O desenvolvimento de ligas de alumínio de propriedades mecânicas intermediárias possibilitou a extrusão de alumínio a participar de grandes mercados como a construção civil, transportes, automobilística, estruturas, entre outras. O conhecimento do processo de extrusão propicia o aumento de produtividade com melhor desempenho e precisão dimensional do produto acabado. Neste trabalho, procurou-se analisar as características de conformação de perfis sólidos das ligas de alumínio AA6063 e AA6082 com razão de extrusão (RE) variando de 2,0 a 27,8 e tubular com RE de 8,7. A partir da extrusão realizada em uma prensa industrial de 3300 toneladas de força, compararam-se os resultados obtidos da tensão média de escoamento (\"sigma\") em função da temperatura de deformação e do parâmetro de Zener-Hollomon (Z) e este último em função do tamanho de subgrão observado no produto extrudado. Foram obtidos, em condições industriais, para estas ligas os valores da constante \"alpha\" que relaciona a RE com a pressão de fim de extrusão. Foram realizadas observações metalográficas e constatadas regiões de recristalização e de não recristalização diferentes para as ligas estudadas, bem como as relações do parâmetro Z e o tamanho do subgrão do produto sólido e tubular na liga AA6082. Em termos de textura foi possível obter as figuras de pólo e do tipo FDO no perfil extrudado ilustrando a presença de fibras do tipo \"beta\" (característica de produto conformado) e cubo (característica de produto recristalizado/recuperado). Os resultados confirmam valores próximos àqueles encontrados na literatura. / The development of medium strength aluminum alloys enabled aluminum extrusions to take part of the large world markets, associated with the building, transport and automotive industries, amongst several applications. The knowledge of the extrusion process details enables the productivity increase with better performance and higher dimensional accuracy of the finished extrusion product. In the present study the deformation characteristics of solid extrusion profiles in the AA6063 and AA6082 alloys with extrusion ratios (ER) in the range of 2.0 to 27.8 and for solid and tubular of 8.7 sections were studied. Extrusions were carried out in an industrial 3300 ton press. Results are compared in terms of average flow stress as a function of extrusion temperature and of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter; the latter one also as a function of the observed subgrain size in the final product. Under industrial conditions, for the studies alloys, the values of the \"alpha\"-constant (which relates the end pressure to the extrusion ratio), has been evaluated. Metallographic observations have been conducted to study the recrystallised and unrecrystallised regions in the studied alloys, as well as the relationship between the Z parameter and the subgrain size of the end extrusion, both for the solid and tubular products, mainly for the AA6082 alloy. In terms of texture components it has been observed that the pole figures and the ODF´s of the extruded product presented the \"beta\" (characteristic of rolled/worked products) and cube (characteristic of recrystallised/recovered products). The results obtained confirmed those reported in the literature.

O desenvolvimento de ligas de alumínio de propriedades mecânicas intermediárias possibilitou a extrusão de alumínio a participar de grandes mercados como a construção civil, transportes, automobilística, estruturas, entre outras. O conhecimento do processo de extrusão propicia o aumento de produtividade com melhor desempenho e precisão dimensional do produto acabado. Neste trabalho, procurou-se analisar as características de conformação de perfis sólidos das ligas de alumínio AA6063 e AA6082 com razão de extrusão (RE) variando de 2,0 a 27,8 e tubular com RE de 8,7. A partir da extrusão realizada em uma prensa industrial de 3300 toneladas de força, compararam-se os resultados obtidos da tensão média de escoamento (\"sigma\") em função da temperatura de deformação e do parâmetro de Zener-Hollomon (Z) e este último em função do tamanho de subgrão observado no produto extrudado. Foram obtidos, em condições industriais, para estas ligas os valores da constante \"alpha\" que relaciona a RE com a pressão de fim de extrusão. Foram realizadas observações metalográficas e constatadas regiões de recristalização e de não recristalização diferentes para as ligas estudadas, bem como as relações do parâmetro Z e o tamanho do subgrão do produto sólido e tubular na liga AA6082. Em termos de textura foi possível obter as figuras de pólo e do tipo FDO no perfil extrudado ilustrando a presença de fibras do tipo \"beta\" (característica de produto conformado) e cubo (característica de produto recristalizado/recuperado). Os resultados confirmam valores próximos àqueles encontrados na literatura. / The development of medium strength aluminum alloys enabled aluminum extrusions to take part of the large world markets, associated with the building, transport and automotive industries, amongst several applications. The knowledge of the extrusion process details enables the productivity increase with better performance and higher dimensional accuracy of the finished extrusion product. In the present study the deformation characteristics of solid extrusion profiles in the AA6063 and AA6082 alloys with extrusion ratios (ER) in the range of 2.0 to 27.8 and for solid and tubular of 8.7 sections were studied. Extrusions were carried out in an industrial 3300 ton press. Results are compared in terms of average flow stress as a function of extrusion temperature and of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter; the latter one also as a function of the observed subgrain size in the final product. Under industrial conditions, for the studies alloys, the values of the \"alpha\"-constant (which relates the end pressure to the extrusion ratio), has been evaluated. Metallographic observations have been conducted to study the recrystallised and unrecrystallised regions in the studied alloys, as well as the relationship between the Z parameter and the subgrain size of the end extrusion, both for the solid and tubular products, mainly for the AA6082 alloy. In terms of texture components it has been observed that the pole figures and the ODF´s of the extruded product presented the \"beta\" (characteristic of rolled/worked products) and cube (characteristic of recrystallised/recovered products). The results obtained confirmed those reported in the literature.

