as base for a reciprocal recurrent selection progr am. The heterosis of 38.2% of the interpopulation hybrid over the parental populations qualify the latter as a sources of inbred lines, to be used us hybrid crosses more adapted the condition of high plant density and reduced row spacing. / Doutor

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-20T11:41:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 35422444 bytes, checksum: a45fecbec1e455b7c88b6fc1de4c1c43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T11:41:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 35422444 bytes, checksum: a45fecbec1e455b7c88b6fc1de4c1c43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997-06-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Desenvolveu-se um modelo agrometeorológico para simular o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). O modelo foi testado com os dados obtidos na Estação Experimental de Vitória de Santo Antão - PE. Três partes principais constaram do modelo. Na primeira foram computados os ganhos energéticos, representados pela fotossíntese. Na segunda, as perdas do sistema relativas à respiração de manutenção e crescimento. Após o estabelecimento do incremento diário de matéria seca para as diversas partes da planta, na terceira parte, procurou-se estabelecer as relações com o incremento da área foliar. Levaram-se em consideração as interações das condições meteorológicas e o estado fisiológico das plantas. As pressuposições fundamentaram-se em resultados disponíveis na literatura. O modelo proposto mostrou-se consistente para simular o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura do milho, sendo similar aos valores obtidos experimentalmente. Os parâmetros mais sensíveis no modelo foram a eficiência fotossintética e a respiração de manutenção. / An agrometeorological model was developed to simulate the growth, the development and the productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). The model was tested with data obtained at the Experimental Station of Vitória de Santo Antão - PE. The model consisted of three major parts. ln the first part, the energetic gains represented by the photosynthesis were computed. In the second one, the system losses relative to the maintenance respiration and growth were evaluated. In the third one, after the establishment of the daily dry matter increment for the various plant parts, it was attempted to establish the relations with the foliar leaf increment. The interations of the meteorological conditions and the plant physiological estate. The presuppositions were based on the results available in the literature. The proposed model showed to be consistent to simulate the growth, the development and the productivity of maize cropping, being similar to those values which were experimentally obtained. The parameters most sensitive in the model were the photosynthetic efficiency and the maintenance respiration.