The implementation of technologies such as aluminum powder metallurgy (P/M) can be used in the automobile industry to have potential economic and environmental advantages. This technology to produce vehicle components can offer the combination of weight savings due to the low density of aluminum and material and machining savings via near net shape processing attributes. In an effort to expand the scope of application for aluminum P/M, considerable research has emphasized the development of new alloys and composites. One such alloy is P/M 2324, an aluminum-copper-magnesium alloy developed to have increased mechanical properties over the standard aluminum P/M alloys of the AC2014 type. The objective of this work was to undertake a comprehensive study on the effects of hot deformation on the emerging alloy P/M 2324 as well as the alloy with a SiC addition. Here, a forgeability study of these alloys and its wrought counterpart AA2024 was completed. To

The hot working behavior of AISI 1018 steel was studied by hot-compression deformation tests on the Gleeble 1500 thermo-mechanical simulator at true strain values of -0.143 and -0.405, true strain rate values of 0.01 and 0.1, and working temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C. The tests show that a lower working temperature and lower true strain value results in a greater maximum compressive force. The apparent activation energy Qapp was calculated by using the Zener-Hollomon parameter combined with the low stress law. Qapp ­was calculated to be 311 kJ mol-1 K-1.

Al₃Ti, Al₅CuTi₂, and Al₆₆Mn₁₁Ti₂₃, intermetallic matrices reinforced with 30, 40, and 50 volume % TiB, have been produced by XD_™ processing and densified into bulk form by powder metallurgy techniques. The compressive flow behavior of the Al₃Ti and Al₅CuTi₂, composites have been evaluated at temperatures ranging from 1000°C to 1200°C and strain rates of 0.0001 and 0.001 sec⁻¹. The results have been analyzed by a correlation to the resulting microstructure, especially with regards to the intermetallic matrix composition, TiB₂ size, and interparticle spacing. The results of these analyses are applied to a constitutive equation based upon the flow stress equation. It has been shown that at in this temperature regime, all deformation occurs within the intermetallic matrix. This is substantiated by the lack of TiB₂-dependent behavior with variations in volume percentage of reinforcement. In all cases, the composites are readily deformed at relatively low loads. The average strain-rate sensitivity values were 0.349 for the Al₃Ti-based composites, and 0.247 for the Al₅CuTi₂, variants. The average activation energies were calculated to be 485 kJ/mol and 920 kJ/mol for the Al₃Ti-and Al₅CuTi₂-matrices, respectively. The structure constant was calculated based upon these values. The Zener-Hollomon parameter was used to plot the flow stress along lines of constant temperature and strain rate, and serves as one type of constitutive equation. In addition, the flow stress was evaluated as a function of the strain rate and temperature. These models were found to provide adequate correlation to the measured flow behavior. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20703号 / 工博第4400号 / 新制||工||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 乾 晴行, 教授 安田 秀幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

In the present work, deformation behavior, texture and microstructure evolution of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) are investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) after compression tests at elevated temperatures. By analysing work hardening rate vs. flow stress, the deformation behaviour can be divided into three groups, viz. three-stage work hardening, two-stage work hardening and flow softening. A new deformation condition map is presented, dividing the deformation behavior of CP Ti into three distinct zones which can be separated by two distinct values of the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The deformed microstructures reveal that dynamic recovery is the dominant deformation mechanism for CP Ti during hot working. It is the first time that the Schmid factor and pole figures are used to analyse how the individual slip systems activate and how their activities evolve under various deformation conditions. Two constitutive equations are proposed in this work, one is for single peak dynamic recrystallization (DRX), the other is specially for CP Ti deformed during hot working. After the hot compression tests, some stress-strain curves show a single peak, leading to the motivation of setting up a DRX model. However, the examinations of EBSD maps and metallography evidently show that the deformation mechanism is dynamic recovery rather than DRX. Then, the second model is set up. The influence of the deformation conditions on grain size, texture and deformation twinning is systematically investigated. The results show that {10-12} twinning only occurs at the early stage of deformation. As the strain increases, the {10-12} twinning is suppressed while {10- 11} twinning appears. Three peaks are found in the misorientation frequency-distribution corresponding to basal fiber texture, {10-11} and {10-12} twinning, respectively. A logZ-value of 13 is found to be critical for both the onset of {10-11} compressive twinning and the break point for the subgrain size. The presence of {10-11} twinning is the key factor for effectively reducing the deformed grain size. The percentage of low angle grain boundaries decreases with increasing Z-parameter, falling into a region separated by two parallel lines with a common slope and 10% displacement. After deformation, three texture components can be found, one close to the compression direction, CD, one 10~30° to CD and another 45° to CD. / QC 20100819